2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第145期

2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题B. Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English. (3x5)1.我们既要绿水青山，也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山，不要金山银山。.我们绝不能以牺牲生态环境为代价换取经济的一时发展。2.国际社会也期待中美关系能够不断改善和发展。中美两国合作好了，就可以做世界稳定 的压舱石、世界和平的助推器。3.我们相聚在世界经济版图持续变化和全球增长动力大转型的重要时刻。这一转变带来挑战和不确定性，同时也蕴含机遇。【答案】1.We want clear water and green mountains, and we also want prosperity and wealth. We want the former rather than the latter. .we must never sacrifice the ecological environment for the temporary economic development.2.The international community also expects the continuous improvement and development of China-US relations. When the US and China work together, we can be an anchor of world stability and a propeller of world peace.3.We also met at a time of continued shifts and profound transformations in the configuration of the global economic landscape and dynamics for growth. With these transformations come challenges and uncertainties as well as opportunities.2. 单选题One child per family has become the（ ）of family in most cities in China.问题1选项A.standardsB.criteriaC.normD.I tried hard【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项standards“标准；规格”；B选项criteria“标准，条件”；C选项norm“标准，规范” D选项touchstone“试金石；检验标准”。句意：一个家庭一个孩子已经成为中国大多数城市的家庭标准。A, B, C选项都有 “标准”的意思，它们的区别是：standard指法定的或一般公认的标准，用途比较广泛，criteria指有特殊的确实性,令人信服而用以判断，norm是一种社会习惯(标准)，指规范、基准、定额、分配之工作量、准则。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Microsoft reigned for years as the wealthiest technology company primarily（ ） its ownership and cultivation of Windows the universal platform for applications on the PC.问题1选项A.by force ofB.by right ofC.by dint ofD.with the assistance of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项by force of“用的手段”；B选项by right of“凭借，由于”，多指凭借权利；C选项by dint of“用，凭借”，多指凭借某一事物；D选项with the assistance of“在的援助下”。句意：微软多年来一直是世界上最富有的科技公司，这主要是凭借其对Windows的所有权和发展。Windows是个人电脑应用程序的通用平台。这里凭借的是Windows这一事物而不是权利，所以选项C正确。4. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)At its most fundamental level, a theory is a set of statements about natural phenomena that explains why these phenomena occur the way they do. In the sciences, theories are used in what Kuhn calls the job of “puzzle solving”. By this Kuhn means that scientists look at observable phenomena as puzzles or questions to be solved. Why does the earth revolve around the sun and not fly off into space? Why are humans bipedal but the other primates are knuckle-walkers? These are all questions about things that confront us everyday, and it is the job of scientists to account for them.In short, then, the first duty of a theory is to account for or explain observed phenomena. But a theory ought to do more than that. A theory also ought to make predictions about what would occur under specific conditions. Lets look at one familiar example.In the early part of the 19th century, scientists were already aware of the presence of microorganisms in the air and water, and they had an idea about the connection between the organisms and disease. However, they had no idea of how they came into existence; indeed, belief in the spontaneous generation of these organisms was widespread. “Bad air” was thought to cause disease. Careful experimentation by Louis Pasteur and other scientists demonstrated that microbes, though carried by air, are not created by air. Living organisms come from other living