2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考试题库及模拟押密卷26（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing a downswing in ridership along the lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly.At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation at the time.However, time changed and the automobile became Americas standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.Two portions of the total market were targeted: 1) anxious fliersthose concerned with safety, relaxation, and cleanliness, and 2) travel-loversthose viewing themselves as relaxed, casual, and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures.Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Builder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences. Results were impressive. The Empire Builder, which was focused on in one ad, enjoyed a 15 percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.1. Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage?2. It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that _.3. To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized _.4. The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV involving nature and America because _.5. According to the passage, the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in ridership and profits because _.问题1选项A.To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience.B.To stress the influence of the automobile on Americas standard of convenience.C.To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion.D.To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumers attitudes.问题2选项A.trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportationB.trains were not the fastest and most convenient form of transportationC.trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to beD.trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience问题3选项A.the freedom and convenience provided on trainsB.the practical aspects of train travelC.the adventurous aspect of train travelD.the safety and cleanliness of train trips问题4选项A.they could focus on meaningful travel experience where they could enjoy freedomB.they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs which could bring more audienceC.their profit could be increased by 15 percent, which was what they expectedD.most travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audience问题5选项A.the attractiveness of its name and route was effectively advertisedB.it provided an exciting travel experienceC.its passengers could enjoy the great western outdoorsD.it was widely advertised in newspapers and magazines in Chicago and Seattle【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage? 作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？A. To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience. A. 为了表明在速度和便利方面火车无法与飞机竞争。B. To stress the influence of the automobile on Americas standard of convenience. B. 为了强调汽车对美国方便标准的影响。C. To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion. C. 为了强调旅行社在市场推广中的作用。D. To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumers attitudes. D. 为了说明说服性沟通在改变消费者态度方面的重要作用。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】本题考查的是作者的写作意图。本文的行文结构为“提出问题分析问题解决问题”，首段提出“铁路客流量下降”的问题，第二段及第三段前半部分分析该问题产生的原因，从第三段后半部分开始讲DDB Needham确定地解决问题的策略是“鼓励消费者（encourage consumers）考虑火车旅行的其他方面，以改变他们的态度（in order to change their attitudes），并增加在西方考虑火车旅行的可能性”，通过广告宣传把西部的铁路打造成火车旅行体验，最终的结果是，铁路线路的利润增长了。