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2022年考博英语-同济大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The hands on my alarm clock are _，so I can see what time it is in the dark.问题1选项A.exoticB.gorgeousC.luminousD.spectacular【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。exotic“奇异的，引人注目的”；gorgeous“极好的，华丽的”；luminous“发光的，发亮的”；spectacular“壮观的，惊人的”。句意：我手边上的指针会发光，所以我能在黑暗中看清时间。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题Ever since its discovery, Pluto has never really fitted in. After the pale and glowing giant Neptune, it is little more than a cosmic dust mite, swept through the farthest reaches of the solar system on a planet wildly tilted relative to the rest of the planets. It is smaller than Neptunes largest moon, and the arc of its orbit is so oval that it occasionally crosses its massive blue neighbors path.For years, it has been seen as our solar systems oddest planet. Yesterday，however, scientists released perhaps the most convincing evidence yet that Pluto, in fact, is not a planet at all. For the first time, astronomers have peered into a belt of rocks beyond Pluto unknown until 10 years agoand found a world that rivals Pluto in size. The scientists posit that larger rocks must be out there，perhaps even larger than Pluto, meaning Pluto is more likely the king of this distant realm of space detritus than the tiniest of the nine planets.When discovered in 1930，“Pluto at that point was the only thing (that far) out there, so there was nothing else to call it but a planet,” says Mike Brown, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. “Now it just doesnt fit.” In one sense, the question of Pluto s planetary status is arcane, the province of pocket-protected scientists and sun-deprived pen pushers determined to decide some official designation for a ball of dust and ice 3 billion miles away.Yet it is also unquestionably something more. From science fair dioramas to government funding, planets hold a special place in the public imagination, and how Pluto is eventually seenby kids and Congress alikecould shape what future generations learn about this mysterious outpost on the edge of the solar system. The debate has split the astronomical community for decades. Even before the distant band of rocks known as the Kuiper Belt was found, Plutos unusual behavior made it suspicious.Elsewhere, the solar system fit into near families: the rocky inner planets，the asteroid belt, the huge and gaseous outer planets. Pluto, though, was peculiar. With the discovery of the Kuiper Beltcountless bits of rock and ice left unused when the wheel of the solar system first formedPluto suddenly seemed to have cousins. Yet until yesterday, it held to its planetary distinction because it was far larger than anything located there.The rub now is Quaoar (pronounced KWAH-oar), 1 billion miles beyond Pluto and roughly half as large. Named after the creation force of the tribe that originally inhabited the Los Angeles basin, Quaoar forecasts problems for the erstwhile ninth planet, says discoverer Dr. Brown: “The case is going to get a lot harder to defend the day somebody finds something larger than Pluto,”To some, the problem is not with Pluto, but the definition of “planet.” In short，there is none. To the Greeks, who coined the term, it meant “wanderer,” describing the way that the planets moved across the night sky differently from the stars behind them. Today, with our more nuanced understanding of the universe, the word no longer has much scientific meaning.New Yorks Hayden Planetarium caused a commotion two years ago by supposedly demoting Pluto, lumping it with the Kuiper Belt objects in its huge mobile of the solar system. In reality, however, the planetarium was making a much broader statement, says Nell Degrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist there. The textbooks of the future should focus more on families of like objects than “planets.” The discovery of Quaoar strengthens this idea: “Everyone needs to rethink the structure of our solar system,” he says. “Weve just stopped counting planets. Still, many are loath to part with the planet Pluto. They note that Pluto, in fact, is distinct from many Kuiper Belt objects. It has a thin atmosphere, for one. It reflects a great deal of light, while most Kuiper Belt objects are very dark. And unlike all but a handful of known Kuiper Belt objects，it has a moon. “Maybe Pluto，then, should be representative of a new class of planets,” says Mark Sykes, an astronomer at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “Its the first example, and we are just beginning to find this category.”1.Which of the following is true according to the passage?2.From when was Pluto seriously questioned about its planetary status?3.The sentence “In short，there is none.” (Para. 7) can be paraphrased as which of the following?4.Which of the following does not support the statement that Pluto is our “solar Systems oddest planet”?5.The word “commotion” in the expression “New Yorks Hayden Planetarium caused a commotion two years ago” (Para. 8) can be replaced by _.问题1选项A.Rocks larger than Pluto have been found in the Kuiper Belt.B.The Kuiper Belt did not exist when Pluto was first discovered.C.The astronomers are divided with regard to the status of Pluto.D.There is almost no difference between Pluto and other Kuiper Belt objects.问题2选项A.As early as 1930.B.More than a decade ago.C.When the Kuiper Belt was discovered.D.When Quaoar was discovered.问题3选项A.There is no problem with Plutos planetary status.B.There is not much difference between Pluto and other planets.C.There is yet no scientific definition of the term “planet.”D.There is no clear distinction between planets and stars.问题4选项A.It is farthest from the sun.B.It is unusually small.C.Its orbit is too oval.D.It mainly consists of dust and ice.问题5选项A.exchange of opinionsB.thorough investigationC.wild imaginationD.agitated confusion【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“The debate has split the astronomical community for decades.”，对冥王星的定位问题，几十年来争论一直存在于天文界。所以天文学家对冥王星的地位意见不一。选项C符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“however, scientists released perhaps the most convincing evidence yet that Pluto, in fact, is not a planet at all. For the first time, astronomers have peered into a belt of rocks beyond Pluto unknown until 10 years agoand found a world that rivals Pluto in size.”，可知，科学家发现了能够证明冥王星不是行星的证据，天文学家直到十年前观察了冥王星以外的岩石带，发现了一个大小和冥王星差不多的世界。