organisms. These discoveries led to the development of the germ theory of disease, which proposed that disease was caused by microorganisms. The acceptance of this theory had obvious important applications in public health, such as the development of vaccines, hygienic practices in surgery, and the pasteurization of milk. It not only could explain the presence and spread of disease, it could also predict, for example, that doctors who delivered babies without washing their hands after performing autopsies (尸体解剖) on patients who had died from childbirth fever would transmit the disease to new patients. Even more important, the same theory could be used to connect phenomena that on the surface appeared unrelated, such as the transmittal of disease, fermentation processes in wine and beer production.【答案】从最基本的层面来说，理论是一套关于自然现象的陈述，用来解释为什么这些现象会以这种方式发生。在科学领域，理论被用于库恩所谓的“解谜”工作。库恩的意思是，科学家把可观察到的现象看作是谜题或待解决的问题。为什么地球绕着太阳转而不飞向太空？为什么人类是两足行走，而其他灵长类动物是用关节行走?这些是我们每天都要面对的问题，而解释这些问题是科学家的工作。那么，简而言之，理论的首要职责就是说明或解释所观察到的现象。但理论所做的应该不止这些。理论还应该预测在特定条件下会发生什么。让我们看一个熟悉的例子。早在19世纪初，科学家们就已经意识到空气和水中存在微生物，他们对微生物和疾病之间的联系有了一个想法。然而，他们不知道它们是如何形成的；事实上，人们普遍相信这些生物是自发产生的。“糟糕的空气”被认为会导致疾病。路易斯巴斯德和其他科学家经过仔细的实验得出证明，微生物虽然通过空气传播，但不是由空气产生的。生物体来自于其他生物。这些发现导致了疾病的微生物理论的发展，该理论提出疾病是由微生物引起的。接受这一理论在公共卫生方面有明显的重要应用，如疫苗的研制、外科手术的卫生规范以及牛奶的巴氏杀菌。它不仅可以解释疾病的存在和传播，它还可以预测，例如，接生完之后未洗手的医生在对死于分娩发烧的病人进行尸检之后，会将疾病传染给新病人。更重要的是，同样的理论可以用来联系表面上不相关的现象，如疾病的传播，葡萄酒和啤酒生产中的发酵过程。5. 单选题In the past forty years, weather forecasting has become almost（ ）computerized.问题1选项A.centrallyB.totallyC.nationallyD.extremely【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项centrally“在中心”；B选项totally“完全地”；C选项nationally“全国性地” D选项extremely“非常，极其”。句意：在过去的四十年里，天气预报已经几乎完全计算机化了。因此B项符合句意。6. 单选题The serious looking men indulged themselves in a conversation as if they were（ ）of the noisy crowds surrounding them.问题1选项A.negligibleB.discernedC.ignorantD.oblivious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negligible“微不足道的”；B选项discerned“察觉，辨别”；C选项ignorant“无知的”；D选项oblivious“健忘的”。句意：这些外表严肃的人沉浸在会话当中，似乎对周围嘈杂的人群一无所知。选项C符合句意。7. 单选题Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病） of sleepiness in the nation“I cant think of a single study that hasnt found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. DavidEven people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more restThe beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century agoFrom diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. ”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the dayWhenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs“In our society, youre considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours sleepIf youve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition”To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier“Weve found that if youre in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says DrDavid“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate”1.People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9.5 hours a night because they had（ ）2.According to Dr. David, Americans（ ）.3.Many Americans believe that（ ）.4.The word “ subjects”（first sentence, last paragraph）refers to（ ）.5.It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to（ ）.