考研考博-考博英语-山西大学模拟考试题含答案38

考研考博-考博英语-山西大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Of all the classical composers, Tchaikovsky has been a veritable gold-mine as a（ ）source of themes for popular arrangements.问题1选项A.lucrativeB.ostensibleC.orthodoxD.tentative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lucrative“有利可图的，赚钱的”；B选项ostensible“表面的，假装的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；惯常的”；D选项tentative“不确定的，暂定的；犹豫的”。句意：在所有的古典作曲家中，柴可夫斯基是一个名副其实的金矿，他总是创造出大受市场欢迎的主题作品。由gold-mine可知lucrative与其意思对应。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题Each（ ）effort a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.问题1选项A.cordialB.compactC.clumsyD.chronic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项cordial“热情的，真诚的”；B选项compact“体积小的，精制的”；C选项clumsy“笨拙的，不灵活的”；D选项chronic“长期的，慢性的”。句意：婴儿在说话时的每一次（ ）努力都是智力发展的标志。“每一次热情的/体积小的/长期的努力”都没有“笨拙的”更合适，因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Some women are motivated to work（ ）professional interests and a desire to contribute to society.问题1选项A.because ofB.as toC.regardless ofD.in spite of【答案】A【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项because of “因为；由于”；B选项as to“至于，关于；就而论”；C选项regardless of “不顾，不管”；D选项in spite of “不管、虽然、尽管、不顾”。句意：有些妇女工作的动机是（ ）职业兴趣和为社会做贡献的愿望。B、C、D选项不符合句意，因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Despite the suspects（ ）to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.问题1选项A.assertionB.convictionC.speculationD.accusation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项assertion“断言；主张；认定”；B选项conviction“定罪；确信；坚定的信仰”；C选项speculation“投机；推测；思索”；D选项accusation“控告；谴责”。句意：尽管嫌疑犯（ ）自己无辜，但他参与了此事证据确凿。根据语境，嫌疑犯assertion“断言；主张；认定”自己无辜比较合理。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Coca Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使不突出) their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.1.According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Line 2, Para.1) probably refers to “（ ）”.2.To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to（ ）.3.The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they（ ）.4.The author is of the opinion that Colemans beliefs are（ ）.5.The best title for this passage would be（ ）.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with usually come up with new ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.let your superiors know how good you areB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.perform well your tasks given by your superiors问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color问题4选项A.biasedB.popularC.insightfulD.superficial问题5选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization. （进入管理层的女性和少数族裔越多，她们似乎就越想谈论以前认为最好不要说的事情。新人往往用新奇的眼光来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，时而会伴随一些压力批判的分析，这些压力塑造了每个员工的阅历。）。A选项“形成每个人阅历的批判”：形成每个人阅历的批判更针对新人来说。C选项“帮助新人以新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：帮助新人在文中没有提到。D选项“这些想法通常会产生新的组织管理方式”：因为这些想法会带来新的管理方式文中也没有提到。B选项“与既定信念相矛盾的观点”：以前认为最好不说的肯定是不被群体所接受的观念，符合生活实际，分析加排除法确定答案。因此B选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段第四句the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%（对促成长期职业成功的不同因素进行了如下权衡：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%；而曝光率高达60%），以及第六句advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are（晋升往往取决于有多少人了解你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低），可知在事业成功上，在比自己职位高的人面前的曝光率最重要，故A选项“让你上司知道你有多优秀”正确，业绩和形象不是最重要的，故B选项“在周围的人面前树立良好形象”和D选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”错误。C选项“做上级的顾问”：根据第三段第三句，Kaleel Jamison是一名管理顾问，但不意味着要通过做上级的顾问来取得事业成功。