2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第197期

2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Put the following 10 sentences into Chinese.The purpose behind such attempts is to influence public opinion and justify the aggressive war.I believe, there are few in England who know me at all who do not know me as an Irish Catholic.Books are the best, well used; abused, among the worst.If a specific relationship seems to be true in a number of cases, without any exceptions, then it may be hypothesized that the relationship holds in general.Large fields of the same crop also result in rapid multiplication of destructive insects.Market research is a study of the requirements of various markets, the acceptability of products, and the methods of developing or exploiting new markets.With more and more women entering the rank of management, researchers begin to explore the relationship between gender and leadership.Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it.Many scientific inventions or establishments originated from Europe were first to be applied or implemented in USA.It is unavoidable that people of two generations and even those of the same age differ in their values and pursuits.【答案】这种做法背后的目的就是为了影响公众的想法以及证明这场侵略战争的合法性。我相信，在英格兰凡是认识我的人，几乎都知道我是个爱尔兰天主教徒。如果利用得当，书籍就是最好的朋友；反之，如果滥用，它就会变成最坏的东西了。如果某一特定的关系在很多情况下都正确，且无一例外，则可以假定，该关系可以成立。大片相同的作物也会导致破坏性昆虫的快速增殖。市场研究是研究不同的市场的需求、产品的可接受性、发展或者开发新市场的方法。随着越来越多的女性进入管理层，研究人员开始探索性别和领导能力之间的关系。文化素养是一种思想活动，具有对美和人情感悟能力。道听途说的点滴知识与此完全是两码事。许多起源于欧洲的科学发明或者机构首次在美国被应用或者实现。两代人甚至同龄人之间在价值观和追求上的差异是不可避免的。2. 单选题I was awfully tired when I got home from work, but a half-hour nap（ ）me.问题1选项A.revivedB.releasedC.relievedD.recovered【答案】A【解析】句意: 我下班回家的时候累极了，但半小时的小睡又使我振作起来。动词辨析。revive （使）苏醒，复活; release释放; relieve缓解，减轻; recover康复。A项符合句意。3. 单选题Well （ ）you for any damage done to your house while we are in it.问题1选项A.compensateB.remedyC.supplementD.retrieve【答案】A【解析】句意: 居住期间对你房子所造成的任何损坏，我们都会赔偿你。动词辨析。compensate 赔偿, 补偿; remedy改进,补救; supplement补充; retrieve取回，索回。故A符合句意。4. 单选题The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existednatural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling.What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least youll get rid of that terrible hum.1.The statement “In my bridge less fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.” (Para. 2) suggests that （ ）.2.Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?3.Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?4.Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridges negative effect on the environment?5.What is the authors overall attitude toward fridges?问题1选项A.the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fiftiesB.the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties.C.there was no fridge in the authors home in the 1950sD.the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s问题2选项A.People would not buy more food than was necessary.B.Food was delivered to people two or three time a week.C.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easilyD.People had effective ways to preserve their food问题3选项A.Inventors.B.Consumers.C.Manufacturers.D.Traveling salesmen问题4选项A.“Hum away continuously”B.“Climatically almost unnecessary”C.“Artificially-cooled space”D.“With mild temperatures”问题5选项A.Neutral.B.Critical.C.ObjectiveD.Compromising【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily句意为“我的童年吋期没有冰箱，但我还是吃得不错而且吃得很健康”之后的部分讲到虽然没有冰箱但也没有出现食物浪费和食物腐烂的情况，由此可知第二段的首句话是为了说明虽然那时候没有冰箱，作者也生活的很好，即选项A。2.判断推理题。第二段指出: 送牛奶的人每天都来，杂货商、屠夫、面包师和卖冰淇淋的人周来送货两到三次。肉可以从星期天一直吃到周三，剩余的面包和牛奶将变成各种各样的小点心。任何东西都不会被浪费，而且我们从不会为了腐烂的食物而烦恼。因此可知在冰箱发明之前不会有东西的浪费是因为人们掌握了有效的剩余食物的方法, 故选D。3.判断推理题。第三段指出: 冰箱的发明对食物的保存并没有起到太多的作用，在冰箱发明之前已经有像自然冷却、盐腌等多种食物保存方法。冰箱的发明正在促进的是电力、软饮料、动物死尸的销量并且在后文中作者还讲到了冰箱对生活环境造成的影响，故可以推断出在作者看来对于冰箱的发明， 最没有受益的就是消费者。4.细节事实题。最后一段指出: 冰箱对环境的影响一直都是显著的， 而它带给人类的幸福却是微不足道的。如果你不信，自己试试看，做一个存放食物的橱柜，下个冬天关掉你的冰箱。你或许吃不到汉堡，但是至少能摆脱那可怕的噪音。故选A “不断产生噪声”。