考研考博-考博英语-中国科学院模拟考试题含答案16

考研考博-考博英语-中国科学院模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题He makes an （ ） case that the oceans forgotten corners have become too dangerous to neglect.问题1选项A.eminentB.eligibleC.eloquentD.animated【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。eminent “杰出的；有名的”；eligible “合格的；合适的”；eloquent “雄辩的；有说服力的”；animated “生机勃勃的；活跃的”。句意：他用一个_案例证明被遗忘的海洋角落已经变得非常危险，不应该被忽视。根据句意可知选项C符合题意。2. 单选题One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded hit on Boxing Day 2004. The resulting tsunami devastated huge swaths of the Indian Ocean coastline and left an estimated quarter of a million people dead across Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. Aid agencies quickly arrived to help battered and traumatised survivors.Mental health care was a massive part of the emergency response but the World Health Organization(WHO) promptly did something it has never done before or since. It specifically denounced a type of psychological therapy and recommended that it shouldnt be used. The therapy was a single session treatment called “psychological debriefing”，which involved working with disaster victims to encourage people to supposedly “ process ” the intense emotions by talking through them in stages. It was intended to prevent later mental health problems by helping people resolve difficult emotions early on. The only trouble was that it made things worse. Studies had shown that people given post-disaster psychological debriefing were subsequently more likely to suffer mental health problems than people who had had no treatment at all.Guidance from the worlds most influential health authority had little effect, and the therapy was extensively used. The reluctance to do things differently was tied up with some of the least-appreciated facts about our reactions to disaster. In our trauma-focused society, it is often forgotten that the majority of people who experience the ravages of natural disaster, become the victims of violence or lose loved ones in tragedy will need no assistance from mental health professionals.Most people will be shaken up, distressed and bereaved, but these are natural reactions, not in themselves disorders. Only a minority of people一 rarely more than 30% in well-conducted studies and often considerably lesswill develop psychological difficulties as a result of their experiences, and the single most common outcome is recovery without the need of professional help. But regardless of the eventual outcome, you are likely to be at your most stressed during the disaster and your stress levels will decrease afterwards even if they dont return to normal. Your body simply cannot maintain peak levels of anxiety.These are important facts to bear in mind because, from the point of view of the disaster therapist,psychological debriefing seems to work一stress levels genuinely drop. But what the individual therapist cant see is that this would happen more effectively, leaving less people traumatised, if they did nothing.1.In Paragraph 1, the underlined word “battered” means（ ）.2.In Paragraph 2, “psychological debriefing” is close to（ ）.3.What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?4.Psychological debriefing was still widely used because（ ）.5.Paragraph 4 indicates that（ ）.6.According to Paragraph 5，we should bear in mind that（ ）.问题1选项A.bruisedB.shockedC.torturedD.destroyed问题2选项A.neurotherapyB.behavior therapyC.physical therapyD.psychotherapy问题3选项A.The emergency response did not involve psychological debriefing.B.Mental therapy reduced the incidence of emotional problems.C.Psychological intervention caused more serious emotional problems.D.Psychological intervention was not recommended by the WHO.问题4选项A.it was proved to be highly effective by survivorsB.the WHO reminded people to get assistance from mental health professionalsC.professionals paid a lot of attention to the necessity of psychological interventionD.the majority of survivors developed mental disorders问题5选项A.most survivors will get over trauma without professional assistanceB.one third of survivors will have mental illnesses after disastersC.it is difficult for survivors to return to normal levels of mental healthD.peak levels of anxiety will lead to mental disorders问题6选项A.psychological debriefing mainly deals with stress levelsB.psychological debriefing has little effectC.more professional aid should be given to survivorsD.stress levels are the key to mental breakdowns【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A第6题:B【解析】1.词汇推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第一段。句中的battered与traumatised并列修饰survivors,由此可判断，battered和traumatised意义相同，表示“受创伤的”。从而得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据 “.which involved working with disaster victims to encourage people to supposedly “process”，the intense emotions by talking through them in stages. It was intended to prevent later mental health problems by helping people resolve difficult emotions early on.