2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第119期

2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared in Europe in the 14lh century. The origins of the Gypsies, with little written history, were shrouded in mystery. What is known now from clues in the various dialects of their language, Romany, is that they came from northern India to the Middle East a thousand years ago, working as minstrels and mercenaries, metal-smiths and servants. Europeans misnamed them Egyptians, soon shortened to Gypsies. A clan system, based mostly on their traditional crafts and geography, has made them a deeply fragmented and fractious people, only really unifying in the face of enmity from non-Gypsies, whom they call gadje. Today many Gypsy activists prefer to be called Roma, which comes from the Romany word for “man”. But on my travels among them most still referred to themselves as Gypsies.In Europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly, with the church seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behavior in their nomadism. At various times they have been forbidden to wear their distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own language, to travel, to marry one another, or to ply their traditional crafts. In some countries they were reduced to slavery, it wasnt until the mid-1800s that Gypsy slaves were freed in Romania. In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria, and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust. Their horses have been shot and the wheels removed from their wagons, their names have been changed, their women have been sterilized, and their children have been forcibly given for adoption to non-Gypsy families.But the Gypsies have confounded predictions of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic group and their numbers have burgeoned. Today there are an estimated 8 to 12 million Gypsies scattered across Europe, making them the continents largest minority. The exact number is hard to pin down. Gypsies have regularly been undercounted, both by regimes anxious to downplay their profile and by Gypsies themselves, seeking to avoid bureaucracies. Attempting to remedy past inequities, activist groups may overcount. Hundreds of thousands more have emigrated to the Americas and elsewhere. With very few exceptions Gypsies have expressed no great desire for a country to call their own-unlike the Jews, to whom the Gypsy experience is often compared. “Romanestan” said Ronald Lee, the Canadian Gypsy writer, “is where my two feet stand.”1.Gypsies are united only when they（ ）.2.In history hostility to Gypsies in Europe resulted in their persecution by all the following EXCEPT（ ）.3.According to the passage, the main difference between the Gypsies and the Jews lies in their concepts of（ ）.问题1选项A.are engaged in traditional craftsB.call themselves RomaC.live under a clan systemD.face external threats问题2选项A.the EgyptiansB.the stateC.the churchD.the Nazis问题3选项A.languageB.cultureC.identityD.custom【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。题干“Gypsies are united only when”提供了重要信息，表明吉普赛人平时是并不会联合在一起，是个分散的民族。第一段倒数第三句中说到“only really unifying in the face of enmity from non-Gypsies只有在面对来自非吉普赛人的敌意时才真正团结起来”，由此可知使吉普赛人团结起来的是外人的敌意。因此D选项“面对外部威胁”符合题意。2.判断推理题。本题需要从欧洲对吉普赛人的种种迫害行为中作排除法。第二段提到“with the church seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behavior in their nomadism教会在他们的算命中看到异端邪说，国家在他们的游牧中看到反社会行为”以及“In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria在更近的时期，吉普赛人陷入了纳粹种族狂热中”。因此教会、国家和纳粹都对吉普赛人进行了迫害，A选项“埃及人”符合题意。3.判断推理题。本题需要找出吉普赛人与犹太人的区别。最后一段最后两居中说到了两个种族的比较“With very few exceptions Gypsies have expressed no great desire for a country to call their own-unlike the Jews, to whom the Gypsy experience is often compared. 除了极少数的例外，吉普赛人并没有表现出想要一个国家成为自己国家的强烈愿望不像犹太人，吉普赛人的经历经常被拿来与犹太人作比较。”可知吉普赛人与犹太人的最大区别在于建立国家的愿望是否强烈，吉普赛人对自己身份的认同性不如犹太人高。C选项正确。2. 单选题My second claim concerns individual differences. Owing to the accidents of（ ）,environment, and their interaction, no two of us exhibit the same intelligence in precisely the same proportions.问题1选项A.heredityB.heirC.heritageD.supplement【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。heredity “遗传，遗传性”；heir “继承人，后嗣”； heritage “遗产，传统，继承权”；supplement “补充，补充物，附录”。根据句意我的第二个声称关于个人差异。由于（ ）、环境及它们之间的相互作用， 我们中没有两个人以恰好同样的比例显示同样的智力。 确定A选项heredity “遗传，遗传性”的正确。3. 翻译题由于对急剧上涨的油价和气候变化的日益担心，生物燃料变成了绿色技术革命的先锋，除了作为替代能源外，还希望它在此过程中减缓全球变暖趋势。但是，近期的几项研究表明，生物燃料不但没有实现其提倡者的良好愿望，相反却加剧了全球变暖，并还以拯救地球的名义危害着地球。的确，生物燃料在某种程度上减轻了人们对进口石油的依赖，使某些农民综合企业致富的同时，也给农民创造了就业机会。但是大多数生物燃料遇到的一个基本问题实际上很简单：将土地用于生产生物燃料所需的作物，导致储存了大量碳的森林、湿地和草地被毁，这是研究人员一直没注意到的问题.