一篇文章的分析问题和解决问题部分是文章的重点，而本文重点部分是在讲DDB Needham的宣传策略和广告投放对于解决西部铁路客流量下降问题的重要作用，因此，D选项“为了说明说服性沟通在改变消费者态度方面的重要作用”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“为了表明在速度和便利方面火车无法与飞机竞争”，火车和飞机的比较只在分析问题部分提到了，本不是文章话题的重点，不会是作者的写作目的，该选项属于本末倒置；B选项“为了强调汽车对美国方便标准的影响”，原文第三段第一句虽然提到了“汽车成为了美国交通便利的标准”，但是本文主要讨论的是铁路客运量的问题，该选项属于本末倒置；C选项“为了强调旅行社在市场推广中的作用”，原文虽然提到了火车旅行，但并未提及旅行社，进行广告宣传的是广告代理商，该选项属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that _. 从文章中可以推断，美国铁路公司客运量的下降是由于_。A. trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportation A. 火车不适合短途客运B. trains were not the fastest and most convenient form of transportation B. 火车不是最快最便捷的交通工具C. trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to be C. 火车不像过去那样快捷方便了D. trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience D. 在豪华和便利方面，火车无法与飞机竞争【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词the drop in Amtrak ridership定位到原文第二段及第三段。第二段提到“曾经有一段时间，火车是穿越西部广大地区唯一可行的方法。与当时的其他交通工具相比，火车快速、豪华、便捷（fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient）。”由此可知，火车曾经受欢迎的原因是“它的快速、豪华、便捷”。另外，第三段第一、二句提到“然而，时代变了，汽车（the automobile）成了美国的方便标准。此外，航空旅行（air travel）已经很容易地确立了自己作为长途旅行的最快方法的地位。”由此可知，现在，汽车和飞机成为了更便捷的交通工具。综上所述，铁路客运量下降的原因是，相比较而言，它已经不是最便捷的交通工具了，有其他交通工具取代了它的位置，B选项“火车不是最快最便捷的交通工具”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“火车不适合短途客运”，原文并未具体提及短途客运的问题，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“火车不像过去那样快捷方便了”，原文并不是说火车没有以前快、没有以前方便了，只是有了更快、更方便的交通工具，取代了它的位置，这是相对来说的，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“在豪华和便利方面，火车无法与飞机竞争”，原文不仅提到了飞机，还提到了汽车，B选项的表述更完整，该选项属于以偏概全。第3题:【选项释义】To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized _. 为了鼓励消费者乘坐火车旅行，DDB Needham强调了_。A. the freedom and convenience provided on trains A. 火车提供的自由和便利B. the practical aspects of train travel B. 火车旅行的实用性C. the adventurous aspect of train travel C. 火车旅行的冒险性D. the safety and cleanliness of train trips D. 火车旅行的安全和清洁【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词To encourage consumers和DDB Needham定位到原文第三段第三句，该句提到“DDB Needham的任务是鼓励消费者考虑火车旅行的其他方面（other aspects），以改变他们的态度，并增加考虑在西部进行火车旅行的可能性。”前两句提到，“汽车是便利（convenience）的标准”、“飞机是最快的（fastest）交通工具”，那么，DDB Needham强调的应该是“便利和速度”以外的因素。第四段最后一句提到“它强调了乘坐火车所获得的经验，并把西部火车旅行描绘成奇妙的冒险（portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures）。”由此可知，DDB Needham强调的是西部火车旅行的冒险性，C选项“火车旅行的冒险性”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“火车提供的自由和便利”，“便利”不是DDB Needham强调的方面，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“火车旅行的实用性”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“火车旅行的安全和清洁”，可定位到原文第四段第一句，该句提到“整个市场的两个部分是目标：1）焦虑的飞行者那些关心安全、放松和清洁（safety, relaxation, and cleanliness）的人”，但这并不是DDB强调的内容，该选项属于出处错位。第4题:【选项释义】The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV involving nature and America because _. 火车广告之所以出现在以自然和美国为主题的家庭电视中，是因为_。A. they could focus on meaningful travel experience where they could enjoy freedom A. 它们可以专注于有意义的旅行体验，在这个过程中，他们可以享受自由B. they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs which could bring more audience B. 它们可以提高电视节目的效果，这可以带来更多的观众C. their profit could be increased by 15 percent, which was what they expected C. 它们的利润可以增加15%，这是他们所期望的D. most travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audience D. 大多数旅行爱好者和忧虑的飞机乘客被认为是节目的观众【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV定位到原文最后一段第二句，该句提到“这些广告被战略性投放在面向家庭、涉及自然和美国的电视节目中，以便最有效地触及目标受众（in order to most effectively reach target audiences）。”由此可得，这么做是为了“触及目标受众”，即他们认为自己的目标受众是这些节目的观众。第四段提到目标受众有两类，“忧虑的飞机乘客（anxious fliers）”和“旅行爱好者（travel-lovers）”。综上所述，D选项“大多数旅行爱好者和忧虑的飞机乘客被认为是节目的观众”最符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“它们可以专注于有意义的旅行体验，在这个过程中，他们可以享受自由”，可定位到第四段第二句，该句提到“该机构随后开展了一项活动，专注于旅行体验（focused on travel experiences），如自由（such as freedom）、逃避、放松和享受西部旷野。”