2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及模拟押密卷67（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 写作题Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the following topic On Paying back student Loans. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1. 现今，在高校通过助学贷款完成学业的学生越来越多。2. 但是有些学生毕业后没有能力或拒绝按时还贷。3. 你认为贷款的学生应如何对待还贷问题。【答案】略2. 单选题Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them.（1）that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still（2）in their minds. Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U. S. history, on（3）TV. Anyone who didnt know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made（4）worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our（5）to work together before everything goes to hell.Granted, some amount of delusion is probably part of the（6）condition. In A.D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work（7）, in the same spot until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a（8）of the past year in disaster history suggests that modern Americans are particularly bad at（9）themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we（10）did about the dangers we face. But it turns（11）that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy is（12）the storm, the quake or the（13）itself. More often, it is ourselves.So what has happened in the year that（14）the disaster on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineer has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to（15）they were before Katrina, more or less. Thats not（16）, we can now say with confidence. But it may be all（17）can be expected from one year of hustle.Meanwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to（18）the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 150,000 people will need a（19）out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The（20）with neighboring communities are ongoing and difficult.问题1选项A.ToB.ByC.OnD.For问题2选项A.freshB.obviousC.apparentD.evident问题3选项A.visualB.vividC.liveD.lively问题4选项A.littleB.lessC.moreD.much问题5选项A.reluctanceB.rejectionC.denialD.decline问题6选项A.naturalB.worldC.socialD.human问题7选项A.revisingB.refiningC.rebuildingD.retrieving问题8选项A.reviewB.reminderC.conceptD.prospect问题9选项A.preparingB.protestingC.protectingD.prevailing问题10选项A.neverB.everC.thenD.there问题11选项A.upB.downC.overD.out问题12选项A.merelyB.rarelyC.incidentallyD.accidentally问题13选项A.surgeB.spurC.surfD.splash问题14选项A.ensuedB.tracedC.followedD.occurred问题15选项A.whichB.WhereC.whatD.when问题16选项A.enoughB.certainC.conclusiveD.final问题17选项A.butB.asC.thatD.those问题18选项A.exileB.evacuateC.dismissD.displace问题19选项A.rideB.trailC.pathD.track问题20选项A.conventionsB.notificationsC.communicationsD.negotiations【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:D第7题:C第8题:A第9题:C第10题:B第11题:D第12题:B第13题:A第14题:C第15题:B第16题:A第17题:C第18题:B第19题:A第20题:D【解析】1.介词词义辨析。To “朝，至于”；by “通过，经过”；on “在上”；for “因为，为了”。文章第一句提到从历史上看，人们只有在灾难来临时才知道该如何避免灾难，那么下文围绕这个话题展开讨论。句意：按照这种逻辑，2006年应该是理性行为一种突破。选项B符合题意。2.形容词词义辨析。Fresh “新鲜的”；obvious “明显的，清晰的”；apparent “明显的，表面上的”；evident “明显的”。句意：对911事件依然记忆犹新。选项A符合题意。3.形容词词义辨析。Visual “视觉的”；vivid “生动的，活泼的”；live “活的，实况转播的”；lively “活泼的，生动的”。句意：美国人通过电视直播观看了卡特里娜飓风，这是美国历史上付出代价最惨重的灾难。选项C符合题意。4.上下文逻辑。根据句子结构，可知空格中填入一个词修饰比较级worse，B和C项可排除。句意：更糟糕的是，我们对风险故意视而不见，以及我们在一切走向地狱之前才勉强合作。选项D符合题意。5.名词词义辨析。Reluctance “不情愿”；rejection “拒绝”；denial “否认”；decline “下降，衰退”。句意：更糟糕的是，我们对风险故意视而不见，以及我们在一切走向更糟糕之前不愿配合。选项A符合题意。6.形容词词义辨析。Natural “自然的”；world “世界”；social “社会的”；human “人类的”。句意：诚然，一定程度的幻想可能是人类生存条件的一部分。选项D符合题意。7.动词词义辨析。Revise “修订”；refine “精炼”；rebuild “重建”；retrieve “检索，恢复”。句意：当地人立即开始重建工作。选项C符合题意。8.名词词义辨析。Review “回顾，复习”；reminder “暗示”；concept “概念”；prospect “预期”。句意：但回顾过去一年的灾难史可以看出。选项A符合题意。9.动词词义辨析。Prepare “准备”；protest “抗议”；protect “保护”；prevail “盛行，流行”。又根据固定搭配protectfrom “保护免遭”。句意：但回顾过去一年的灾难历史，现代美国人特别不善于保护自己免受必然的威胁。选项C符合题意。10.副词词义辨析。Never “从不”；ever “曾经”；then “然后”；there “那儿”。句意：我们比以往任何时候都更了解我们所面临的危险。选项B符合题意。11.固定搭配。Turn out “结果是，证明是”；turn up “出现”；turn down “拒绝”；turn over “翻转，移交”。句意：但事实证明，在危机时刻，我们最大的敌人不是风暴。选项D符合题意。12.副词词义辨析。Merely “仅仅，只是”；rarely “很少地”；incidentally “偶然地”；accidentally “意外地”。句意：在危机时刻，我们最大的敌人不是风暴。选项B符合题意。13.名词词义辨析。Surge “大浪，巨涌”；spur “鼓舞，刺激”；surf “海浪”；splash “飞溅的水”。句意：我们最大的敌人很少是风暴、地震或巨浪本身。更多时候，是我们自己。选项A符合题意。14.动词词义辨析。Ensue “接着发生，追求”；trace “追溯”；follow “跟随，追随”；occur “发生”。句意：那么在墨西哥湾发生灾难之后的那一年发生了什么呢？选项C符合题意。15.语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中应填入一个连接词引导宾语从句，充当介词to的宾语。Which “哪个”；where “哪儿”；what “什么东西”；when “什么时候”。句意：他们已经或多或少地把墙重建在卡特里娜飓风前的位置。选项B符合题意。16.形容词词义辨析。Certain “必然的”；enough “足够的”；conclusive “决定性的，最后的”；final “最终的”。句意：这还不够，我们现在可以满怀信心地说。选项A符合题意。17.语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中填入关系代词，引导定语从句修饰先行词all，所以选用关系代词that。句意：但这可能是一年的忙碌所能带来的一切。选项C符合题意。18.动词词义辨析。Exile “放逐，流放”；evacuate “疏散，撤退”；dismiss “解散，解雇”；displace “取代”。句意：与此同时，新奥尔良官员制定了一项计划，使用公共汽车和火车疏散病人和残疾人。选项B符合题意。19.名词词义辨析。Ride “骑马，乘坐”；trail “小径”；path “道路”；track “轨道，足迹”。句意：该市估计将有15万人需要乘车撤离。