问题1选项A.no drive and ambitionB.no electric lightingC.the best sleep habitsD.nothing to do in the evening问题2选项A.are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB.often neglect the consequences of sleep deficitC.do not know how to relax themselves properlyD.can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep问题3选项A.sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busyB.they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday lifeC.to sleep is something one can do at any time of the dayD.enough sleep promotes peoples drive and ambition问题4选项A.the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficitB.special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC.people whose behaviors or reactions are being studiedD.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit问题5选项A.improve ones memory dramaticallyB.be considered dynamic by other peopleC.maintain ones daily scheduleD.feeling energetic and perform adequately【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“The beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. 我们的睡眠不足危机可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。“最好的睡眠习惯曾经是我们被迫养成的，那时我们晚上在农场里无所事事，而且很黑。”可知18世纪和19世纪人们每晚睡9.5小时的主要原因是没有电灯。故B项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. 人们会在睡觉这方面欺骗自己，而且他们自己都没有意识到。”大卫博士说。“他们认为自己没问题，因为他们可以工作6.5个小时，而实际上他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多的时间才能感到精力充沛。”可知David认为美国人忽视了自己的睡眠问题。故B项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人都认为睡觉是他们生活中最廉价的事情。”可知美国人很忙时会首先牺牲睡眠时间。故A项正确。4.词义题。由最后一段“To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, 为了确定睡眠不足的后果，研究人员对受试者进行了一系列心理和表现测试，”可知subject指代研究中受试者的心理反应和其他表现。故A项正确。5.推理判断题。本文第二段提到了由于睡眠不足导致的精力不充沛，最后一段的实验指出睡眠不足的人各方面的表现也不好。故充足睡眠才能保证体力充沛，表现良好。故D项正确。8. 单选题He was confronted by a vision of burning vehicles and slashed bodied, strewn on a ground（ ）with abandoned clothes, shoes, passports and wrecked household goods.问题1选项A.crammedB.loadedC.permeatedD.littered【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。litter with意为“散落着，将乱扔在处”。句意：他看到的是燃烧的车辆和被砍伤的身体，地上散落着丢弃的衣服、鞋子、护照和毁坏的家用物品。选项D符合语境。9. 单选题Starting with the（ ）that there is life on the planet Mars, the Russian and American scientists went on to develop their arguments.问题1选项A.premiseB.pretextC.preconditionD.presentation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项premise“前提，假定，假设”；B选项pretext“借口，托辞”；C选项precondition“前提，先决条件”；D选项presentation“展示，描述”。句意：从火星上有生命这一假设出发，俄罗斯和美国的科学家继续展开他们的争论。火星上有生命这只是一个假设，所以选项A正确。10. 单选题The part of the environmental movement that draws my firms attention is the design of cities, buildings and products. When we designed Americas first so-called “green” office building in New York two decades ago, we felt very（1）. But today, thousands of people come to green building conferences, and the（2）that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly influential in years to（3）.Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration werent designed for（4）use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis（5）indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So far 20 years, weve been focusing on these materials（6）to the molecules, looking for ways to make them（7）for people and the planet.Home builders can now use materials such as paints that release significantly（8）amounts of organic compounds that dont（9）the quality of the air, water, or soil. Ultimately,（10）, our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating（11）healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil（12）reused by industry again and again. As a matter of（13）, the worlds largest carpet manufacturer has already developed a carpet that is fully and safely（14）.Look at it this way: No one（15）out to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are（16）causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So（17）of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are（18）a positive approach. Were giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a（19）effect on the world. Its not just the building industry, either.