2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷22（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Britains press is unusual （ ）it is divided into two very different types of newspapers: the quality press and popular press.问题1选项A.in howB.in thatC.in whatD.in which【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。句意：英国的报纸的不同寻常之处在于：它被分为了两个完全不同的部分即高质量的报纸和普通受欢迎的报纸。前后部分是因果关系，in that在于 故B项符合题意。2. 单选题A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.credibleD.deceptive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。serious “严肃的；认真的”；coercive “强制的”；credible “可靠的；可信的”；deceptive “欺诈的；虚伪的”。句意：通过惩罚违法犯罪者来阻止潜在的罪犯是法律的一个主要目的，当法律惩罚很少被实行以至于它不再是一种可信的震慑时，该主要目的就没有达到。由“A major goal is not served目标没达到”可知C项符合语境。3. 单选题Often criticism may be more effectively made by （ ）than by direct censure.问题1选项A.deceptionB.innuendoC.malignityD.collusion【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。deception欺骗，欺瞒；innuendo讽刺，挖苦；malignity 恶意；collusion共谋，勾结 。句意：通常情况下，讽刺口吻似的批评比直接指责更有效。由direct censure“直接严厉斥责”可知空格处所填单词应与其相反，故B项最符合句意。4. 单选题The maglev will actually race along a guideway at almost 500 kilometers per hour, （ ）on the magnetic field.问题1选项A.acceleratingB.duplicatingC.floatingD.roaring【答案】C【解析】考查现在分词。accelerating 加速的，催化的；duplicating 复制，拷贝；floating 漂浮，浮动；roaring 吼，叫喊 。句意：磁悬浮列车将在磁场中以每小时500公里的速度沿着导轨运行。由磁悬浮列车的特点可知“它是漂浮在磁场中”，故C项符合句意。5. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.尽管美国的制造业就业岗位长期流失，但由于在飞机和高科技设备等高价值的研发 和生产等方面能力卓越，美国的制造业方面仍处于世界领先地位。与此同时，中国的主 要产品还是低成本的服装和消费类电子产品。在产品价值方面美国的产品占世界制造业 总产值的20%以上，大约是中国的两倍。中国的人口众多，国民人均产值仅为美国的 1/7；在居民生活水平方面，中美两国的差距就更大了，中国家庭产品的平均消费只有美 国的1/14。【答案】Despite a long history of lost manufacturing jobs, the U.S. leads the world in manufacturing because of its ability to develop and produce high-value products like airplanes and high-tech equipment. Meanwhile, Chinas main products are low-cost clothing and consumer electronics. In terms of value, the United States produces more than 20 percent of the worlds manufacturing output, about twice as much as China. China has a large population and its per capita GDP is only 1/7 of that of the United States. In terms of living standards, the gap between China and the United States is even wider, with the average household product consumption in China being only one-14th of that in the United States.6. 单选题Because he is （ ）, we cannot predict what course he will follow at any moment.问题1选项A.incoherentB.capriciousC.sedateD.deleterious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项incoherent“语无伦次的；不连贯的；不合逻辑的”；B选项capricious“反复无常的；任性的”；C选项sedate“安静的；沉着的”；D选项deleterious“有毒的；有害的”。句意：因为他 ，所以我们无法预测他将在任何时候采取什么行动。“无法预测”与B选项“反复无常”相符合。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons; it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States; while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940, it was only after 1945 when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women.By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work. “For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.”Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, “I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind.”Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, blit then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.1.The passage focuses primarily on which of the following?2.Which of the following statements is supported by information given in the passage?3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Nevelsons sculptures?4.Which of the following statements about Nevelsons sculptures can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.A general tendency in twentieth-century artB.The work of a particular artistC.The artistic influences on women sculptorsD.Critical responses to twentieth-century sculpture问题2选项A.Prior to 1945 there was little major sculpture produced by men or women sculptors working in the United States.B.Since 1950 sculpture produced in the United States has been the most original and creative sculpture produced anywhere.C.From 1900 to 1950 women sculptors in Europe enjoyed more recognition for their work than did women sculptors in the United States.D.Prior to 1945 there were many women sculptors whose work was ignored by critics.