考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学模拟考试题含答案50

考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题The judge is committed to maintaining a _ of impartiality.问题1选项A.stanceB.mottoC.pretenseD.commotion【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项stance“立场；姿态；位置；准备击球姿势”；B选项motto“座右铭，格言；箴言”；C选项pretense“借口；虚假；炫耀；自吹”；D选项commotion“骚动；暴乱”。句意：法官致力于保持公正的_。本句表达“保持公正的立场”。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题In her love the sea is _ symbol: to the narrator it clearly represents everything that is destructive in nature, but at other times it seems to stand for everything in nature that is serenely beautiful.问题1选项A.an enduringB.an ambiguousC.a coherentD.a discrete【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项enduring“持久的；能忍受的”；B选项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；C选项coherent“连贯的，一致的；明了的；清晰的；凝聚性的；互相耦合的；粘在一起的；共格的”；D选项discrete“离散的，不连续的”。句意：在她的爱中，海是一个_象征：对叙述者来说，它清楚地代表了自然界中所有破坏性的东西，但在其他时候，它似乎代表了自然界中所有宁静美丽的东西。本句表达“海是一个不明确的象征”，因此B选项正确。3. 单选题I was not _ by his many arguments so finally we agreed to differ.问题1选项A.convictedB.assuredC.convincedD.concerned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项convicted“证明有罪；宣告有罪”；B选项assured“保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚”；C选项convinced“说服；使确信，使信服”；D选项concerned“影响；牵扯（某人）；关系到；涉及；使担心”。句意：他的许多论点不能使我_，所以最后我们同意各持己见。本句表达“它的论点不能使我信服”，因此C选项正确。4. 单选题She gave him back the money shed stolen for the sake of her _问题1选项A.conscientiousB.consciousnessC.consciousD.conscience【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项conscientious“认真的；尽责的；本着良心的；小心谨慎的”；B选项consciousness“意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉”；C选项conscious“意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；D选项conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：为了她的_，她把偷来的钱还给了他。本句表达“为了她的良心（为了问心无愧）”。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题It is strictly _ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.问题1选项A.securedB.forbiddenC.regulatedD.determined【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项secured“固定，系牢；锁上；保护，使安全；（经过努力）获得；做担保”；B选项forbidden“禁止；妨碍；不准（某人）做某事；禁止进入；阻止”；C选项regulated“调节；规定；控制；校准；有系统地管理”；D选项determined“（使）下决心，（使）做出决定”。句意：严格_，除少数人外，所有人不得接触机密文件。本句表达“严格规定”，因此C选项正确。6. 单选题After John had _ among his guests, dinner was announced.问题1选项A.circulatedB.spreadC.passed onD.publicized【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项circulated“使循环；使流通；使传播（既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等）”；B选项spread“传播，散布（普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等）；展开；伸展；铺开”；C选项passed on“度过；通过”；D选项publicized“宣传，推广；发布；为做广告”。句意：约翰在客人中间_后，宣布开饭。本句考查固定搭配circulate among“在中流传；在中转来转去”，表达“约翰在客人中间转来转去”，因此A选项正确。7. 单选题When it comes _ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.问题1选项A.to helpB.and helpsC.to helpingD.to have helped【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。when it comes to sth./doing sth.“当提到；就而论”。句意：当谈到帮助妻子做家务时，约翰从不抱怨。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.问题1选项A.adaptedB.acknowledgedC.assembledD.appointed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adapted“使适应，改编”；B选项acknowledged“承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到”；C选项assembled“集合，聚集；装配；收集”；D选项appointed“任命；指定；约定”。句意：尽管有很多专门为语言学习目的而编写或_阅读材料，但目前还没有全面系统的阅读技能训练计划。本句表达“为语言学习目的而编写或者改编的阅读材料”，过去分词作后置定语，因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Many people have the _ about the blind and deaf.问题1选项A.misconceptionsB.frustrationC.confessionD.acknowledgement【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项misconceptions“迷思概念；错误的想法”；B选项frustration“挫折”；C选项confession“忏悔；告解；供认；表白”；D选项acknowledgement“承认；确认；感谢”。句意：许多人对盲人和聋人有_。本句表达“对盲人和聋人有误解”，因此A选项正确。10. 单选题A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are _ such aid.问题1选项A.complaining aboutB.recipients ofC.dissatisfied withD.turned down for【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项complaining about“投诉；对抱怨”；B选项recipients of“的收件人；的获得者”；C选项dissatisfied with“对不满意”；D选项turned down for“为减小，关小，调低/拒绝”。