（20）cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. Portland, Seattle and Boston have said they want to be green cities. Chicago wants to be the greenest city in the world.问题1选项A.aloneB.lonelyC.abandonedD.isolated问题2选项A.practiceB.ideaC.outlookD.scheme问题3选项A.goB.arriveC.comeD.continue问题4选项A.indoorB.indoorsC.inwardD.inwards问题5选项A.displayedB.exhibitedC.discoveredD.revealed问题6选项A.backB.nextC.downD.near问题7选项A.comfortableB.safeC.cautiousD.stable问题8选项A.reducedB.descendedC.revisedD.delayed问题9选项A.denyB.dissolveC.depressD.destroy问题10选项A.besidesB.anyhowC.howeverD.anyway问题11选项A.partiallyB.completelyC.exactlyD.superficially问题12选项A.orB.butC.andD.nor问题13选项A.interestB.principleC.factD.course问题14选项A.reprocessedB.researchedC.reusedD.recyclable问题15选项A.startsB.looksC.pullsD.makes问题16选项A.basicallyB.traditionallyC.originallyD.inevitably问题17选项A.becauseB.insteadC.outD.regardless问题18选项A.adjustingB.adoptingC.admittingD.adapting问题19选项A.functionalB.preciousC.beneficialD.sensible问题20选项A.EntireB.FullC.TotalD.Complete【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:C第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:C第11题:B第12题:A第13题:C第14题:D第15题:A第16题:D第17题:B第18题:B第19题:C第20题:A【解析】1.考查近义词辨析。A选项alone“孤独的，单干的”；B选项lonely“寂寞的，偏僻的”；C选项abandoned“被抛弃的”；D选项isolated“偏远的，”。根据上下文：20年前，我们在纽约设计了美国第一个所谓的“绿色”办公大楼，我们感觉 。但是现在，成千上万的人加入到绿色建筑会议.。选项A符合语境。2.考查名词辨析。A选项practice“实践，练习”；B选项idea“想法，思想”；C选项outlook“展望，前景”；D选项scheme“计划，诡计”。分析句子结构可知，that在这里引导的是同位语从句做填空处所填词的同位语，由此可知，填空处填入的应该是抽象名词，选项B符合要求。3.考查固定搭配。years to come意为“在接下来的几年时间里”。选项C正确。4.考查固定搭配。indoor意为“室内的”；inward意为“向内的，内部的”。indoor use是固定用法，意为“室内使用”，所以选项A正确。5.考查近义词辨析。A选项display“显示，陈列”；B选项exhibit“展览，显示”；C选项discover“发现”；D选项reveal“揭露，暴露”。根据句意：20世纪70年代能源危机后建造的“节能”密封商业建筑，由于油漆、墙面涂料和地毯等材料造成的室内空气质量问题。选项D揭露问题更恰当。6.考查动词辨析。A选项back to“回到”；B选项next to“紧挨着，旁边”；C选项down to“直到，下至”；D选项near to“靠近，接近”。根据句意可知，这里指我们所关注的上至材料下至分子，所以选项C正确。7.考查形容词辨析。A选项comfortable“舒适的”；B选项safe“安全的”；C选项cautious“谨慎的”；D选项stable“稳定的”。根据原文可知，涉及到室内空气质量问题，当然是确保材料是安全可靠的，所以选项B正确。8.考查形容词辨析。A选项reduced“减少的”；B选项descended“下降的”；C选项revised“改进的”；D选项delayed“延时的”。根据句意可知，这里是指涂漆所释放的有机化合物的数量明显减少了，选项A正确。9.考查副词辨析。A选项deny“否定，拒绝”；B选项dissolve“溶解”；C选项depress“压抑，使沮丧”；D选项destroy“破坏，毁坏”。根据原文可知，现在的房屋建筑商所用的材料比如释放有机化合物数量明显减少的涂漆这些材料不会 空气、水或土壤的质量。选项D符合语境。10.考查逻辑连接词。A选项besides“除了，此外”；B选项anyhow“总之，无论如何”；C选项however“不管怎样，然而”；D选项anyway“无论如何”。上文提及新的材料不会破坏空气等的质量，下一句说到我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是关注于“不那么糟糕”，前后形成了转折关系，所以选项C符合原文语境。11.考查副词辨析。A选项partially“部分地”；B选项completely “完全地”；C选项exactly“恰好，正是”；D选项superficially“表面地”。句意：然而最终我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是关注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造出完全安全的材料。选项B符合句意。12.考查固定搭配。根据前面的either可知，这里应该填入连词or，意为“要么要么”。原文句意：要么安全地返回到土壤，要么被工业重复利用。选项A正确。13.考查固定搭配。As a matter of fact意为“事实上”。所以选项C正确。14.考查形容词辨析。A选项reprocessed“再加工的”；B选项researched“研究调查过的”；C选项reused“再生的”；D选项recyclable“可再循环的”。上文提到完全健康的材料要么安全地返回到土壤，要么被工业重复利用，也就是说这种材料是可以回收再循环利用的，所以选项D符合原文。15.考查固定搭配。start out to意为“开始，计划”。所以选项A正确。16.考查副词辨析。A选项basically“主要地，基本上”；B选项traditionally“传统上，习惯上”；C选项originally“最初，起初”；D选项inevitably“必可避免地，必然地”。根据but可知前后构成转折，这里应该是说现在的工业体系不可避免地导致了这些情况。选项D符合语境。17.考查上下文语义。根据句意：因此，我们 简单地试图减少损失，而是采取积极的方式。所以应该用instead of“不是而是.”