【答案】Due to growing concerns about climate changes and the sharp rise in oil prices, people have turned bio-fuels into the pioneer of green technology revolution, which is expected to slow global warming in the process in addition to being an alternative energy source. But several recent studies suggested that bio-fuels have worsened global warming instead of fulfilling the good wishes of its advocates, and are contributing to global warming and harming the planet in the name of saving it. Indeed, bio-fuels have reduced peoples dependence on imported oil to a certain extent and created employment opportunities for farmers while making some rural comprehensive enterprises rich. But one fundamental problem that most bio-fuels is currently encountering is actually very simple: the usage of land for producing crops required by bio-fuels has leaded to destructions of large areas of forests, wetlands and grasslands which are used to store a lot of carbons. And our researchers have paid no attention to this problem.4. 单选题Environment has taken rather a back seat politically since the Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro nearly five years ago.（1）the problems that meeting（2）had not gone away. One environment（3）tank the International Food Policy Research Institute - has been looking at the future of water and（4）report reflects growing concern at the huge leap in usage over the past few years, In some pat of the world, water consumption has（5） five fold. And the institute, known by its（6）IFPKE, says shortages could soon become the（7）for conflict and a major barrier to（8）the worlds growing population. Heres Richard Black of our Science Unit.“Its often been said that water（9）oil will be the cause of warfare in the next century. According to the IFPRE report, the time（10）that happens might not be far away. The number of people（11）by water shortages will increase ten（12）over the next 30 years, it says,（13）could well lead to large scale conflicts.The main reason why water is becoming a（14）resource is agriculture, which now（15） 70% of water consumption worldwide, 90% in some（16）countries. Countless fanners have switched from growing indigenous crops for the（17）market to high yield export varieties, which（18）need far more water. But the IFPRI report says that in some regions water shortage is now the single biggest impediment to feeding the population. Water scarcity（19）leads to water pollution. In the Indian State of West Bengal, for example, over extraction of water from bore holes has led to arsenic poisoning which is（20）to have affected two million people so far. But the IFPRI report calls for better water management worldwide including financial incentives to encourage conservation. ”问题1选项A.ButB.SoC.AndD.For问题2选项A.overcomeB.highlightedC.motivatedD.confronted问题3选项A.thoughtfulB.thoughtC.thinkingD.think问题4选项A.thoseB.whoseC.itsD.their问题5选项A.decreasedB.increasedC.expandedD.dwindled问题6选项A.initialsB.capitalsC.beginningsD.letters问题7选项A.triggerB.effectC.initiationD.consequence问题8选项A.feedB.raiseC.feedingD.raising问题9选项A.instead ofB.in response toC.in place ofD.rather than问题10选项A.whichB.howC.whyD.when问题11选项A.affectingB.affectedC.is affectedD.is affecting问题12选项A.doubleB.multipleC.foldD.time问题13选项A.whatB.howC.whichD.that问题14选项A.naturalB.scarceC.plentifulD.dormant问题15选项A.accounts forB.runs forC.speaks forD.counts for问题16选项A.developedB.developingC.advancedD.industrialized问题17选项A.homeB.exportC.exchangeD.foreign问题18选项A.remarkablyB.formidablyC.inevitablyD.consumedly问题19选项A.thoughB.soC.howeverD.also问题20选项A.assessedB.appraisedC.ratedD.estimated【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:B第12题:C第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:B第17题:A第18题:D第19题:D第20题:D【解析】（1）根据选项确定考察连词，句意：自从五年前在巴西里约热内卢举行的地球峰会以来，环境问题在政治上一直处于次要地位，而且遇到的问题并没有克服。表示句意顺承用and。（2）A选项意思是克服，解决，B选项意思是是突出，显著，C选项意思是激发的积极性，D选项意思是面对，面临。句意：而且遇到的问题并没有克服。A 选项符合题意。（3）根据空格后的名词tank确定这里需要填写一个形容词，只有A选项是形容词，所以A 正确。（4）根据空格后的动词reflects用的是三单形式，确定主语是单数，选项C符合题意。（5）句意：在世界上的一些地方，用水量已经增长了五倍。A选项意思是减少，B选项意思是增加，C选项意思是扩大，D选项意思是缩减。B选项正确。（6）A选项意思是英文缩写，B选项意思是大写字母，C选项意思是开始，D选项意思是字母。句意：这个因为它的缩写IFPKE而闻名的机构。A选项正确。（7）A选项意思是触发器，B选项意思是影响，C选项意思是启蒙，D选项意思是结果。句意：短缺可能很快会触发冲突，A选项正确。（8）feed意思是喂养，raise意思是提高，to表目的，后面接动词原形，排除CD选项。句意：也是阻碍世界人口增长的主要障碍，B选项正确。（9）A选项意思是代替，而不是，B选项意思是响应，C选项意思是代替，通常与be动词搭配使用，D选项意思是而不是，通常不做主语。句意：人们常说水将代替石油将成为下个世纪战争的原因。A选项正确。（10）定语从句，不缺成分，表示时间用when。（11）空格后面有动词will increase，所以空格里的词不能充当谓语，根据句意被水资源短缺影响的人，表示被动，用过去分词，B选项符合题意。（12）十倍，ten times / fold / multiple，C选项正确。（13）非限制性定语从句。用which引导。A选项正确（14）A选项意思是自然的，B选项意思是稀有的，缺乏的，C选项意思是丰富的，D选项意思是休眠的，静止的。句意：水成为一种稀缺的资源的主要原因是农业。