2022年考博英语-大连理工大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第83期

2022年考博英语-大连理工大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illumination piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment （启蒙运动）to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant, the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.1.According to the author, really good science（ ） .2.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century（ ） .3.Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?4.What is the authors attitude towards science?5.The author believes that（ ） .问题1选项A.would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century EnlightenmentB.will produce results which cannot be foreseenC.will help people to make the right choice in advanceD.will bring about disturbing results问题2选项A.thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of scienceB.were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific researchC.knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about natureD.did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature问题3选项A.They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.B.They falsely claimed to know all about natureC.They did not believe in results from scientific observationD.They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.问题4选项A.He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientistsB.He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.C.He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.D.He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific finding.问题5选项A.man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think upB.man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellectC.sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer themD.questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段if it is really good science it is impossible to predict 提到真正好的科学不可能被预测，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment （启蒙运动）to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead提到如果我们中任何一个去告诉18世纪启蒙运动中那些最聪明的人，我们知道的很少并且前途迷茫，他们会对此表示惊讶。由此可知，这些科学家与我们的想法相反的，他们认为他们知道的很多，并且能解决很多问题，所以选项A符合题意。3.文章第二段In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps提到在早期我们要么假装知道事物的工作原理，要么忽视问题，或者简单的编造一些故事来填补空白。选项C符合题意。4.文章最后一段提到我们迟早会解决包括人类意识在内的所有我们能想到的问题，还表示只要我们坚持、专注，就能想到答案。可以看出作者是非常有信心的。选项C符合题意。5.文章最后一段there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers 提到会有一些问题我们想不到，但是在我们的局限范围内，我们应该能够努力得到所有的答案，由此可知我们不能想到所有问题，但是可以解决能想到的问题，选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Do you have any （ ）about what living beings on other planets would be like?问题1选项A.idealB.comprehensionC.notionD.intelligence【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。ideal “理想”；comprehension “理解力”；notion “观念，意见”；intelligence “智力”。句意：你能想象出其它星球上的生物是什么样的吗？选项C符合题意。3. 单选题Segregation made it difficult for black Americans to become （ ）into the larger middle class culture and its values.问题1选项A.anticipatedB.indulgedC.transmittedD.assimilated【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组的固定搭配。assimilated into “融入”。句意：种族隔离使得美国黑人难以融入到主流的中产阶级文化和价值观中。4. 单选题I am sure you would have seen her if you （ ）that evening.问题1选项A.had turned outB.had turned onC.had turned inD.had turned up【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。turn out “结果是”；turn on “打开”；turn in “交上”；turn up “出现”。句意：我确信如果你那天晚上出现的话肯定能够看到她。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Many tourist were （ ） by the citys complicated traffic system.问题1选项A.degradedB.bewilderedC.evokedD.diverted【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。degrade “贬低”；bewilder “使迷惑”；evoke “引起，唤起”；divert “转移”。句意：许多游客被这复杂的交通难住了。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Very few scientists （ ）completely new answers to the worlds problems.问题1选项A.come up withB.come outC.come roundD.come up to【答案】A【解析】考查动词词组辨析。come up with “提出，想出”；come out “出版”；come round “苏醒；顺道拜访”；come up to “到达，等于”。句意：很少有科学家对世界性的问题提出新的回答。选项A符合题意。7. 