根据文章第四段，“Even before the distant band of rocks known as the Kuiper Belt was found”，可知这些岩石带是被叫做凯伯带。所以在凯伯岩石带被发现的时候，就产生了怀疑。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第七段一二句，“To some, the problem is not with Pluto, but the definition of “planet.” In short，there is none.”，可知问题不在于冥王星，而是对于行星的定义，反正没人能说得清楚，可推测对 “行星”这一词汇还没有科学的定义。选项C符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Pluto has never really fitted init is little more than a cosmic dust mite, swept through the farthest reaches of the solar system on a planet wildly tilted relative to the rest of the planets. It is smaller than Neptunes largest moon, and the arc of its orbit is so oval.”，可知人们把冥王星看作一个奇怪的行星的原因有：横扫太阳系最远的地方、比海王星最大的卫星要小、轨道是椭圆形的。所以并没有提到它是由冰和尘埃组成，选项D符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第八段，“demoting Pluto, lumping it with the Kuiper Belt objects in its huge mobile of the solar system.”，海顿天文馆是把冥王星降级，把它归类为太阳系中库伯带小星体。根据文章最后一段，“They note that Pluto, in fact, is distinct from many Kuiper Belt objects.”，可知他们发现冥王星与库伯带小行星中的很多星体又有明显的不同。所以海顿天文馆的这一举动引来了更多的困惑和混乱。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题Please dont _ too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.问题1选项A.hesitateB.fingerC.retainD.dwell【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。hesitate “犹豫，踌躇”；finger“用手触摸，拨弄”；retain “保持， 记住”；dwell“凝思，居住”。句意：请不要过多细想痛苦的记忆，所有事都会好起来的。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by social reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World War，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected academic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who study and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, the content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganization, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual attitudes, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The basic hypotheses of the disciplinethat social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to beare ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be confronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies devoted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the author be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_.4.Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.问题1选项A.distinguish sociology in the United States from sociology in France and GermanyB.compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropologyC.provide a general discussion of modern Western sociology and its significanceD.show that sociology is the study of social institutions问题2选项A.Most sociologists are interested in theoretical rather than practical questions.B.There is a discernable structure to everyone s behavior.C.Human behavior can be systematically studied.D.Ones self-image is not encoded genetically.问题3选项A.are subareas of sociologyB.are other names for sociologyC.will achieve the academic respectability of sociologyD.may be consulted for solutions to sociology problems问题4选项A.Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence.B.The problems facing sociologists do not change as times change.C.The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate sociological research.D.There are factors in interpersonal relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist.问题5选项A.“relating to experience and observation”B.“relating to behavior and manner”C.“concerning academy”D.“relying on education”【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。根据全文可知，第一段讲到了说美国社会学发展的重要性，第二段讲到了社会学的领域和内容，最后讲到了社会学在解决复杂的社会问题中的重要性。选项C符合题意。 2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present.”，这门学科强调实践的特点一直延续至今。所以社会学是注重实践的。选项A符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences.”，可知在更大程度上，解决我们的复杂社会更多麻烦的问题，将成为社会学、社会心理学和文化人类学的主要责任。可推断出社会心理学和文化人类学是可以用于解决社会问题的。选项D符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth.”，可知，社会学学科的发展是社会经历发展的结果，这种经历伴随着移民社会的诸多问题：快速工业化和城市扩张引起的骚乱。可推断出新文化中的移民问题激发了社会学研究。选项C符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第一段最后一句， “Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.”，可知作为一个学科，它的主要优势来源于对于识别和解决实际的且相当重要的社会问题的完全依据经验的和老练的方法。所以是用富有经验和老练的方法解决社会问题。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The farmer warned those children not to _ on the corn.问题1选项A.collapseB.stripeC.strideD.tramp【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。collapse “倒塌，崩溃”；stripe“加条纹”；stride “跨步”；tramp“踩，走过”。句意：农民告诫那些孩子们不要在庄稼地里踩踏。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题Mutual respect for territorial _ is one of the bases upon which our two countries develop relationships.问题1选项A.unityB.integrityC.entirelyD.reliability【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。unity“统一”；integrity “完整，正直”; entirely “完全地”；reliability“可靠性”。句意：对领土完整的相互尊重是两国关系发展的基础之一。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题The losing candidate _ immediately after the polls had closed.问题1选项A.confessedB.concededC.concurredD.admitted【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。confessed “承认，认罪”；conceded “承认，坦白”；concurred “同意”；admitted “承认”。句意：投票选举结束后，输掉的候选人立即坦白承认了。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题This method _ my headache. It really takes effect.问题1选项A.soothesB.sobersC.soarsD.soaks【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。soothes“安慰，缓和”；sobers “使严肃，使清醒”；soars“上升，高耸”；soaks“浸泡，渗透”。句意：这种方法减轻了我的头痛，真的起了作用。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally （ ）.问题1选项A.deterioratedB.dispersedC.dissipatedD.drained【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Deteriorated“恶化”；dispersed“散开，驱散”；dissipated “驱散，消散”；drained “使流干”。句意：四年后，对于同一份工作，他的热情最终逐渐消失了。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest time，when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sunbaked clay，but with battlements, turrets, loopholes，drawbridges, etc. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however，be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in ones own house and fire at ones neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag，and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Riflethieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing，advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair)，but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt policy” to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.1.The word debts in “very few debts are left unpaid” in the first paragraph means _
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