问题3选项A.They show the influence of twentieth-century architecture.B.They do not have qualities characteristic of sculptureC.They are mysterious and awe-inspiring, but not beautiful.D.They suggest religious and symbolic meanings.问题4选项A.They are meant for display outdoors.B.They are often painted in several colors.C.They are sometimes very large.D.They are built around a central wooden object.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段中第一句“That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture.”提出“路易丝奈维尔森(Louise Nevelson)被许多评论家认为是20世纪最伟大的女雕刻家”及随后段落讲述“路易丝奈维 尔森的艺术作品特点，评论家对她的评论等”可知本文主要讲一个特殊的艺术家的作品。B项符合题意。A项“二十世纪艺术的普遍趋势”；C项“对女性雕塑家的艺术影响”；D项“对二十世纪雕塑的批判回应”。2.细节事实题。定位第一段中 “.while there had been a few talented sculptors in theUnited States before the 1940, it was only after 1945 when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. 尽管1940年前美国只有很少的有才华的雕刻家，直到1945年,当纽约迅速成为世界艺术之都主要的雕塑是在美国生产的。其中最好的一些是女性的作品。”可知A项“在1945年之前，美国很少有由男性或女性雕塑家创作的大型雕塑作品。”正确。3.细节事实题。定位最后一段中“Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. 尽管她否认自己的作品 中具有任何象征性的或宗教的意图，但她作品的三维立体的恢宏气势以及它们的 标题，如天庭大教堂以及黑夜大教堂等都暗示了如此的含义。”可知D项“它们暗示着宗教和象征意义”正确。答案D。4.判断推理题 由Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes.她非常自由地创作，没有素描，她把物体粘在一起，钉在一起，把它们涂成黑色，或者很少涂成白色或金色，然后把它们放在盒子里。” 可推知A项“它们是用来在户外展示的。”及B项“它们经常被漆成几种颜色”不正确；D项“它们经常围绕一个中心的木制物体而被建造”在文中没有提到；由最后一段中“ These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere.这些装配艺术品、墙操，甚至整个 的环境艺术品营造出一种神秘的、几乎是引人恐惧的氛围。”可推知“路易丝奈 维尔森(Louise Nevelson)的一些作品有时是非常大的”，故C项正确。8. 单选题New research on technology and public policy focuses on how seemingly （ ）design features, generally overlooked in most analyses of public works projects or industrial machinery, actually mask social choices of profound significance.问题1选项A.insignificantB.inexpensiveC.innovativeD.ingenious【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。insignificant “无关紧要的”；inexpensive“便宜的”；innovative “革新的，创新的”；ingenious “有独创性的”。句意：新的研究技术和公共政策侧重于研究看似无关紧要的设计特点，在大多数公共工程项目或工业机械分析中通常被忽视，实际上掩盖社会选择的深远的意义。由 “actually mask social choices of profound significance“其实掩盖了社会选择的深远意义”可知A项符合题意。9. 单选题If theyre looking for a （ ）of information on a page or are engrossed in content, they wont be distracted by the ads on the side.问题1选项A.stripeB.sustainmentC.seriesD.snippet【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。stripe “条纹”；sustainment “支持物”；series “系列，连续”；snippet “片断”。句意：如果他们正在一个网页上寻找信息片段或者专心地看内容，那么他们将不会被旁边的广告分心。由information on a page可知空格处指信息片段，故D项正确。10. 单选题Johnson never scrupled to ignore the standards of decent conduct mandated by company policy if （ ）compliance with instructions from his superiors enabled him to do so,whatever the effects on his subordinates.问题1选项A.deignedB.feignedC.literalD.halfhearted【答案】C【解析】考查动词和形容词词义辨析。deign 赐予；feign 假装；装作；捏造； 想象；literal 文字的；字面上的；halfhearted 不认真的；不热心的；无兴趣的。句意： 如果在字面上对上司指令的服从让自己能够去忽视公司政策所颁布的得体的行为标准，那么不论对下属有什么样的影响，John都会从未有所顾忌地去这样做。由Johnson never scrupled to ignore与 compliance with instructions from his superiors enabled him to do so 可知“字面上的”符合。11. 