符合语境，选项B正确。18.考查动词辨析。A选项adjust“调整”；B选项adopt“采取”；C选项admit“承认”；D选项adapt“适应”。根据句意可知，这里是采取积极的措施，选项B正确。19.考查形容词辨析。A选项functional“功能的”；B选项precious“珍贵的”；C选项beneficial“有益的”；D选项sensible“明智的”。根据前面的句意可知，我们提供给人们的是高质量、健康的产品，那这里所做出的选择当然是对社会产生有益的影响，所以选项C正确。20.考查语法结构。A选项Entire“全部的，整个的”，强调没有失去、减少或损坏的事物；B选项Full“完整的”，强调内容充实；C选项Total“总的，彻底的”，强调总量；D选项Complete“完整的，完全的”，强调完整性。这里是指整个城市，选项A最为恰当。11. 单选题To his inquiry if she were hurt, she made some incoherent reply（ ）she did not know.问题1选项A.to the point thatB.to the effect thatC.to the extent thatD.to the sense that【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项to the point that“到.程度”；B选项to the effect that“大意是，意思是”；C选项to the extent that“达到的程度以致；就来说”；D选项to the sense that没有这种表达。句意：对于他问她是否受伤了，她给出了一些语无伦次地回答，大意是她不知道。选项B符合句意。12. 单选题Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close（ ）.问题1选项A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项temperament“气质，性情”；B选项contamination“污染”；C选项scrutiny“详细审查，细看”；D选项symmetry“对称”。句意：尽管这个模型表面上看起来还不错，但它经不起细看。选项C符合句意。13. 单选题If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he（ ）able to advise you much better than I can.问题1选项A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你向你的律师解释情况，他能给你的建议比我好得多。此句表示对现在的虚拟，与现在事实相反的虚拟语气结构是：从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时，主句:主语+ should/would/might/could + do。因此A项正确。14. 单选题These funds will come with stringent conditions that will impose external financial controls and（ ）heavily on Icelands hard-won sovereign independence.问题1选项A.impingeB.affectC.afflictD.impact【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项impinge“妨碍，侵犯”；B选项affect“影响，感染”，一般和介词to搭配；C选项afflict“折磨，使痛苦”；D选项impact“影响，冲突”。句意：这些资金将附带严格的条件，强制实施外部金融控制，并严重侵犯了冰岛来之不易的主权独立。这里是指侵犯主权，所以选项A更符合语境。15. 单选题Many a businessman（ ） himself the prisoner of his business and the commodities he sells; he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.问题1选项A.had feltB.have feltC.feelsD.feel【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：许多商人觉得自己成了生意和商品的俘虏;他对自己的产品有一种欺骗的感觉，并暗地里蔑视它。根据句意可知，这里应使用一般现在时，由此可首先排除选项A和选项B；Many a +单数名词，其后的谓语动词应使用第三人称单数，所以选项C正确。16. 单选题Tomorrow morning I will have to（ ）a conference.问题1选项A.joinB.take partC.attend toD.participate in【答案】D【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项join“加入；参加”；B选项take part“参与， 参加”；C选项attend to“注意；照料” D选项participate in“参加；分享”。句意：明天早上我要参加一个会议。A, B, D三个选项均有 “参加”的意思，但是join多指参加某组织，成为其中的一个成员，take part和participate in一般是说参加某项活动，而take part比participate in更有主动的感觉，且侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。Participate是正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加。因此C项正确。17. 单选题None of this is（ ）surprising, nor are these questionable industry machination limited to the frenzied search for the so-called pink pill.问题1选项A.at the leastB.the leastC.the least bitD.in the least bit【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项at the least“无论如何”；B选项the least“最少”；C选项the least bit“半点，毫厘”；D选项in the least bit“一点，丝毫”。句意：这些丝毫不令人感到惊讶，这些可疑行业的阴谋也不仅仅局限于疯狂地寻找所谓的“粉色药丸”。选项D符合句意。18. 单选题She is（ ）to the cost until tragedy alters her life and the lives of those around her.问题1选项A.ignorantB.obliviousC.unawareD.unmindful【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项ignorant“无知的，愚昧的”；B选项oblivious“健忘的，不注意的”；C选项unaware“未察觉的”；D选项unmindful“漫不经心的”。句意：直到悲剧改变了她和周围人的生活，她才意识到代价的存在。能和介词to搭配的只有B选项，be oblivious to 是固定搭配，意为“不在意的；不以为意的”，所以选项B正确。19. 单选题Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is smallPruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it un