翻译题E-mail is now one the fastest ways to gain or lose potential customers because of the ability to deliver information fast to an enormous amount of people. After sending a small you are no longer in control of the effects of the message and can only wait in suspense.An employee of your company started off his/her day in a bad mood. A potential customer emails them with a trivial question and they reply with a brash （无礼的）tone. Do you think the recipient will use your company? On the Internet word travels fast. It takes me 3 minutes to send email to 50-100 people. Therefore your company can lose 100 current or potential customers with the brash email sent out by your employee. This can happen in a matter of minutes. Speaking from personal experience I sent out what I considered a helpful message concerning a version the Internet. One person thought it was quite annoying because they knew that some of these messages are merely hoaxes （恶作剧）. The message I received, without a doubt, shot lightning ballistic me. What did I do? I apologized. I visited their site to see what kind of business they were in all. I knew that if someone had ever asked me to give them information about products relating to what they sold, I would most likely say, do not use “this company”.I find that it is most helpful to search newsgroups for my company name to see if good or bad things are being said about me. Try searching for Microsoft or Netscape and see what results are presented to you. Remember newsgroups are simply meeting places on the Internet where people exchange information. Most people know that the best business comes from word of mouth or “word of email.”Back to the story. After I sent my apology I received a reply the next day stating that they were sorry for what they had said. Problem solved. I now do not have a problem recommending that company to a friend. On some occasion a brash answer is responded to with a blush reply. Those are the lucky ones. Be careful, there are many vindictive (报复性的) people will reply to brashness by breaking into your entire site and demonstrating how angry they are with you. I cannot and will not try to break into someones website but people who are more knowledgeable can and do.【答案】由于电子邮件可以迅速将信息发送给很多人，它也就成为了人们获得或失去潜在顾客最快捷的方式。在发送完信息后，你就无法再控制信息可能产生的效果，而只能在不安中等待。你公司员工在情绪低落中开始了一天的工作。一个潜在的客户因为一些琐事发了一封邮件给他们，而他们给予了无礼的回复。你认为收件者会选择你们公司吗？网络中消息传播很快。我需要三分钟的时间将邮件发给50-100个人。于是，因为你雇员一封无礼的邮件，你的公司可能在短短几分钟之类损失了100个现有或者潜在的客户。谈到我个人的经历，我就曾在网络上发送过一条关于电脑病毒的有益信息。有人认为这很讨厌，因为他们知道某些这类信息纯粹是恶作剧。毫无疑问，我收到的回信令我非常恼火。我怎么做的？我向他们道歉了。我访问他们的网站去了解他们从事的生意。我心里想如果有人向我了解他们所生产的产品信息，我会说：“别用这家公司。”我发现在网络上的新闻组中搜索我公司的名字来查看关于我的好话和坏话是最有效的方法。尝试去搜索微软或者网景，看看搜到的结果。记住新闻组织是人们交换信息的平台。大多数人都知道最好的商家产生于人们的口碑和“邮件”。回到刚才的故事。在收到我致歉的邮件后，第二天我收到了回信，称他们对他们所说的话感到抱歉。问题解决。我现在会把这家公司介绍给朋友。有时候，无礼的应答会得到愧疚的回复。那些人是很幸运的。但是要当心，有许多具有报复心的人会通过入侵你的整个网站来回应你的无礼并表达他们的愤怒。我不能，也不会去侵入他人的网站，但是那些懂得怎么侵入网站的人会这么做。8. 单选题The word conservation has a thrifty （节俭）meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands, soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-terms climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyones daily life. To know about the water table （水位）in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds （上游源头森林地带集水区）need to the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured out only in square measure of surface but also in cubit volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.1.The authors attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is（ ） .2.According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that（ ） .3.It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didnt realize（ ） .4.To avoid correcting the mistake of our forefathers, the author suggests that （ ）.5.Whats the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.positiveB.neutralC.suspiciousD.critical问题2选项A.they had no idea about scientific forestryB.they had little or no sense of environmental protectionC.they were not aware of the significance of nature studyD.they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials问题3选项A.the interdependence of water, soil, and living thingsB.the importance of the proper use of landC.the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floodsD.the value of the beauty of nature问题4选项A.we plant more treesB.natural science be taught to everybodyC.environmental education be directed toward everyoneD.we return to nature问题5选项A.Our Forefathers Big MistakeB.Improve the Living ConditionsC.Protection of Our ResourcesD.Lead a Simple Life【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一段第三句most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible” 提到很多人直到现在还愚蠢地以为那些资源是取之不尽用之不竭的，从 foolish这个单词可知作者对此持批判态度。选项D符合题意。2.文章第二段主要讲述由于几十年前林业科学还是一门没有普及的学科，使得我们的祖先们没有好好保护环境。四个选项中，A, C, D三个选项可以归纳为当时的人还没有环保意识，所以选项B符合题意。3.文章第三段最后一句话In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can 提到我们应该把保存自然原始的美作为目标，由此推断我们的祖先当时没有把这个当成目标，选项D符合题意。4.文章最后一段使用了多次 we need to know, we need to be taught 等，可知作者提倡使用教育的方法来提高人们的科学知识。选项B符合题意。5.文章反复强调 conserve, conservation 这两个词，可知作者所要表达的中心思想便是保护环境资源。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Generally, it is only when animals are trapped that they （ ）to violence in order toescape.问题1选项A.proceedB.appealC.resortD.incline【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。