（参与处理灾难受害者鼓励人们所谓的“过程”,讨论他们的情绪阶段。它的目的是通过帮助人们在早期解决困难的情绪来预防后来的心理健康问题）”即可得出本题答案。3.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据 “It specifically denounced a type of psychological therapy and recommended that it shouldnt be used.（它明确谴责了一种心理疗法，并建议不应该使用这种疗法）” “given post-disaster psychological debriefing were subsequently more likely to suffer mental health problems（考虑到灾后心理汇报更容易出现心理健康问题）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据 “will need no assistance from mental health professionals.（不需要心理健康专家的帮助。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第四段。根据 “these are natural reactions, not in themselves disorders（这些都是自然反应，而不是疾病本身）” “recovery without the need of professional help（不需要专业帮助就能恢复）”,即可得出本题答案。6.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据 “leaving less people traumatised, if they did nothing（如果他们什么都不做，就会让更少的人受到创伤）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。3. 单选题For a moment he was speechless, still too astonished to（ ） what it all meant, and then he sat heavily and leaned forward, putting his hand down on the summons button.问题1选项A.break downB.search forC.take inD.see after【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。break down “分解，故障”；search for “搜寻”；take in “吸收，领会”；see after “照顾，照料”。句意为：他一时说不出话来，仍十分惊讶，不知这一切意味着什么。他心事重重地坐了下来，身子向前倾斜，将手放在传唤按钮上。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题For centuries, humans have harnessed the power of biological systems to improve their lives and the world. Some argue that biotechnology began thousands of years ago, when crops were first bred for specific traits and microorganisms were used to brew beer. Others define the beginning of biotechnology as the emergence of techniques allowing researchers to precisely manipulate and transfer genes from one organism to another.（1）Genes are made up of DNA and are expressed into proteins, which do chemical work and form structures to give us specific traits. In the 1970s, scientists discovered and used the power of natural “scissors” proteins called restriction enzymesto specifically remove a gene from one kind of organism and put it into related or unrelated organisms. Thus, recombinant DNA technology, or what most experts now label as modem biotechnology, was bom.The pioneers of biotechnology could not have envisioned our current abilities to engineer plants to resist disease, animals to produce drugs in their milk, and small particles to target and destroy cancer cells.（2） Genomics is based on these tools and is the study of genes and their functions. We have determined the composition of, or “sequenced”，the entire set of genes for humans and several other organisms using biotechnology.（3）Biotechnology, or really any technology, does not exist in a vacuum. It is derived from human efforts and affected by social, cultural, and political climates. Society drives and regulates technology, attempting to minimize the downsides and maximize the benefits.（4）Recent controversies over the use of genetically engineered organisms in food and agriculture have illustrated that this boundary is not so clear. Not only are there safety concerns about genetically engineered organisms, but there are also cultural differences in acceptance of the products.International contexts for technologies are important and should be considered. （5）On the other hand, there are social systems that are affected by new technologies and fears of creating greater divides between rich and poor if technology is not accessible to all sectors of society.问题1选项A.The discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1950s marks the start of this era.B.Many natural and physical scientists would prefer that the separation between social and ethical concerns and science and technology be well defined.C.Genomic information is helping us better to evaluate the commonalities and diversity among organisms and human beings and to understand and cure disease, even tailoring treatments to individuals.D.There are clear indications that biotechnology can benefit the poor and hungry of the world without harming the environment.E.Biotechnology is not a panacea for global problems, but it is a tool that holds a great deal of promise if used appropriately.F.However, biotechnology is more than engineeringit is also a set of tools for understanding biological systems.问题2选项A.The discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1950s marks the start of this era.B.Many natural and physical scientists would prefer that the separation between social and ethical concerns and science and technology be well defined.C.Genomic information is helping us better to evaluate the commonalities and diversity among organisms and human beings and to understand and cure disease, even tailoring treatments to individuals.D.There are clear indications that biotechnology can benefit the poor and hungry of the world without harming the environment.E.Biotechnology is not a panacea for global problems, but it is a tool that holds a great deal of promise if used appropriately.F.However, biotechnology is more than engineeringit is also a set of tools for understanding biological systems.