单选题In most developed countries, men have higher salaries, on average, than women. Much of the salary differential results from the tendency of women to be in lower-paying occupations. The question of whether this occupational employment pattern can be attributed to sex discrimination is a complex one. In fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the exception. Successful athletes commonly earn more than Noble Prize-winning academics; gifted artists often cannot earn enough to survive, while mediocre investment bankers prosper. Given such differences, the question naturally arises: talent and ability being equal, why does anyoneman or womanenter a low-paying occupation? One obvious answer is personal choice. An individual may prefer, for example, to teach math at a modest salary rather than to become a more highly paid electrical engineer.Some people argue that personal choice also explains sex-related wage differentials. According to this explanation, many women, because they place a high priority on parenting and performing household services, choose certain careers in which they are free to enter and leave the work force with minimum penalty. They may choose to acquire skills, such as typing and salesclerking, that do not depreciate rapidly with temporary absences from the work force. They may avoid occupational specialties that require extensive training periods, long and unpredictable hours, and willingness to relocate, all of which make specialization in domestic activities problematic. By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones.An alternative explanation for sex-related wage differentials is that women do not voluntarily choose lower-paying occupations but are forced into them by employers and social prejudices. According to proponents of this view, employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. More generally, subtle society-wide prejudices may induce women to avoid certain occupations in favor of others that are considered more suitable. Indeed, the “choice” of women to specialize in parenting and performing household services may itself result from these subtle prejudices. Whether the discrimination is by employers in a particular occupation or by society as a whole is irrelevant; the effect will be the same. Further, if such discrimination does occur, women excluded from certain occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women.1.In stating that “successful athletes commonly earn more than Nobel Prize-winning academics”,the authors primary purpose is to （ ）.2.Which one of the following cases is least likely to involve sex discrimination, as it is described in the passage?3.Which one of the following statements is the best completion of the last paragraph of the passage?4.The authors attitude toward sex discrimination as an explanation for wage differentials can best be characterized as （ ）.5.Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Demonstrate that education has little to do with making moneyB.Suggest that people with talent and ability should not enter low-paying occupationsC.Show that highly paid occupations generally require long hours and extensive trainingD.Give an example of how certain occupations are better paid than others regardless of inherent worth or talent required问题2选项A.An employer hires a man rather than an equally qualified woman.B.A woman chooses to enter a high-paying occupation that uses her talent and ability.C.A woman chooses an occupation that is already dominated by women.D.A woman chooses a low-paying job that allows her to devote more time to her family.问题3选项A.Wage differentials will become more exaggerated and economic parity between men and women less and less possible.B.Unless society changes its views, women may never escape the confines of the few occupations designated “For Women Only”.C.The question is: how long will women allow themselves to be excluded from male- dominated occupations?D.In the last analysis, women may need to ask themselves if they can really afford to allow sex discrimination to continue.问题4选项A.skeptical that discrimination is a factorB.critical of societys acceptance of discriminationC.convinced that the problem will get worseD.neutral with respect to its validity问题5选项A.Wage Differentials Between Men and WomenB.Women in Low-Paying Occupations: Do They Have a Choice?C.Home vs. Office: How Does the Modem Women Choose?D.The Role of Social Prejudice in Womens Careers【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。