句意：最近的一项民意调查显示，81%的大学生有资格获得某种形式的经济援助，而这些学生中只有63%的人_这种援助。本句表示“只有63%的学生是这些援助的获得者（只有63%的学生获得这些援助）”。因此B选项符合题意。11. 单选题By the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two weeks.问题1选项A.shall stayB.have stayedC.will have stayedD.have been staying【答案】C【解析】考查时态。by the time引导的时间状语从句中使用了一般现在时表将来，主句应用将来时，因此排除A，B，D选项。句意：当你到达伦敦时，我们将已经在欧洲_两周了。因此C选项正确。12. 翻译题2. Translate the following paragraph into English (5 marks) 一些澳大利亚土著（indigenous Australian）抗议者周五连续第二日成为头条新闻，他们聚集在澳大利亚议会外，并放火焚烧了国旗。此举的前一天，愤怒的抗议者包围了举行午餐仪式的建筑，保安人员从一家堪培拉餐厅拖出了朱莉娅吉拉德（Julia Gillard）总理。原住民领袖批评这些人的行动，说他们危害了让澳大利亚土著与更广泛的社会协调的努力。澳大利亚广播公司网站上的视频显示，在堪培拉议会外的抗议者围成一圈，点燃了澳大利亚国旗，并高呼，“这里始终是也将永远是原住民的土地。” 【答案】A group of indigenous Australian protesters made headlines for a second day on Friday, gathering outside the Countrys parliament and setting the national flag on fire. The move came a day after Prime Minister Julia Gillard was dragged out of a Canberra restaurant by security guards after angry protesters surrounded the building where the lunch was being held. Indigenous leaders have criticized their actions, saying they undermine efforts to bring Indigenous Australians into harmony with the wider community. Video on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation website showed protesters forming a circle outside parliament in Canberra, setting fire to the Australian flag and chanting, “This has always been and always will be the land of the Aborigines.”13. 翻译题1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (5 marks) One-third of the US physicians are over 65, and that proportion is expected to rise. As doctors in the baby boom generation reach 65, many are under increasing financial pressures that make them reluctant to retire. Many doctors, of course, retain their skills and sharpness of mind into their 70s and beyond. But physicians are hardly immune to Parldnsons disease, stroke and other ills of aging. And some experts warn that there are too few safeguards to protect patients against those who should no longer be practicing. “My guess is that people think there is some fail-safe mechanism to protect them from incompetent physicians”, Dr. Norcross said. “There is not.” 【答案】三分之一的美国医生年龄在65岁以上，这一比例预计还会上升。随着婴儿潮一代的医生年满65岁，许多人面临着越来越大的经济压力，因此不愿退休。当然，许多医生在70多岁以后仍然保持着他们的技能和敏锐的头脑。但是医生很难对帕尔登森病、中风和其他衰老疾病免疫。一些专家警告说，保护病人免受那些不应该再执业的人伤害的保障措施太少了。诺克罗斯博士说：“我的猜测是，人们认为有某种故障安全机制可以保护他们免受不称职的医生的伤害。然而，实际上是没有的。”14. 单选题VII. Economic LawAs the U.S. Supreme Court addressed it in Dara Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, the loss causation requirement exists to assure that private securities fraud actions are “available, not to provide investors with broad insurance against market losses, but to protect them against those economic losses that misrepresentations actually cause.”Codification of the causation requirement in the PSLRA broke no new substantive ground. But, as the Supreme Court also counseled in Dura, the PSLRA “makes clear Congress intent to permit private securities fraud actions for recovery where, but only where, plaintiffs adequately allege and prove the traditional elements of causation and loss.” In the wake of Dura, loss causation has become the critical element in both pleading and proof in securities fraud actions brought under the fraud-on-the-market theory, first embraced by a plurality of the Supreme Court in Basic, Inc. v. Levinson. In Basic, the Court created a rebuttable presumption of investor reliance on the market price of a security that trades in an “efficient” market one in which the market price is presumed to reflect all information disseminated into that marketplace. The rebuttable presumption of reliance based on the fraud-on-the-market theory is critical to certification of investor class actions where, without it, certification would be virtually impossible as individual questions of reliance would predominate over any common questions. Although the Supreme Court has held that loss causation is not an individual question to be addressed