2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前模拟强化练习题62（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题A recent study, published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.The author also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with really stupid behavior than with just a lack of driving experience. The basic issue he says, is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is.Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使 缓解) the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges.Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the strictest, with a novice driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.1.Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?2.According to Robert Foss, the high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to（ ）.3.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is TRUE?4.A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers driving accidents is that（ ）.5.The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system（ ）.问题1选项A.Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after 10 p.m.B.A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.C.Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.D.A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.问题2选项A.their frequent driving at nightB.their improper way of drivingC.their lack of driving experienceD.their driving with passengers问题3选项A.Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.B.Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.C.Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.D.The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers driving accidents.问题4选项A.driving in the presence of an adult should be made a ruleB.they should be prohibited from taking on passengersC.they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p.m.D.the licensing system should be improved问题5选项A.is under discussionB.is about to be set upC.has been put into effectD.has been perfected【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题干要求判断四个选项中哪种情况最危险。根据原文前两段可知，青少年驾车载着超过3名乘客出行发生致命事故的概率是那些独自开车青少年的3倍，而青少年司机的死亡率在晚上10点，特别是午夜之后急剧上升。因此，B选项正确。A选项“成年人在晚上10点钟后搭载青少年”与C选项“成年人在晚上很晚时搭载3名以上青少年乘客”均不正确。D选项“青少年在午夜搭陌生人的车”在原文没有提及，可排除。2.细节事实题。题干询问Robert Foss认为青少年死亡率高的原因。根据题干定位至原文第三段第一句可知，青少年司机的死亡率高与其真正愚蠢的行为关系不大，而是因为他们缺乏驾驶经验，故本题正确答案为C。A选项“频繁在晚上驾驶”：B选项“他们不恰当的驾驶方式”；D选项“他们载乘客驾驶”均与原文不符，故排除。3.细节事实题。A选项“青少年应该花更多的时间学习驾驶”在原文并未提及，可排除；B选项“驾驶对青少年来说太复杂了所以学不会”，属于无中生有，可排除；C选项“青少年申请参加驾驶课程应当有一些限制”由第三段内容不能得出，可排除。根据原文第三段最后一句可知，根本问题是，负责发放驾照的成年人没有意识到驾驶是一项多么复杂和需要熟练度的任务。也就是说驾照发行机构应该对此事负有一定的责任。因此，只有D项与原文内容相符，故本题正确答案为D选项。4.事实细节题。根据原文倒数第二段the way to mitigate the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems可知，缓解青少年驾驶事故的方法是建立所谓的驾照分级许可制度，因此D选项“改善驾照许可制度”正确。A选项为“规定青少年要在成人陪同下驾驶”；B选项为“应该不准他们载客”：C选项为“应该禁止他们晚上10点后开车”。A、B、C三项均不符合题意，因此本题正确答案为D项。5.事实细节题。根据题干定位至原文最后一段第二句About half of the states now have some soil of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers可知，美国现在大约有一半的州已经有了分级许可制度，但只有10个州对乘客有限制。说明这种制度已经建立了，只是还不够完善。A选项“在讨论中”、B选项“即将建立”和C选项“已经被实施”都不符合，因此本题正确答案为C项。2. 单选题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture lias changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients（营养成分）captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat（栖息地）Ioss and to diminishing biodiversity.Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050, yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反两方 而)of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.1.How do people often measure progress in agriculture?2.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in （ ）.3.What does the author think of traditional fanning practices?4.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century ?5.What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?问题1选项A.By its productivityB.By its sustainabilityC.By its impact on the environmentD.By its contribution to economic growth问题2选项A.Localized pollutionB.the shrinking of farmlandC.competition from overseasD.the decrease of biodiversity问题3选项A.They have remained the same over the centuries.B.They have not kept pace with population growth.C.They are not necessarily sustainable.D.They are environmentally friendly.