5.观点态度题。文章中作者提到童年时期没有冰箱，但是 还是吃得不错而且很健康，并且当时食物也储存的很好，不会造成浪费。最后两段中, 作者认为世界上绝大部分的冰箱并不是在那些最能用得上它们的热带地区被发现，而是在那些富有气候温和的国家出现，这些国家几乎不需要用冰箱。可以看出作者对于冰箱是批判性的。5. 翻译题Put the following sentences into Chinese.In industrialized countries, machines accomplish the very tiring physical work that unskilled laborers used to do in both manufacturing and agriculture.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.Electric power was too important to human beings. Shutting it off for even a short time would have let to complete confusion.Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong, and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist.Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.Evidence of the moderation of the major parties is that much business is conducted across party lines.It has been found that day-dreaming improves a persons ability to be better adapted to practical, immediate concerns, to solve everyday problems, and to come up more readily with new ideas.【答案】在工业化国家，机器完成相当繁重的体力活，即非技术工人曾经在制造业和农业所做的工作。设想一下地球缩小到玻璃弹子的大小，但仍然有同样的质量和重力，你就能对黑洞的力量有所了解了。重要的是，在对与我们不同的人以及他们所过的生活有足够的了解之前，我们应当避免先入为主。准则规定，当病人承受着极大的痛苦，没有治愈的可能，并且再三要求的情况下才能服用安乐死。力争在其他方而有所突破的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。电力对人类非常重要。短时间的电源切断都可能导致整体混乱。成功的育儿之道源于让孩子知道，他们属于这个家庭，他们被宠爱,不因为别的，只因为他们自身的存在。由于没有健康的自尊心，他们在处理问题时，不是提出问题，而是用行动把问题表现出来，或是退缩以及采取对自己和他人保持冷漠的态度。主要政党采取温和的政策,证据是许多事务都是超越党派界限进行的。研究发现，做白日梦能提高一个人的能力，使其能更好地适应实践性和紧急性的事务，来解决日常问题，并且能更快想出新的办法。6. 单选题A balance of international payment refers to the net result of the business which a nation （ ）with other nations in a given period.问题1选项A.transactB.temptsC.thrivesD.transforms【答案】A【解析】句意: 国际收支平衡是指在一定时期内一个国家与其他国家贸易的净收益。固定搭配。transact business with与交易。7. 单选题Shes always been kind to me I cant just turn （ ）on her now that she needs my help.问题1选项A.my backB.my headC.my eyeD.shoulder【答案】A【解析】句意: 她对我一直挺好一_既然她需要我的帮助，那么我就不能拒绝帮助她。固定搭配。turn ones back on sb.拒绝帮助某人。8. 单选题（ ） for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjected to irreversible damage.问题1选项A.Oxygen once deprived ofB.Once deprived of oxygenC.Deprived of oxygen onceD.Once oxygen deprived of【答案】B【解析】句意: 一旦缺氧超过5到7分钟，大脑就会受到不可逆的损害。语法题。考查动词过去分词。句子前半部分为Once引导的时间状语从句，Once需放在句首，故排除选项A和C;分句的逻辑主语应为the brain, 主语与从句动词构成被动关系, 所以应该用deprived of oxygen。故选B。9. 单选题Visitors to England sometimes find the lack of public activities in the evenings （ ）.问题1选项A.depressedB.depressionC.depressingD.depressingly【答案】C【解析】句意: 前往英格兰的游客有时会因为缺乏晚上的公共活动而感到沮丧。语法题。考查宾语补语。空格处应填入形容词作宾语 “缺乏晚上的公共活动”的补语, 排除B,D。depressed 沮丧的; depressing 令人沮丧的。故C符合句意。10. 单选题Nazism and Fascism were （ ）to be thrown into the dump of history.问题1选项A.depositedB.doomedC.damnedD.deserved【答案】B【解析】句意: 纳粹和法西斯主义注定要被扔进历史的垃圾堆。固定搭配。be doomed to 注定。11. 单选题Hardly a day goes by （ ）I write to my family.问题1选项A.whenB.sinceC.butD.before【答案】C【解析】句意: 我几乎每天都跟家人写信。语法题。But在这里为关系词, 相当于that+not。12. 单选题Id just as soon （ ）rudely to her.问题1选项A.that you wont speakB.your not speakingC.you not speakD.you didnt speak【答案】D【解析】句意: 我倒宁愿你没有粗鲁地对她说话。语法题。考查虛拟语气。由句中关键词“just as soon倒宁愿”的对应知这里应该用一般过去时来表示与现在事实（即你粗鲁地对她说话）相反的虚拟语气，故D 项 “you didnt speak” 正确。13. 单选题One of the favorite foods in the United States is the hamburger, a kind of flat round bread with fine-cut beef in between. The favorite place to buy a hamburger is a fast food restaurant. At fast food restaurants, people order their food, wait a few minutes to get it over the counter, and carry it to their tables themselves. People also take their food out of the restaurant to eat it in their cars or in their homes. At some fast food restaurants, people can order their food, pay for it and pick it up without leaving their cars.There are many kinds of fast food restaurants in the United States. Most of the restaurants sell hamburgers or other popular foods among Americans. In addition, there are many fast food restaurants that serve Chinese food, Italian food, chicken, seafood and ice cream. The idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular that nearly every kind of food can be found in one.Fast food restaurants are popular because they show the American way of life. First, they are not formal restaurants. People wear any type of dress when they go to a fast food place. Second, they are fast. People who are busy do not want to spend time preparing their food or waiting while someone else prepares it. In fast food restaurants the food restaurant is not expensive. Therefore, people can often eat at a fast food restaurant without spending too much money, while they may not be able to go to more expensive rest1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?2.Fast food restaurants are popular because they （ ）.3.According to the writer, American people（ ）.4.According to the passage, the favorite restaurants in the U.S. are（ ）.5.The best title for this passage would be（ ）.问题1选项A.Chinese food is also served in some fast food restaurantsB.People can have almost every kind of food in fast food restaurantsC.Fast food can be taken out of the restaurantsD.Fast food can be taken out of the restaurants问题2选项A.are manyB.are fastC.are expensive restaurantsD.serve expensive food问题3选项A.are always busyB.prefer ordinary type of dressC.do not want to spend too much time preparing their foodD.go to more expensive restaurants very often问题4选项A.the Chinese restaurantsB.the fast food restaurantsC.more expensive restaurantsD.less expensive restaurants问题5选项A.Fast food Restaurants in the U.S.B.The Favorite Food in the U.S.C.The American Way of LifeD.Different Kinds of Restaurants【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。文章最后一段指出: most food in a fast food restaurant is not expensive(快餐店的大多数食物都不贵),因此C项错误。2.细节事实题。第三段指出: Fast food restaurants are popular because they show the American way of life (快餐店很受欢迎，因为它们展现了美国人的生活方式),后面指出了受欢迎的第二点原因,即快餐店很快。因此B正确。3.细节事实题。第三段指出: people who are busy do not want to spend time preparing their food.( 忙碌的人不想花时间准备食物),因此C正确。4.细节事实题。第三段指出: Fast food restaurants are popular,而且文章都是在讲快餐店很受欢迎。故B项 “快餐店”正确。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲快餐店的点餐方式,第二段讲美国快餐店种类之多,第三段讲快餐店受欢迎的原因。因此A项“美国的快餐店”正确。14. 单选题It is not （ ）much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.问题1选项A.thatB.asC.soD.very【答案】C【解析】句意:这本书的语言不如背景让其难以理解。固定搭配。not so as “不如”。由句中关键词“not” 与“as”的对应知这里表示一种否定的同级比较，故C项“so”正确。15. 单选题Blood vessels running all through the lungs carry blood to each air sac, or alveolus, and then back again to the heart. Only the thin wall of the air sac and the thin wall of a capillary are between the air and the blood. So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs.When blood is sent to the lungs by the heart, it has come back from the cells in the rest of the body. So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen. At the same time, the air that goes into the air sac contains much oxygen but very little carbon dioxide. You have learned that dissolved materials always diffuse from where there is more of them to where there is less. Oxygen from the air dissolves in the moisture on the lining of the air sac and diffuses through the lining into the blood. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sac. The blood then flows from the lungs back to the heart, which sends it out to all other parts of the body.Soon after air goes into an air sac, it gives up some of its oxygen and takes in some carbon dioxide from the blood. To keep diffusion going as it should, this carbon dioxide must be gotten rid of. Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air. The breathing muscles are controlled automatically so that you breathe at the proper rate to keep your air sacs supplied with fresh air. Ordinarily, you breathe about twenty-two times a minute. Of course, you breathe faster when you are exercising and slower when you are resting. Fresh air is brought into your lungs when you breathe in, or inhale, while used air is forced out of your lungs when you breathe out, or exhale.Some people think that all the oxygen is taken out of the air in the lungs and that what we breathe out is pure carbon dioxide. But these ideas are not correct. Air is a mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen. This gas is not used in the body. So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out. But while air is in the lungs, it is changed in three ways: (1) about one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood; (2) an almost equal amount of carbon dioxide comes out of the blood into the air and (3) moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated.1.It can be inferred from the passage that oxygen and carbon dioxide（ ）.2.When blood travels back to the lungs by the heart,（ ）.3.The movement of breathing can effectively（ ）.4.When we breathe out, the amount of nitrogen（ ）.5.The air in the lungs changes through（ ）.问题1选项A.produce energy for breathingB.diffuse immediately in the bloodC.penetrate slowly into the air sacsD.travel in opposite ways in the lungs问题2选项A.more oxygen was contained in bloodB.more carbon dioxide was contained in the bloodC.less carbon dioxide was contained in an air sacD.less oxygen was contained in an air sac问题3选项A.help the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungsB.prevent the inhaling of excessive carbon dioxideC.keep the regular circulation of bloodD.strengthen the function of breathing muscles问题4选项A.increases a bit because of the exchange of airB.reduces a bit because of the exchange of airC.remains the same as we breathe it inD.keeps the same as that needed in lungs问题5选项A.inhaling some amount of oxygenB.the evaporation of moistureC.exhaling some amount of carbon dioxideD.generating a passage for evaporation【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs (所以氧气很容易穿过薄壁，从肺泡扩散到血液，而二氧化碳则很容易穿过薄壁，从血液扩散到肺泡), 故选D。2.细节事实题。题干为: 当血液由心脏返回到肺部时。第二段指出: So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen(所以进入肺泡的血液含有很多溶解的二氧化碳和很少的氧气), 故选B(血液里含有更多二氧化碳)。3.判断推理题。第三段指出: Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air(由胸腔运动导致的呼吸将使用过的空气排出肺泡，然后吸入新鲜空气)。故选A(帮助氧气和二氧化碳在肺部交换)。4.判断推理题。第四段指出: So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out(当呼气和吸气时，氮气保持不变)。故选C(吸气时保持不变)。5.判断推理题。文章最后一句指出: moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated(气道和气泡内壁水分会蒸发，直到空气饱和状态)。故选B(水分蒸发)。16. 单选题He said that hed sooner die than （ ）.问题1选项A.betrayB.to betrayC.betrayedD.begraying【答案】A【解析】句意: 他声称自己宁死也不会背叛自己的祖国。固定搭配。 had sooner+动词原形+than do sth. 宁可做某事而不做某事。17. 单选题The mayor is a woman with great （ ）and therefore deserves our political and financial support.问题1选项A.intentionB.instinctC.integrityD.intensity【答案】C【解析】句意: 这个市长是一位非常正直的女士，因此值得我们在政治上和经济上的支持。形近词辨析。Intention意图，目的; instinct本能，直觉; integrity 正直, 诚实; intensity强烈，激情。根据句意判断C正确。18. 单选题All flights （ ）because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.问题1选项A.had been canceledB.have been canceledC.were canceledD.having been canceled【答案】D【解析】句意: 因为暴风雪所有的航班都被取消了，很多乘客不得不改乘火车。语法题。考查时态语态。前后句子主语不一致,因此前面句子应该用独立主格结构表示原因: 逻辑主语+doing, 前面句子逻辑主语是All flights, 谓语动词是cancel(取消), 所以应该用被动语态。而且前面句子发生在后面句子之前, 因此用现在完成时。19. 翻译题Have you heard of the news? No sooner had he arrived in Rome than he was kidnapped!Smith failed to account for the decrease in the companys annual profits.No one could come up with an easy solution to the labor shortage which is caused by the wars.Although the end of the term was close at hand, Tom had not completed all off the projects he had hoped to finish.I dont think it is sensible of you to show off your greater knowledge in front of the chairman, for it may well offend him.It doesnt make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.The flood-stricken area is liable to plagues, so it makes sense to strengthen the epidemic prevention there for the sake of health.The government had to come to terms with the trade union for fear that the situation might be