proceed “开始”；appeal “呼吁，请求”；resort “诉诸”；incline “倾向”。句意：通常，动物只有在他们受困想要逃跑的情况下才会采取攻击行为。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed persons behavior with the known others behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the persons responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person-questions, self-disclosures (自我表露)，and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we wont ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically (讽刺性地)，those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).1.The word “pinpoint”(Para. 1，Line 3) basically means（ ） .2.What do we learn from the first paragraph?3.It can be inferred from Bergers suggestions that（ ） .4.In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the authors opinion, are（ ）5.The authors purpose in writing the passage is（ ） .问题1选项A.appreciateB.obtainC.interpretD.identify问题2选项A.People are better described in cold, objective terms.B.The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C.One should not judge people by their appearances.D.One is usually subjective when assessing other peoples personality.问题3选项A.People do not reveal their true self on every occasion.B.in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly -C.the best way to know a person is by making comparisons.D.face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person问题4选项A.personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB.barriers that should be done away withC.as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD.things people should guard against问题5选项A.to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB.to provide ways of how to obtain information about peopleC.to call the readers attention to the negative side of peoples charactersD.to discuss the various aspects of getting to know people【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.根据上下文可推断 pinpoint 的意思与perceive “了解，认知”相似。第一段提到pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters深入内心确定他的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。所以选项D符合题意。2.第一段最后一句we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance 提到人们常常以为短短几秒钟就能够了解他人，然而事实却远非这样，这显然是低估了了解他人的难度。所以选项B符合题意。3.Berger建议了几种了解他人的方法，但是仅从一个方面去了解他人是行不通的，因为大部分人都在不断改，而我们用来获得信息的这些方法不够精确（getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise），选项A符合题意。4.文章最后一句话提到对于建议一段良好的人际关系而言，他人的秘密和欺骗与他人的自我表露和实话一样重要，这非常具有讽刺意味。选项C符合题意。5.文章主要讨论了了解他人的不同方面，如：识人的困难、方法及隐瞒和欺骗的积极方面等。所以选项D符合题意。11. 单选题No one needs to feel awkward in （ ）his own customs.问题1选项A.pursuingB.followingC.chasingD.seeking【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。pursue “追求”；follow “追随”；chase “追逐”；seek “寻求”。句意：没有人需要因为追随自己的习俗而感到尴尬。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题When he got promoted from an average clerk to deputy manager of the company, he felt that he had to （ ）greater responsibilities.问题1选项A.bear onB.take onC.bring onD.draw on【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。Take on “承担”；bear on “影响”；bring on “呈现”； draw on “来临，鼓励”。句意：当他从一个普通员工被提升到公司副经理的职位时，他感到自己不得不承担更大的责任。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题Most people travel in the course of their work are given traveling（ ）问题1选项A.incomeB.allowancesC.wagesD.pay【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。income “收入”；allowance “津贴”； wage “工资”；pay “付款，工资”。句意：大部分在工作过程中旅行的人都会有旅游津贴。选项B符合题意。14. 单选题Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist, made a fortune by manufacturing iron and steel protected by custom tariff. In 1873, on one of his frequent trips to England, he met Henry Bessemer and became convinced that the industrial future lay in steel. He built the J. Edgar Thomson steel Mills pear Pittsburgh, and from that moment on, the Carnegie Empire was one of constant expansion. Later on, the Carnegie Steel Co. became an immense organization. It included all the process of steel production from the great furnaces and finishing mills of Pittsburgh to the inroads and lake steamers that move the ores and the finish products.Like his grandfather, Andrew Carnegie did not abandon the radical idealism of his forebears for the benefit of the working class. In spite of his espousal of Herbert Spencer philosophy and the social Darwinism of the period, Carnegie remained deeply committed to many of the Chartists ideals of his boyhood. He believed in the social responsibility of the man of wealth to society. He must save as a steward for the fortune; he has earned and used that fortune to provide great opportunity for all and to increase mans knowledge of himself and of his universe. Furthermore, Carnegie be in the form of free charity but rather must be as a buttress