问题4选项A.It will go through radical changesB.It will supply more animal productsC.It will abandon traditional fanning practicesD.It will cause zero damage to the environment问题5选项A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development.B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词measure progress in agriculture定位至第一段: This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives (这一点在农业领域表现得尤为突出，在该领域中，人们常常在未从历史、文化的角度予以适当考虑的情况下，认为可持续发展史衡量农业进步的唯一方法),因此B项 “可持续性”正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词Specialization和increase yields定位至第三段: Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields (来自海外的竞争压力使得农民们不得不进行专门的研究来增加作物的产量),该段还指出: However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity (但是，这些变化也导致栖息地的损失和生物多样性的不断减少),故选D“生物多样性的减少”。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词traditional fanning practices定位至第五段: For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones (比如，我们若要摒弃这样的想法:传统的做法必然会比新的做法更能够促进可持续发展)。因此C项 “这些做法不一定是可持续性的”正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词in the 21st century 定位至第五段: All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th (所有这一切意味着，21世纪的农业生产将会与20世纪的农业生产截然不同)。故选A “将会经历巨变”。5.主旨大意题。最后一段点明主题: What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production (关键是我们需要认识到，可持续性农业并不只是粮食生产的可持续性)。因此D项“催促人们重新思考什么是可持续性农业”正确。3. 单选题（ ） the enormous flow of food from the entire globe, these countries have for many years not felt any population pressure.问题1选项A.Thanks toB.By means ofC.In line withD.With regard to【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A项thanks to表示“多亏；幸亏”；B项by means of 表示“凭借，通过”；C项in line with表示“与一致”；D项with regard to表示“关于，至于”。句意：多亏了全球食物的大流动，这些国家已经很多年没有感受过任何人口的压力。故本题正确答案为A项。4. 单选题（ ） such as a washing machine and microwave offer a lot of convenience to people in their housework.问题1选项A.ApplicationsB.InstrumentsC.AppliancesD.Facilities【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项application表示“应用；申请；应用程序”；B选项instrument表示“仪器；工具；乐器；手段；器械”；C选项appliance表示“装置；器具，器械（尤指家用电器）”；D选项facility表示“设备，工具；容易；灵巧；才能；天赋”。根据a washing machine and microwave（洗衣机和微波炉）可知，句意是指家用电器为人们在家务上提供了很多方便。因此，本题的正确答案为C项。5. 单选题People buy insurance in order to（ ）a small, certain, tolerable loss for a large, uncertain,catastrophic one.问题1选项A.returnB.substituteC.instituteD.predict【答案】B【解析】考查固定词组搭配。固定搭配substitute .for.表示“用代替”。A选项return表示“返回，报答，回击”；C选项institute表示“实行，授予（学位），提起（诉讼）”；D选项predict表示“预言，预测”。【句意】人们买保险是为了用一个可以确定和容忍的小损失来替代大的、不确定的、灾难性的损失。6. 单选题If a man（ ）himself and his family of food in order to buy a cat, we could consider him mad.问题1选项A.deprivedB.robbedC.rejectedD.denied【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项deprive表示“使丧失，剥夺”，deprive sb. of sth表示“从某人处剥夺某物”；B选项rob表示“抢劫，掠夺；非法剥夺”，rob sb of sth表示“抢劫某人的某物；C选项reject表示“拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃”；D选项deny表示“否定，否认；拒绝给予”，deny sb. sth表示“拒绝给予某人某物”。根据句意可知，如果一位男士为了买一只猫使得自己和家人没有食物可吃，那么我们会认为他发疯了。故A项deprive（使丧失，剥夺）最符合句意。因此，本题正确答案为A项。7. 单选题Ive become somewhat physically unfit, so Ive started going to the gym once a week to see if I can（ ）my body.问题1选项A.tidy upB.tone upC.take upD.eat up【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项tidy up表示“收拾，整理”；B选项tone up表示“増强；提高（声调等）使更健康”；C选项take up表示“拿起；开始从事；占据（时间，地方）”；D选项eat up表示 “吃光；耗尽；击垮”。根据somewhat physically unfit（身体有点不健康）可知，空缺处应为“使更健康”，故B项正确。因此本题正确答案为B项。句意：我的身体已有些许不适，所以我开始每周去一次健身房，看看是否可以让身体更健康。8. 单选题Its good to know that quite a few popular English expressions actually（ ）from the Bible.问题1选项A.acquireB.resultC.obtainD.derive【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项acquire表示“获得，取得”；B选项result表示“结果，导致”；C选项obtain表示“获得，取得”；D选项derive表示“源于，得自”。根据句意可知，很多流行的英语表达实际上来自圣经。因此，本题选择D项最符合句意。9. 单选题The university（ ）five schools and twenty-five departments.问题1选项A.be consisted ofB.consists ofC.be consisted byD.be consisted in【答案】B【解析】考查动词用法。动词consist表示“由.组成”，为不及物动词，无被动式。词组consist of表示“（整体）由.（部分）组成”。句意：这所大学由4个学院和25个部门组成。因此，本题正确答案为B项。10. 单选题They are trying to （ ）the waste discharged by the factory for profit.问题1选项A.exposeB.exhaustC.exhibitD.exploit【答案】D【解析】句意:他们尝试着通过利用工厂排出的废物來创造利润。考查动词辨析。expose 揭发，揭露; exhaust 用完，花光，使筋疲力尽； exhibit 展览，显示；exploit 运用。故D符合句意。11. 单选题The policeman declared that the blow on the victims head （ ）from behind.问题1选项A.should have been madeB.must have been madeC.would have been madeD.ought to have been made【答案】B【解析】考查语法中情态动词表推测的用法。A项should have done表示“本该做某事（其实没做）”；B项must have done表示“定做了某事”；C项would have done表示“将会做某事”，常用于表达虚拟语气；D项ought to have done表示“本该做某事”，比should have done语气强，意思为根据责任或者义务应该做。句意：警察宣称受害者头上的伤一定是从后面猛击造成的。故本题正确答案为B项。12. 