as a matter of class certification, it is a central element of any private action under Exchange Act 10b and Rule 10b-5, and must accordingly be sufficiently pled to withstand a motion to dismiss, and ultimately supported by evidence, whether on summary judgment or at trial.Dura is the seminal pronouncement on the necessary showing of loss causation as a matter of both pleading and proof in fraud-on-the-market cases. The Supreme Court instructed that loss causation is neither sufficiently pleaded nor demonstrated merely by an artificially inflated market price and a later economic loss. Indeed, the Court cautioned in these cases that “the logical link between the inflated purchase price and any later economic loss is not invariably strong,” and that while an artificially inflated purchase might mean a later loss, that is not inevitably so. The Court spoke of a “tangle of factors” affecting market prices of securities, and that even though false or misleading information disseminated into the marketplace may “touch upon” a later economic loss for investors, to touch upon a loss is not to cause it, and it is actual causation that the law requires.1.From the first paragraph one is NOT able to say that Dara Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo _.2.Which of the following statement describes “fraud-on-the-market theory” most suitably?3.Loss causation is NOT _.4.Loss causation can be sufficiently demonstrated by _.问题1选项A.was heard by the US Federal Supreme CourtB.was an action about securities fraudC.was a case where the causation requirement was discussedD.provided investors with broad insurance against market losses问题2选项A.It is codified in the PSLRAB.It is critical to official recognition of investor class actions.C.It reflects the Congress intent to permit private securities fraud actions.D.It is about loss causation.问题3选项A.an individual question to be addressed as a matter of class certificationB.a central element of any private actionC.the critical element in both pleading and proof in securities fraud actionsD.necessary to be sufficiently pled to withstand a motion to dismiss问题4选项A.an artificially inflated market price and a later economic lossB.“tangle of factors” affecting market pricesC.plaintiffs adequate allegation and proof of the traditional elements of causation and lossD.false or misleading information disseminated into the marketplace【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。定位到原文第一段As the U.S. Supreme Court addressed it in Dara Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, the loss causation requirement exists to assure that private securities fraud actions are “available, not to provide investors with broad insurance against market losses, but to protect them against those economic losses that misrepresentations actually cause.”（作为美国最高法院解决它在达拉制药、公司诉Broudo损失因果关系要求存在，以确保私人证券欺诈行为是“可用的，而不是为投资者提供广泛的保险市场的损失，但为了保护他们反对那些虚假陈述实际上造成的经济损失”）可知D选项“为投资者提供针对市场损失的广泛保险”和原文相悖；A选项“美国联邦最高法院审理了此案”，B选项“是一个关于证券欺诈的行为”以及C选项“是一个讨论了因果关系要求的案例”都可和原文对应。因此D选项符合题意。2.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段The rebuttable presumption of reliance based on the fraud-on-the-market theory is critical to certification of investor class actions where, without it, certification would be virtually impossible as individual questions of reliance would predominate over any common questions.（基于市场欺诈理论的可反驳的信赖推定对投资者集体诉讼的证明至关重要，如果没有它，证明几乎是不可能的，因为信赖的个别问题将压倒任何普通问题。）可知选C选项“这对正式承认投资者集体诉讼至关重要”；A选项“它被编纂在PSLRA中”未提及；第二段第二句But, as the Supreme Court also counseled in Dura, the PSLRA “makes clear Congress intent to permit private securities fraud actions for recovery where, but only where, plaintiffs adequately allege and prove the traditional elements of causation and loss.” （但是，正如最高法院在杜拉所建议的那样，PSLRA“明确了国会的意图，即允许私人证券欺诈诉讼在原告充分声称和证明因果关系和损失的传统要素的情况下（但仅在原告充分声称和证明的情况下）进行追偿”）可知是PSLRA明确了国会的意图，而不是市场欺诈理论，B选项“它反映了国会允许私人证券欺诈行为的意图”错误，同时可知D选项“关于损失的因果关系”错误。因此C选项符合题意。3.