问题3选项A.The discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1950s marks the start of this era.B.Many natural and physical scientists would prefer that the separation between social and ethical concerns and science and technology be well defined.C.Genomic information is helping us better to evaluate the commonalities and diversity among organisms and human beings and to understand and cure disease, even tailoring treatments to individuals.D.There are clear indications that biotechnology can benefit the poor and hungry of the world without harming the environment.E.Biotechnology is not a panacea for global problems, but it is a tool that holds a great deal of promise if used appropriately.F.However, biotechnology is more than engineeringit is also a set of tools for understanding biological systems.问题4选项A.The discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1950s marks the start of this era.B.Many natural and physical scientists would prefer that the separation between social and ethical concerns and science and technology be well defined.C.Genomic information is helping us better to evaluate the commonalities and diversity among organisms and human beings and to understand and cure disease, even tailoring treatments to individuals.D.There are clear indications that biotechnology can benefit the poor and hungry of the world without harming the environment.E.Biotechnology is not a panacea for global problems, but it is a tool that holds a great deal of promise if used appropriately.F.However, biotechnology is more than engineeringit is also a set of tools for understanding biological systems.问题5选项A.The discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1950s marks the start of this era.B.Many natural and physical scientists would prefer that the separation between social and ethical concerns and science and technology be well defined.C.Genomic information is helping us better to evaluate the commonalities and diversity among organisms and human beings and to understand and cure disease, even tailoring treatments to individuals.D.There are clear indications that biotechnology can benefit the poor and hungry of the world without harming the environment.E.Biotechnology is not a panacea for global problems, but it is a tool that holds a great deal of promise if used appropriately.F.However, biotechnology is more than engineeringit is also a set of tools for understanding biological systems.【答案】第1题:A第2题:F第3题:C第4题:B第5题:E【解析】1.联系上下文。根据“For centuries, humans have harnessed the power of biological systems to improve their lives and the world.” “In the 1970s.” 可知本段是以生物技术的起源为引子，以时间为线索简要地介绍人类发展和研究基因的过程。A选项含有时间节点1950s，且提及the discovery of the structure of DNA,符合第一段的话题。2.联系上下文。空格后一句中“these tools”。指示代词these,表明要选择的内容里应该包括“tools”这一单词。选项F含有单词“tools”，且选项中提及的engineering在上句中也提及了，前后文内容衔接。3.联系上下文。空格所在句的上文提及基因组(genomic),并提及其目前已取得的进步。空格处句子的内容应与基因组相关，选项中提及基因组的选项为C。4.联系上下文。空格后一句中含有“this boundary”，说明空格的句子中应包含“boundary”这一单词。选项B中的“separation”与“boundary”同义。5.联系上下文。空格后一句中提及的“on the other hand”，说明前后两句间存在一种转折关系。因此，空格处句子应说明积极方面。选项E涉及其积极方面，且承接前后文。5. 单选题Some part of her tried to convince her to make （ ） the door, but she knew they would expect that.问题1选项A.onB.toC.forD.up【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。make on “在上获利；在赚钱”；make to这个搭配不存在；make for “向移动”，促成；make up “组成”。句意：尽管内心有个声音说服她_门口，但是她知道这是他们所期望的。分析四个选项，只有C选项的词组能与门口搭配起来合理，因此符合题意。6. 不定项选择题Chances are that, were you to be asked to imagine a victim of fraud, youd think of a little old lady being cheated out of thousands of poundsin person, on the phone or, increasingly, online. In fact, according to a recent report by the Better Business Bureau in the United States, this is far from the case.“Weve bought into stereotypes about scam victimsthey are usually seen as vulnerable and elderly, or gullible and poorly educated,” says the papers co-author, Emma Fletcher, product manager at the BBB Institute. “These stereotypes are strongly heldand they are wrong. We are all at risk, but younger and more educated individuals are actually the most likely to be scammed.”Similarly, a 2016 report by Norton, the antivirus company, found that 44 percent of millennials had been the victim of an online crime in the past year, compared with just 16 percent of baby boomers. Research by Barclays this year backs this up. The Barclays Digital Safety Index highlights that almost two thirds of 18-24 year-olds had fallen prey to hackers or viruses. Yet when asked about actions taken to prevent future attacks, millennials were less likely than their older counterparts to take positive actions, such as installing an anti-virus