选项A符合题意。20.名词词义辨析。Convention “大会，惯例”；notification “通知，告示”；communication “交流，通信”；negotiation “谈判，协商”。句意：与邻近社区的协商正在进行中，而且困难重重。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources, that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation a risky and expensive budget item might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author（ ）.4.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?5.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?问题1选项A.advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial researchB.show that Americas strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulnessC.describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovationD.point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry问题2选项A.sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resourcesB.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industriesC.were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teamsD.have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates问题3选项A.has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the futureB.would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishmentC.favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient productionD.feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the competitive process问题4选项A.The independent inventor cannot afford to undertake the research needed to improve our standard of living.B.Governmental expenditure for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C.Industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change than smaller firms do.D.Firms with a small-share of the market aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.问题5选项A.Governmental restraints on monopolies should be lifted, and government funding should be made available to large corporations wishing to engage in research.B.Governmental restraints on monopolies should be tightened, and government funding should be made available to small corporations and independent individuals wishing to engage in research.C.Governmental restraints on monopolies should be tightened, and no government funding should be provided to any corporations or individuals wishing to engage in research.D.The amount the government spends on military research should be decreased, and the amount it spends to improve the standard of living should be increased.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要提到了人们普遍认为，伴随着巨型工业的出现，工业研究也开始激增。第二段用实例对观点进行了否定。第三段主要提到相比大型工业，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。第四段主要提到一些大型企业在面临竞争的时候，也会大量投入进行创新。由此可知，本篇文章的主要目的在于指出了一个普遍存在的错误观点：工业研究的范围与工业垄断势力的增长之间的关系，即大型垄断企业的增长会带来工业研究和创新的激增。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research.”，最近一项关于世纪初以来重要发明的研究显示，超过一半的发明是来自于独立发明家，这些发明家独立于有组织的工业研究团队。可判断出二十世纪的重要发明一半来自独立发明家，一半来自研究团队。选项C符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.”，大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境中获得更舒适的经营环境，他们的管理机构倾向于维持现状，抵制变革中隐含的威胁。此外，在某些情况下，一些工业巨头面临很少的工业竞争，所以他们试图通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失。可判断作者对垄断行业生产的发明和创新能力没有信心。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章第三段最后一句，“By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.”，相比大型企业，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。可判断出市场份额较小的公司积极追求创新，因为他们没有被固定在资本设备投资上。选项D符合题意。5.判断推理题，文章第三段提到大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境中获得更舒适的经营环境，他们的管理机构倾向于维持现状，抵制变革中隐含的威胁。相比大型企业，小型企业往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。可判断出作者的态度可能是积极支持小型企业的创新，多投资于更有需求的小型企业。选项B符合题意。4. 写作题Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative. Others take the opposite view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation. Write a composition of about 150 words to tell which one you agree and explain why.【答案】略5. 案例题Home -The New WorkplaceOne of the sources of the modern world is the length of time we take communing to and from work. In large cities this can mean losing three or more hours every day just traveling from home to work and back again. Surely there is an alternative! Well, according to a survey conditioned in the US, 22% of people would much prefer working from home, should circumstances allow. Liz Sewell spoke to several people who have already made the change to this modern-day workplace to try and find out more.Scott Miller is a 40 year-old draughtsman who has been working home for the past two years. He admits that it wasnt something that he craved for; rather it happened when his wife, Jules, a university lecturer, was offered a full-time position. “She didnt think that she could take the job. I knew that she really wanted it, but she didnt want to put our son into full-time cars. I had been working for the same firm for seven years and decided to approach my bosses. My track record probably helped because they accepted the proposition. As long as my productivity was maintained, they didnt mind where I worked. Also my wife is happy, and her career is blossoming.”