单选题The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or provider and purchaser or consumer” in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Such condition, however does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician and even then there may be no real choice it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return next Wednesday, whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctors judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real consumer. As a consequence, the medical staff represents the power center in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants - the physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bills generated by the physician/hospital, and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy directed at patients or the general are relatively ineffective.1.The authors primary purpose is to（ ）.2.It can inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because（ ）.3.According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to return next Wednesday, the doctor is in effect（ ）.4.The author is most probably leading up to（ ）.5.With which of the following statements would the author be likely to agree?问题1选项A.criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patientsB.analyze some important economic factors in health-careC.urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityD.inform potential patients of their health-care rights问题2选项A.it is doctors who generate income for the hospitalB.most of patients bills are paid by his health insuranceC.a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patients healthD.some patients might refuse to accept their physicians advice问题3选项A.instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesB.warning the patient that a hospital stay might be necessaryC.advising the patient to seek a second opinionD.admitting that the initial visit was ineffective问题4选项A.a proposal of control medical costsB.a discussion of a new medical treatmentC.an analysis of the cause of inflation in the United StatesD.a study of lawsuits against doctors for malpractice问题5选项A.Few patients are reluctant to object to the course of the treatment prescribed by a doctor or to question the cost of the services.B.The more serious the illness of a patient, the less likely it is that the patient will object to the course of treatment prescribed or to question the cost of services.C.The payer, whether insurance carrier or the government, is less likely to acquiesce to demands for payment when the illness of the patient is regarded as serious.D.Both A and B.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到在经济的大部分领域购买者做出决定，但在医学领域却不是如此（In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Such condition, however does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.）文章主要讲述了卫生保健领域医生和病人奇怪的经济关系，其他几段分析了这种关系的不同之处，因此选项B符合题意。2.推理判断题。文章第三段最后一句话提到“因此，在医院的政策和决策中，医务人员是权力中心，而不是行政部门”（As a consequence, the medical staff represents the power center in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration），根据as a consequence可知，原因在该句的前面，Little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real consumer.（难怪在医院的眼里医生才是真正的消费者）。也就是说医生决定了医院的收入，选项A符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第二段提到“医生通常做出所有重大的购买决定，如：病人是否应该在下周三回医院”（it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return next Wednesday），选项A“指导病人买更多的医疗服务”符合题意。4.推理判断题。最后一段作者指出75-80%的医疗花费是由医生决定的，而不是病人（We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients），因此针对病人或一般人的节约是相对无效的（For this reason, economy directed at patients or the general are relatively ineffective），由此可以看出作者对这种做法是持否定意见的，所以作者接下来可能会提出一些建议来改变这种行为，选项A“控制医疗成本的建议”符合题意。5.观点态度题。文章第二段最后一句提到很少有病人会为价格问题来质疑医生，尤其是那些病重的病人（It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious），选项A的大意是很少有病人不愿意反对医生，与原文不符合，因此符合题意。13. 单选题Everyone interviewed had been （ ）to unfair treatment.问题1选项A.subjectedB.adjustedC.devotedD.entitled【答案】A【解析】考察动词词义辨析。subject “使隶属；使屈从于”；adjust “调整，使适合”；devote “致力于；奉献”；entitle “定名为；使有权利”。根据后面的unfair treatment (不公平待遇)可推测空格处应该填入一个带有贬义的词，be subject to是一个固定词组，意思是“遭受”，选项A符合题意。句意：每个被采访的人都遭遇过不公平的对待。14. 单选题Have your ever heard the old （ 1 ）,Never judge a book by cover? This is a good rule to（ 2 ）when trying to judge the intelligence of others. Some people have（ 3 ）that shine only in certain（ 4 ）. A young man with an unusual（5） in creative writing may find himself（ 6 ）in the presence of a pretty girl. He（ 7 ） awkwardly for words and does not talk smoothly. But dont make the（8 ）of thinking him stupid.（9 ）a pen and paper, he can express himself very well.Other people may（10）overestimating their intelligence by（11）a good appearance. A student who listens attentively and（12） in class