software following a computer breach.Why is this? After all, millennials are meant to have data running through their veins. There are several reasons. One is what is known as optimism biasthe idea that other people might be more vulnerable than you and that you know better. Younger people are usually more knowledgeable about IT than those in the older generations. But, perversely, this makes them less likely to heed advice about staying safe, whereas, perhaps surprisingly, older people are more inclined to listen.But this is not the only reason. Younger people spend far more time online. They shop more there (meaning their card details are entered more often and stored in numerous databases) and they share much more personal information online. According to Ofcoms 2016 Media Use and Attitudes report, more than 90 percent of those aged 16-34 have social-media accounts. For those aged between 55 and 64, this figure drops to 51 percent. For those 65 and over, its 30 percent.Interestingly though, according to the Office of National Statistics, older people are more likely to be victims of repeat fraud. This may be because they tend to be more trusting. Research at the University of California suggests that this isnt just because they grew up in more innocent times. Rather, age-related changes in the brain mean that as people get older, they tend to trust more and question less.42. The belief that old women are more likely to be cheated is _.43. The 2016 report by Norton mentioned in Paragraph 3 shows that _.44. We can learn from the research by Barclays that _.45. According to Paragraph 4, younger peoples optimism bias refers to their idea that _.46. In Paragraph 5, the decrease of the number of old peoples social-media accounts explains why the elderly _.47. According to the research by the University of California, older people are more trusting because they _.问题1选项A.proved to be wrongB.confirmed by a surveyC.changing over the yearsD.shared by both genders问题2选项A.young people are less likely to use antivirus software than the elderlyB.young people are more likely to be cheated online than the elder generationC.online cheating is common in the 21st centuryD.young people are more likely to be cheated online than in person问题3选项A.its research results echo those of Norton research in 2016B.most of the online fraud victims are between the ages of 18-24C.it is of great importance to install anti-virus software to prevent fraudD.the younger generation are likely to take counteractions against fraud问题4选项A.they are more knowledgeable than the older generationB.they are guarded by more Internet protectionC.they are stronger than othersD.they are less likely to fall victims to frauds问题5选项A.are more likely to suffer from repeat fraud onlineB.experience more online scams than young peopleC.leave less personal information online than the youngD.spend far less time shopping online than the young问题6选项A.were taught to be innocent when they were growing upB.suffer from age-related changes as they get oldC.are more experienced in judging peopleD.enjoy communicating with people both in person and online【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B【解析】42. 【选项释义】The belief that old women are more likely to be cheated is _. 认为老年妇女更容易被骗的观点_。A. proved to be wrong A. 被证明是错误的B. confirmed by a survey B. 被一项调查所证实C. changing over the years C. 多年来一直在变化D. shared by both genders D. 两种性别都有【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词old women可以定位到文章第一段“如果让你想象（imagine）一个诈骗的受害者，你可能会想到一个被骗走数千英镑的小老太太（a little old lady）不管是当面、在电话中或者越来越多在网上受骗的情况。事实上，根据美国商业改善局最近的一份报告表明，情况远非如此（far from the case）。”，说明在人们的想象中，老年妇女更容易上当受骗，但美国商业改善局的报告表明这一观点是不对的。因此A选项“被证明是错误的”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“被一项调查所证实”，文章说的是这一观点被证明错误，而不是被证明正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“多年来一直在变化”和D选项“两种性别都有”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。43. 【选项释义】The 2016 report by Norton mentioned in Paragraph 3 shows that _. 第三段中提到的诺顿公司2016年的报告显示_。A. young people are less likely to use antivirus software than the elderly A. 年轻人使用杀毒软件的可能性比老年人低B. young people are more likely to be cheated online than the elder generation B. 年轻人比长辈更容易在网上受骗C. online cheating is common in the 21st century C. 在21世纪，网上诈骗很普遍D. young people are more likely to be cheated online than in person D. 年轻人在网上受骗的可能性比当面受骗的可能性大【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Norton可以定位到文章第三段第一句“同样，杀毒软件公司诺顿2016年的一份报告发现，在过去的一年里，百分之四十四的千禧一代（millennials）是网络犯罪的受害者，而婴儿潮一代（baby boomers）的比例仅为百分之十六。”，千禧一代指的是年轻人，婴儿潮一代指的是老年人，说明年轻人比老年人在网络上受骗的比例要多。因此B选项“年轻人比长辈更容易在网上受骗”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“年轻人使用杀毒软件的可能性比老年人低”，这是巴克莱的研究报告结果，而不是诺顿公司的，属于张冠李戴；C选项“在21世纪，网上诈骗很普遍”，这份报告只显示了过去一年的结果，不能说明在21世纪都很普遍，属于推理过度；D选项“年轻人在网上受骗的可能性比当面受骗的可能性大”，文章中没有提及在网上受骗和当面受骗可能性的对比，属于无中生有。44. 【选项释义】We can learn from the research by Barclays that _. 我们可以从巴克莱的研究中得知，_。A. its research results echo t