因此A选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第三段第五句Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color（大多数女性和黑人非常害怕人们会认为他们升职是因为他们的性别或肤色），可知C选项“不希望人们认为他们晋升是因为性别或肤色”正确，D选项“相信他们可以因性别或肤色而晋升”错误。A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”和B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第二段第二句Coleman is black （科尔曼是黑人）和第三段第二句Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales have dropped from their eyes（不是很多人，特别是很多女性和少数种族，如科尔曼，觉得障碍已经从他们的眼中消除），作者认为不是很多人能够发现这一点，特别是少数种族，也就是黑人，而作为一位黑人，科尔曼能够发现，可见作者非常欣赏科尔曼，认为他很有洞察力，故C选项“有洞察力的”正确。A选项“有偏见的”，B选项“受欢迎的”和D选项“肤浅的”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第三段最后一句Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.（她对这些人的建议是：学习白人男性传统上寻求进入聚光灯下的方式。），结合文章对于被看见的重要性的数据和例子，可知文章主旨在讨论被上级看见在工作中的重要性，故B选项“被看见的重要性”正确。A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用。C选项“工作表现与晋升”：工作表现与晋升的关系只是文章内容之一。D选项“性别与事业成功”：性别与事业只有提到一点。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题The dean asked the secretary if there were enough people（ ）to hold a faculty meeting.问题1选项A.on handB.on averageC.on purposeD.on end【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on hand“在手边；在场；临近；现有”；B选项on average“平均”；C选项on purpose“故意地”；D选项on end“连续地；竖着”。句意：院长问秘书（ ）的人数是否足够到可以召开教师会议。根据语境，on hand“在场”修饰people比较合理。因此A选项正确。7. 翻译题FROM CHINESE TO ENGLISH我说过我们要发展记忆，那是因为我们生活中有此需要。没有文化的动物中，能以本能来应付生活，就不必有记忆。我这样说，其实也包含了另一项意思，就是人在记忆上发展的程度是依他们生活需要而决定的。我们每个人，每一刻，所接触的外界众多复杂，但是并不进入我们的感觉，我们有所选择。和我们眼睛所接触的外界我们并不都看见，我们只看见我们所注意的，我们的视线有焦点，焦点依着我们的注意而移动。注意的对象由我们选择，选择的根据是我们生活的需要。【答案】I said we develop memories because we need them in our lives. Without culture, animals cope with life by instinct. Thus memory is necessary for them. By saying this, I also mean that people develop memory according to the needs of their lives. Every one of us, is connected to this vast and complex world in every moment, but dont receive all into our senses, which means we choose. We do not see everything that our eyes touch. We see only what we notice, because there is a focus in our sight which moves on the basis of our attention. And the object of attention is chosen by us, according to the needs of our life.8. 单选题The company can constantly monitor the level of heat and energy and adjust（ ）.问题1选项A.accordinglyB.basicallyC.conventionallyD.subjectively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项accordingly“相应地”；B选项basically “基本地”；C选项conventionally“传统地”；D选项subjectively“主观地”。题干意思：公司可以不间断地监控热量和能源的指数，并且（ ）进行调整。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题The second definition, though accurate, is equally as（ ）and useless as the first one, from a practical point of view.问题1选项A.penitentB.constitutedC.repellentD.pedantic【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项penitent“后悔的，愧疚的”；B选项constituted“组成；建立”；C选项repellent“令人厌恶的；防的”；D选项pedantic“迂腐的，学究气的”。句意：第二个定义虽然准确，但从实用性看，也和第一个定义一样（ ），毫不实用。definition不至于repellent“令人厌恶的”，但是有可能pedantic“学究气的”，这里可以翻译成纸上谈兵的，符合生活实际。因此D选项正确。10. 单选题The great（ ）between the teams did not make for an entertaining game.问题1选项A.disparityB.discomfitC.discretionD.dislocation【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项disparity“明显差异”；B选项discomfit“使难堪”；C选项discretion“自行决定权；审慎”；D选项dislocation“（制度、进程、生活方式）紊乱”。句意：两队之间的巨大（ ）并没有使比赛变得有趣。Dislocation形容制度等，不能和team搭配，disparity可以和team搭配，也符合生活中因为两个团队的巨大差异让比赛有看点的场景。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题A new website from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert”. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables.Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website. Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned. This is because in America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. Together, they account for more than half of the countrys trillion-dollar retail food market.A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.1.According to the USDA, food deserts（ ）.2.Healthy Food Financing Initiative is intended to（ ）.3.The author seems to think that the drop from 23.5 million to 13.5 million（ ）.4.The scholars in paragraph 3 believe that the USDA definition of a food desert is（ ）.5.Renton is mentioned in the passage to（ ）.问题1选项A.are directly related to urban povertyB.are the direct cause of overweightC.tend to be found in poor rural areasD.refer to the places with a food shortage问题2选项A.address the growing weight problemB.ensure food safety across the nationC.increase access to healthier foodD.change the American way of living问题3选项A.isnt based on latest informationB.doesnt make much differenceC.represents a real progressD.is at least a good beginning问题4选项A.outdatedB.creativeC.justifiableD.problematic问题5选项A.tell us to put food deserts in perspectiveB.point out the solutions to food desertsC.raise public awareness about food desertsD.highlight the problems of food deserts【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第三句food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay（食物沙漠已经成为城市衰败的象征），可知食物沙漠与城市贫困直接相关，故A选项“与城市贫困直接相关”正确。B选项“是超重的直接原因”：根据第一段最后一句overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables（从未吃过有机蔬菜的超重顾客），可知文章没有提到超重和食物沙漠的因果关系。C选项“往往出现在贫困的农村地区”和D选项“指食物短缺的地方”：根据第一段第二句low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food（低收入家庭很少或根本无法获得健康新鲜的食物）文章没有提到农村，也不是食物短缺。因此A选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段第一句Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017.（因此，米歇尔奥巴马(Michelle Obama)去年宣布了一项4亿美元的健康食品融资计划，目标是到2017年在全国范围内消除食品沙漠。），可知其目的是让更多人吃到健康食品，故C选项“提高健康食品的份量”正确。A选项“解决日益增长的体重问题”不是目的。B选项“确保全国食品安全”文章没有提到食品安全。D选项“改变美国人的生活方式”涉及很多方面，不能仅仅通过某个方面的措施改变。因此C选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned.（虽然从表面上看，这可能意味着该倡议有了一个出色的开端，但令人遗憾的是，它实际上并没有多买一根香蕉或避免喝苏打水。），也许意味着有一个很好的开始，代表作者不持乐观态度，与D选项“至少是一个好的开始”的乐观态度不符，D选项错误；但遗憾的是，这并没有让人多买什么东西，作者认为这没多大作用，故B选项“没多大区别”正确，C选项“这代表真正的进步”错误。A选项“不是基于最新的信息”：文章没有提到数据是否是最新或是很早以前的。因此B选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage（一些学者甚至说许多食物沙漠不过是幻想），可知有学者不认同食物沙漠这个词的出现，故D选项“有问题的”正确，C选项“有道理的”错误。A选项“过时的”和B选项“创造性的”和本题无关。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句和第三句The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert（该镇位于美国农业部的食品沙漠中心） Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.（然而，这里有一个卖有机水果和蔬菜的路边摊，一家摆满营养丰富的谷物的健康食品店，以及一家研究人员发现的吸引大批来自沙漠之外的消费者的超市。），结合文章开头美国农业部提出食物沙漠的定义，第三段作者提到自己认同的有学者提出食物沙漠是幻想的观点，可知作者认为食物沙漠这个现象不是大问题，不需要太过于重视，故C选项“提高公众对食物沙漠的认识”和D选项“强调食物沙漠的问题”错误；并且目的是让大家正确看待食物沙漠，故A选项“告诉我们要正确看待食物沙漠”正确。B选项“指出食物沙漠的解决方案”文章没有提到。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题If the universality of immersion-style language programs, emergency test prep classes, tired college kids is any indication, cramming (临时抱佛脚) is a wildly popular study strategy. Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like “Evolution” or “World history 1914 to present” into the last week of a course. So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no. Hurried memorization is a hopeless approach for retaining information. But its not all bad news. The team offers a precise formula for better study habits, and it doesnt necessarily need dogged discipline and routine.To arrive at their prescription, the scientists tested the “spacing effect” on long-term memory. In other words, they wanted to know how the time gap between study sessions influences the ability to remember material on test day. They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as “Who invented snow golf.” (Rudyard Kipling) and “What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food” (Norway). Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.The findings Students perform better when they space their study sessions rather than when they try to cram everything into their heads during one sitting. But for those who must cram, timing is everything. According to the researchers, if you have only one date on which to study, choose a day thats closer to when you first learned the material than when you take the testbut not too close. For instance, if you have a French lesson on Monday and a quiz the following Monday, you should study on Wednesday for maximum retention. Tuesday is too early and Sunday is too late. If you want to remember something for a year, wait about a month to review what you learned.Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers dont realize the error of their ways. “Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular,” he told me in an email. “And I have never heard people who take these courses even notice the fact that they are a perfect prescription for rapid forgetting.”1.Which of the following can best describe professors attitude toward cramming?2. According to Paragraph 1, the new study on cramming（ ）.3.In Paragraph 2 the author mainly describes（ ）.4.According to the passage, the most important cramming strategy is（ ）.5.By mentioning the science community, Hal Pashler tries to stress that（ ）.问题1选项A.Rationally rejecting.B.Reasonably ignoring.C.Readily accepting.D.Reluctantly helping.问题2选项A.proves the correctness of the general understandingB.makes us confused about how to understand itC.points out the problems of the popular theoriesD.raises questions as to what should be avoided问题3选项A.the necessity of the testB.the procedure of the testC.the selection of the test subjectsD.the content of the test questions问题4选项A.putting things into categoryB.dividing the study sessionC.lengthening the review sessionD.choosing the optimal review time问题5选项A.people are not fully aware of the problems with crammingB.it is important to develop better study habits than crammingC.forgetting is one of the major negative effects of crammingD.science people should take the lead in giving up cramming【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。文章第一段中的“Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like Evolution or World history 1914 to present into the last week of a course.（教授们对此并不赞成，但他们会在课程的最后一周，把进化论或1914年世界史这样的大话题挤到课堂上，共同密谋。）”很好地诠释了教授们对临时抱佛脚的态度，即理性地拒绝。B选项“合理的忽略”；C选项“欣然接受”；D选项“不情愿的帮助”都不能代表教授们的态度，因此A选项正确。2.推理判断题。文章第一段主要阐明了临时抱佛脚式学习策略以及教授们对此的态度，还有关于该学习策略的研究。文中“So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no.（那么死记硬背到底有效还是无效呢？加州大学圣地亚哥分校的心理学家进行的一项新研究证实了你内心深处的猜测：答案是否定的。）”说明该研究证明了一般人的理解是正确的，所以选择A选项。B选项“让我们对如何理解它感到困惑”文中没有提到；C选项“指出流行理论的问题”也不符合段意；D选项“提出了应该避免什么的问题”也没有提到，因此A选项正确。3.推理判断题。第二段主要描述了专家进行的研究。“They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as Who invented snow golf. (Rudyard Kipling) and What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food (Norway). Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.（他们要求1354名志愿者记住32件小事，比如谁发明了雪高尔夫球（拉迪亚德吉卜林）。和欧洲哪个国家吃的墨西哥菜最辣（挪威）。在第一次学习答案后，参与者在几分钟到几个月的时间内对答案进行复核，然后在一年后进行测试。）”这句话主要描述了该研究的程序，并没有侧重于A选项“研究的必要性”，也没有侧重于C选项“研究对象的选择”，更没有侧重于D选项“测试的内容”，即描述32件小事的内容，因此B选项正确。4.事实细节题。第三段中的“But for those who must cram, timing is everything.（但对于那些必须死记硬背的人来说，时机就是一切。）”指出死记硬背最重要的就是选择好记忆时机。A选项“把东西分类”；B选项“划分学习环节”；C选项“延长复习期”都没有提到，因此D选项“选择最佳的复习时间”正确。5.事实细节题。最后一段中的“Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers dont realize the error of their ways. Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are ext