B选项正确。（15）A选项意思是占比例，B选项意思是运行，C选项意思是说明，D选项意思是计数。句意：农业用水占比全世界70%的水。B选项正确。（16）A选项意思是先进的，发达的，B选项意思是发展中的，C选项意思是先进的，发达的，D选项意思是工业化的。句意：尤其是发展中国家。B选项正确。（17）A选项意思是家，本地的，B选项意思是出口，C选项意思是交换，交易所，D选项意思是外国的。句意：无数的农民已经从种植本地农作物转向了高产的出口品种，A选项正确。（18）A选项意思是显著地，非常地，B选项意思是可怕地，强大地，C选项意思是不可避免地，必然地，D选项意思是格外地，大大地。句意：无数的农民已经从种植本地农作物转向了高产的出口品种，这需要格外多的水。D选项正确。（19）根据选项确定考察连词，句意：在一些地区，水资源短缺现在是养活人口的最大障碍。缺水还会导致水污染。Also表示也，还，符合题意。（20）A,B,C选项都表示评估的意思,只有D选项是预估的意思，所以D选项正确。5. 单选题Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes arc athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual”, says education writer Diane Ravitcli. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti- Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children; “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilizedgoing to school and learning to read, so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical creative and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstader says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”1.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?2.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of（ ）.3.The views of Ravitcli and Emerson on schooling are（ ）.4.Emerson, according to the text, is probably（ ）.问题1选项A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.问题2选项A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence问题3选项A.identicalB.similarC.complementaryD.opposite问题4选项A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“美国家长期望他们的孩子在学校学到什么”。文章第一段第二句提到“甚至我们送孩子去学习知识的学校也不是为了求知” （Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge），可知美国家长送孩子去学校的目的是培养实践能力，选项C符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“从文章中我们可以知美国有过一段怎样的历史”。文章第二段第一句话提到“教育作家提出，学校一直处于一个重视实际而轻视才智的社会中”（“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual”, says education writer Diane Ravitcli），选项A“轻视才智”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“Ravitch和Emerson关于学校的观点”。文章第五段第一句话提到爱默生和其他一些超经验主义者认为学校和严格的书本学习禁锢了学生（Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children），由此可见爱默生是不认可所谓的才智主义；文章第二段提到了Ravitcli关于教育的观点，他认为学校应该平衡“实践能力与才智教育”，不能一味重视实践能力，由此可以看书Ravitcli是重视才智的。由此可以看出，这两位的观点是相反的，选项D符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章可以得知，爱默生可能”。文章第五段第一句话提到爱默生和其他一些超经验主义者认为学校和严格的书本学习禁锢了学生（Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children），由此可知爱默生是反对才智主义的，选项B符合题意。6. 单选题People are getting a better idea of the need to protect（ ）property rights.问题1选项A.knowledgeB.intelligenceC.intellectualD.leaning【答案】C【解析】固定搭配辨析题。knowledge “知识，学问，知道”；intelligence “智力，情报工作，理解力”：intellectual “智力的，聪明的，理智的”；intellectual property rights “知识产权”；leaning “倾向，爱好；倾斜”。本题考察固定搭配intellectual property rights “知识产权”，句意是大家正更好地理解保护知识产权的需要。C选项正确。7. 单选题I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice, we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it werent for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervouscooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks dont even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Theres little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the center of things, and that life doesnt come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behindthey are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. Im keen on the idea, but you see theres my cat. Toby. Im not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all (hose hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.1.We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author（ ）.2.In the authors opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT（ ）.3.The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT（ ）.4.According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?问题1选项A.used to live in the countryB.used to work in the cityC.works in the cityD.lives in the country问题2选项A.a strong sense of fearB.lack of communicationC.housing conditionsD.a sense of isolation问题3选项A.daily necessitiesB.fresh fruitsC.designer clothesD.fresh vegetables问题4选项A.OriginalB.QuietC.ArrogantD.Insensitive【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“从第一段中我们可以得知作者”。文章第一段第二句话提到“我成功说服自己，如果不是因为我的工作，我会立刻去往空旷的地方，回到某个静谧的村庄，回到大自然中”（I have managed to convince myself that if it werent for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country），由此我们可以知道作者的工作是在城市，选项C符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者认为下列哪项不是让城里人不开始的原因”。文章第二段最后一句话提到“过去住一条街上的人都相互认识，而现在住在高楼大厦同一层楼的人彼此都不打招呼”（Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks dont even say hello to each other），由此可知选项B是其中一个原因，排除；文章第二段第二句提到“大多数人住在又吵，又脏，又没人情味的高楼里”（The majority of the population live in massive tower block