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段末Although the Supreme Court has held that loss causation is not an individual question to be addressed as a matter of class certification, it is a central element of any private action under Exchange Act 10b and Rule 10b-5, and must accordingly be sufficiently pled to withstand a motion to dismiss, and ultimately supported by evidence, whether on summary judgment or at trial.（尽管最高法院认为，损失的因果关系并非作为类别认证事项处理的个别问题，但根据交易法第10b条和第10b-5条，损失的因果关系是任何私人诉讼的核心要素，因此，损失的因果关系必须足够充分，足以抵挡驳回的动议，并最终获得证据支持，无论是简易判决还是审判）可知A选项“作为类别认证的一个单独问题”和原文不符，B选项“任何私人行动的中心要素”，D选项“需要被充分辩护以抵抗驳回动议”符合原文；第二段loss causation has become the critical element in both pleading and proof in securities fraud actions brought under the fraud-on-the-market theory（在以市场欺诈理论为依据的证券欺诈诉讼中，损失因果关系已成为诉辩和证明的关键要素）可知C选项“在证券欺诈诉讼中，申辩和证明的关键要素”符合题意。因此A选项符合题意。4.事实细节题。定位到原文第三段末The Court spoke of a “tangle of factors” affecting market prices of securities, and that even though false or misleading information disseminated into the marketplace may “touch upon” a later economic loss for investors, to touch upon a loss is not to cause it, and it is actual causation that the law requires.（法院指出，影响证券市场价格的“各种因素错综复杂”，即使向市场传播的虚假或误导性信息可能“触及”投资者日后的一项经济损失，但触及一项损失并非造成损失的原因，而是法律规定的实际原因）可知B选项“影响市场价格的一堆因素”可以充分证明损失的因果关系，同时可知D选项“散布到市场中的虚假或误导性信息”错误；第三段The Supreme Court instructed that loss causation is neither sufficiently pleaded nor demonstrated merely by an artificially inflated market price and a later economic loss.（最高法院指示，造成损失的原因既非充分辩护，也并非仅以人为提高的市场价格及随后的经济损失来证明）可知A选项“人为抬高的市场价格和后来的经济损失”，C选项“原告对传统的因果关系和损失要素的充分指控和证据”错误。因此B选项符合题意。15. 单选题VI. Procedure LawEven if we were to accept this deflationary view of procedural justice as our starting point, it would not follow that procedures are unimportant. If we begin with criteria for a just outcome, then it follows that our system of dispute resolution should be designed to decide controversies in accord with these criteria. From the bare premise that outcomes count from the ex post (事后)perspective, we can derive a minimal notion of procedural justice. A perfectly just procedure would guarantee correct outcomes; a procedure would be more or less fair or just insofar as it approximates this ideal. If we take the rules of substantive law (torts, contracts, property, and so forth) as applied to the facts (the state of the world) as the criteria for just outcomes, then the ideal procedure would discern the truth about the facts and apply the law to those facts with one-hundred percent accuracy. From the modest premise that outcomes count, we can derive the view that procedural justice is a function of accuracy.There are, however, obvious problems with this simple theory. Even from the ex post perspective, formal legal outcomes, such as judgments for plaintiffs and defendants, are not the only effects of adjudication. Dispute resolution systems impose costs on the parties to the dispute and on society at large. If we enlarge our view of outcomes to encompass all of the costs and benefits imposed by the litigation system, then our view of procedural justice will be enlarged as well. An outcome that includes a damage award that reflects an accurate application of the substantive law to the facts might nonetheless be unjust if the plaintiff who was entitled to prevail had to pay more in attorneys fees than the value of the judgment. A dispute resolution system that achieved one-hundred percent accuracy would be viewed as monstrously unfair if it required each disputant to devote her entire life to a painstaking process of fact-finding and consumed the great bulk of the social product to finance the enterprise. The addition of these uncontroversial premises to our modest assumption that outcomes count yields the conclusion that even from the ex post perspective a fair procedure must, at a minimum, strike a fair or reasonable balance between the benefits of accurate outcomes and the costs imposed by the system of procedures.Procedural perfection is unattainable: no conceivable system of procedure can guarantee perfect accuracy. Approaching procedural perfection is unaffordable: a system that achieved the highest possible degree of accuracy would be intolerably costly.1.From the first paragraph, we can know that the author is _.2.An ideal procedure would NOT _.3.The author thinks that a fair procedure must strike a fair or reasonable balance the benefits and the costs. According to the 2nd paragraph, which one is NOT a cost mentioned by the author?4.From the last paragraph one can infer that _.