“Now I go into the office every Monday afternoon for a meeting and pick up my weeks work. Interestingly, I feel that I work even better from home, so much so that even though our son now at school, I still work there.”However, is working from home as simple as it sounds? Transferring work to a different workplace is only part of the equation for Joanne McCarthy, who until three months ago was a Human Resources Manager for a large public corporation. She has now become a full-time trader on the stock market. She says she loves the freedom that working from home gives her, but she really missed the social interaction.“As my job just involves working for myself, by myself, I find that I have become much more introverted because I dont have that face-to-face, professional involvement with people any more. I spend all day on the computer checking the prices of my stocks. By evening, I am desperate to talk to my husbandeven if it is only about what lie has been doing all clay.”She has realized that this could jeopardize her attempts to work from home. Louise Tate is an accountant and used to commute an hour each way to her office before deciding there had to be a better way. For her, the biggest problem with working from home was distractions. “It was so easy to get distracted by the other things you have to do at home, like wasting and cleaning,” she told us. “I had to force myself to view my study as an office, not part of the house. So I came up with a novel ideamy husband thought I was made, but I had a separate entrance built to the office. At the beginning of my workday, I go out of the front door of our house, lock it, and then walk around to the office. Now I feel that I am really at work, and my productivity has increased as a result. I know it sounds strange, but it works for me.” Twelve months down the track and Louise never wants to face the morning traffic again.People choose to work from home for a multitude of reasons. Take the example of George Mercer, who owns seven cafes within a 7- mile radius of downtown Miami. He has based his office in his Fort Lauderdale beachfront home, and keeps in contact with his various managers by phone, fax and e-mail, “When I started the business four years ago, I couldnt decide which cafe to have as my main base, so I decided to set up my office at home. With modern telecommunications nowadays, I am always able to contact my premises and order provisions from my suppliers.”“If I get fed up with working from home or if there are problems that have to be dealt with in person. I just jump in the car and drive to the cafes. From time to time, we have meetings at my place, which give the managers a break from their own office. They get a change of scenery. I still have control but they have a large amount of independence in the day-to-day running of the cafes. I love my job and its obvious that my managers respond well to the arrangement. Lifes great at the moment wouldnt change a thing!”Obviously, not everyone is able to have the type of work that can be done from home, but there are plenty of people just like mejudging by internet sites the more traditional employment vacancy adswho would jump at the chance.Using information from Reading Passage 2, match the people listed A-F in the box below with their descriptions.NOTE: There are more descriptions than people. You may use any of the choices more than once.List of PeopleA Scott MillerB Joanne McCarthyC Louise TateD George MercerE None of the aboveF All of the aboveDescriptions（ ） needs to be good at math.（ ） is not self-employed.（ ） has been working from home for the longest period.（ ） doesnt need to interact with clients to carry out their business.试题缺失（ ） thinks that they are less successful working from home.（ ） helped someone else to retain his/her career.（ ） lives on the coast.【答案】1.C2.A和B3.D4.C5.试题缺失6.B7.E8.D【解析】1.根据文章第六段，“Louise Tate is an accountant and used to commute an hour each way to her office before deciding there had to be a better way.”，可知Louise Tate是一名会计师，过去常常往返于她的办公室和家之间，往返一个小时，然后才决定出更好的方法。可判断出Louise必须要擅长数学。选项C符合题意。2.根据文章第二段，“I had been working for the same firm for seven years and decided to approach my bosses.”，可知Scott Miller在同一家公司工作了7年。可判断出他工作的公司不是自主经营的，选项A可选。又根据文章第四段，“She has now become a full-time trader on the stock market.”，可知Joanne McCarthy现在已成为股票市场的全职交易员，可判断出她的工作也不属于自主经营，选项B可选。3.根据文章第七段，“When I started the business four years ago, I couldnt decide which cafe to have as my main base, so I decided to set up my office at home.”，可知当George Mercer四年前开始创业时，无法决定把哪家咖啡馆作为主要基地，所以决定了在家里设立办公室。可判断出他已经在家办公4年了，结合上下文比较，他是在家办公时间最长的。选项D符合题意。4.根据文章第六段，“the biggest problem with working from home was distractions.”，可知在家工作最大的问题是分心，可判断出这是Louise Tate最大的问题，所以她不需要与客户互动来开展他们的业务。选项C符合题意。5.试题缺失6.根据文章第四段，“She says sh