“In fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the exception.事实上，职业之间的工资差距是常态，而不是例外” 与D项“举例说明某些职业的薪水如何比其他职业高，而不考虑其内在价值或所需的才能。”相符。2.细节事实题。定位到最后一段开头“employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. 歧视女性的雇主可能会拒绝为薪酬相对较高的女性安排工作”以及“By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones. 根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知D项“女人选择一份薪水低的工作，这样她就能有更多的时间来陪伴家人。”是自愿的行为。3.推理判断题。“if such discrimination does occur, women excluded from certain occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women.如果这种歧视真的发生了，那么女性之间的竞争会扩大，这样以女性为主的公司就会有工资方面的问题。”由全文可知性别差异导致工资差异不断扩大，女性和男女经济平等是越来越不可能的事情。A项“工资差距将变得越来越大，男女经济平等的可能性越来越小。”符合题意。4.观点态度题。纵观全文，都是不同的人对性别差异这个问题在进行探讨“some people argue” 或者 “an alternative explanation for sex-related wage”,作者对该问题的态度并没有清晰地表现出来。5.主旨大意题。由By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones. 根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知本文主要是围绕女性对于低收入的问题探讨，女性自愿选择低收入工作，是因为要教育小孩和做家务活。B项“从事低收入职业的女性：她们有选择的余地吗?”符合题意。12. 单选题To test the （ ）of borrowing from one field of study to enrich another, simplyinvestigate the extent to which terms from the one may, without forcing, be utilized by the other.问题1选项A.efficacyB.universalityC.decorumD.rate【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。efficacy “功效”；universality “广泛性”；decorum “礼仪”；rate “比率，速度”。句意：要想测试从一个研究领域借用过来的东西在充实其他领域的有效性，可以简单地调查一个研究领域的术语可以毫不勉强地被另一个研究领域所使用的程度。 由“the extent to which terms from the one may, without forcing, be utilized by the other. 一个研究领域的术语可以毫不勉强地被另一个研究领域所使用的程度” 可知A项正确。13. 单选题The singers performance was so exciting that many of his fans were （ ）enthusiasm.问题1选项A.stirred up withB.fantasized withC.take back withD.carried away with【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。carry away with表示“使失去自制力” 。句意：这位歌手的表演是如此令人兴奋，以至于很多他的粉丝狂热而失去了自制力。D项符合题意。 fantasize幻想、想象；stir up煽动；take back 带回。14. 单选题Lenin once argued that a political leader is not only responsible for policy but for the action of those who（ ） it.问题1选项A.assaultB.misleadC.executeD.commend【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项assault“攻击；袭击”；B选项mislead“误导”；C选项execute“实行；执行；处死”；D选项commend“称赞；推荐；把 委托”。句意：列宁曾经说过，一个政治领袖不仅要对政策负责，还要对那些 政策的人的行为负责。能与“政策”相搭配的只有C选项“执行”。15. 单选题You （ ）the class to tell me that: you could have come up to me afterwards.问题1选项A.neednt have interruptedB.neednt to be interruptedC.neednt to interruptD.neednt interrupt【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。由you could have come up to me afterwards可知这里表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故空格处所填单词表示的动作已经发生了，A项表示已经发生完成的动作。故A项符合题意。句意：你本可以课后再过来告诉我那件事情，不必在上课时打断我。16. 单选题The tenacious families feuded for generations, and inimical feelings are still fixed in their（ ）.问题1选项A.generosityB.antagonismC.acceptanceD.hospitality【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。generosity 慷慨，宽大；antagonism 对抗，敌意； acceptance 接受；hospitality 好客，亲切。句意：几代人以来，这个顽固的家庭一直不和，敌对情绪仍然固定在他们的对抗中。由feuded及inimical feelings are still fixed可知，B项符合题意。17. 单选题The Cardinal and Daniel de Bosola enter from the right. In appearance, the Cardinal is something between an El Greco cardinal and a Van Dyke noble lord. He has the tall, spare form the elongated hands and featuresof the former; the trim pointed beard, the imperial repose, the commanding authority of the latter. But the El Greco features are not really those of asceticism or inner mystic spirituality. They are the index to a cold, refined but ruthless cruelty in a highly civilized controlled form. Neither is the imperial repose an aloof mood of proud detachment. It is a refined expression of a satanic pride of place and talent. To a degree, the Cardinals coldness is artificiall