问题1选项A.rebutting some ones view that procedures are unimportantB.arguing that procedures are unimportantC.distinguishing procedure law from substantive lawD.setting the criteria for just outcomes问题2选项A.discern the truth about the factsB.apply the law to the facts with accuracyC.guarantee correct outcomesD.be different even if the substantive law applied is different问题3选项A.An unjust award where the plaintiff has to pay more than the value of judgment.B.A life-long fact-finding process to achieve 100% accuracy.C.The great bulk of products produced by an enterprise.D.The social products consumed to support the system.问题4选项A.procedural perfection is unattainableB.a fair procedure can only exist when keeping a balance between benefits and costsC.approaching procedural perfection is unaffordableD.no system of procedure can guarantee perfect accuracy【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句Even if we were to accept this deflationary view of procedural justice as our starting point, it would not follow that procedures are unimportant.（即使我们将这种关于程序正义的通缩观点作为我们的出发点，也不会得出程序不重要的结论）可知选A选项“反驳一些人认为程序不重要的观点”，同时可知B选项“争论程序不重要”错误，作者认为程序是重要的；C选项“区分程序法和实体法”原文第一段未提及；第一段第二句If we begin with criteria for a just outcome, then it follows that our system of dispute resolution should be designed to decide controversies in accord with these criteria.（如果我们从公正结果的标准开始，那么我们的争端解决制度就应该根据这些标准来决定争端）得知D选项“为公正的结果设定标准”和原文不符合，原文没有提到为公正的结果设定标准。因此A选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段If we take the rules of substantive law (torts, contracts, property, and so forth) as applied to the facts (the state of the world) as the criteria for just outcomes, then the ideal procedure would discern the truth about the facts and apply the law to those facts with one-hundred percent accuracy.（如果我们把适用于事实（世界状况）的实体法规则（侵权行为、合同、财产等）作为公正结果的标准，那么理想的程序将辨别事实的真相和法律适用于那些事实，准确率百分之百）可知A选项“辨明事实的真相”,，B选项“正确地将法律适用于事实”以及C选项“保证正确的结果”对应原文，D选项“即使适用的实体法不同，也不一样”原文未提及。因此D选项符合题意。3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段An outcome that includes a damage award that reflects an accurate application of the substantive law to the facts might nonetheless be unjust if the plaintiff who was entitled to prevail had to pay more in attorneys fees than the value of the judgment.（但是，如果有权胜诉的原告支付的律师费高于判决的价值，那么包括损害赔偿裁决在内的结果可能是不公正的，因为损害赔偿裁决反映了实体法对事实的准确适用）可知A选项“一种不公正的判决，原告必须支付比判决价值更多的钱”有提及；第二段A dispute resolution system that achieved one-hundred percent accuracy would be viewed as monstrously unfair if it required each disputant to devote her entire life to a painstaking process of fact-finding and consumed the great bulk of the social product to finance the enterprise.（一个百分之百准确的纠纷解决系统，如果要求每一个纠纷人一生都致力于一个艰苦的事实调查过程，并消耗大量的社会产品为企业融资，那么它将被视为极其不公平的）可知B选项“一个终生的事实调查过程，以达到100%的准确性”，D选项“社会产品消费支持该系统”在原文中有提及；C选项“一个企业生产的大量产品”原文未涉及。因此C选项符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据题干定位到最后一段Procedural perfection is unattainable: no conceivable system of procedure can guarantee perfect accuracy. Approaching procedural perfection is unaffordable: a system that achieved the highest possible degree of accuracy would be intolerably costly.（程序的完善是不可能实现的：任何一个可以想象的程序体系都不能保证完美的准确性。接近程序上的完美是负担不起的：一个达到尽可能高的准确度的系统将是难以忍受的代价），结合第二段最后一句even from the ex post perspective a fair procedure must, at a minimum, strike a fair or reasonable balance between the benefits of accurate outcomes and the costs imposed by the system of procedures（即使从事后的角度来看，公平程序至少必须在准确结果的利益与程序制度所施加的费用之间达成公平或合理的平衡）可知尽可能高的准确度的系统是指准确结果的利益与程序制度所施加的费用之间达成高度平衡，则公平的程