由此可知，该选项与本题无关，属于出处错位；B选项“它们可以提高电视节目的效果，这可以带来更多的观众”，广告并不能提高电视节目的效果，不是为了增加节目观众，而是为了吸引观众成为游客，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“它们的利润可以增加15%，这是他们所期望的”，可定位到原文最后一句，该句提到“帝国建造者在芝加哥到西雅图的航线上的利润增长了15%”，但这表达的是在这些节目投放广告的效果，而不是原因，该选项属于因果倒置。第5题:【选项释义】According to the passage, the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in ridership and profits because _. 根据这篇文章，“帝国建造者”的客流量和利润都有所增加，原因是_。A. the attractiveness of its name and route was effectively advertised A. 它的名字有吸引力，并且对路线的宣传很有效B. it provided an exciting travel experience B. 它提供了令人兴奋的旅行经历C. its passengers could enjoy the great western outdoors C. 它的乘客可以欣赏到大西部的旷野D. it was widely advertised in newspapers and magazines in Chicago and Seattle D. 它在芝加哥和西雅图的报纸和杂志上做了大量的广告宣传【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词the Empire Builder定位到原文第五段。本段第一句提到“帝国建造者是一个浪漫的名字（the romantic names of some of these trains（Empire Builder, etc.）”；第二句提到“这些广告被战略性投放在面向家庭、涉及自然和美国的电视节目中，以便最有效地触及目标受众”，由此可知，这些广告的宣传很有效。综上所述，A选项“它的名字有吸引力，并且对路线的宣传很有效”最符合原文。【干扰项排除】B选项“它提供了令人兴奋的旅行经历”，选项虽然表述正确，但没有广告宣传，火车的收益不会增加，该选项属于本末倒置；C选项“它的乘客可以欣赏到大西部的旷野”，这虽然是广告的内容，但火车收益增加主要得益于火车线路的名字以及有效的宣传，该选项属于本末倒置；D选项“它在芝加哥和西雅图的报纸和杂志上做了大量的广告宣传”，原文提到广告主要投放在电视节目中，“芝加哥到西雅图”是火车的线路，该选项属于曲解原文。2. 单选题Dont repeat what he said; please give me the highlights: Thats my concern.问题1选项A.summariesB.detailsC.gistD.opinions【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. summaries 总结 B. details 细节C. gist 主旨；要点 D. opinions 观点【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析【解题思路】原句语义为“请告诉我_”，前文提到“不要重复他说过的话”，原词highlights“重点；要点”，侧重于指最精彩、最重要的部分，C选项gist“主旨；要点”最符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项summaries“总结”侧重于指对内容的概括，没有C选项符合原句语义；B选项details“细节”，不符合原句语义；D选项opinions“观点”，不符合原句语义。【句意】不要重复他说过的话；请告诉我重点：这是我关心的问题。3. 写作题There are a lot of choices you have to make in your life and some events or changes that have occurred because of them. In the following you are requested to write a composition about one of the choices you have made. Describe how your life changed because of the choice and then describe how it might have been or might be if you have done things differently. Your essay should be about 400 words. The suggested title is A Turning Point in My Life.In the first part of your writing you should state clearly your main idea, and in the second part you should support the main idea with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【答案】【略】4. 写作题A saying goes “The past is the guide for the future.” To what extent do you agree with the saying? You may base your judgments either on your own life or work experiences, or on social developments. Write an essay of about 400 words.Requirements: In the first part of your writing you should state clearly your main idea, and in the second part you should support the main idea with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.【答案】【略】5. 单选题Are we tolerating more Dishonesty?The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers thought turn to it. Test time approaches and some students thoughts turn to it. Temptation appears and spouses consider it. Nowadays, cheating is on the rise. “You want something you cant get by behaving within the rules, and you want it badly enough youll do it regardless of any guilt or deep regret and youre willing to run the risk of being caught.” Thats how Ladd Wheeler, psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York, defines cheating.Cheating represents the triumph of the “Brazen Rule” over the “Golden Rule”, says Terry Pinkard, philosophy professor at Georgetown University. “The Golden Rule says, “Do unto others as you would like have them do onto you. The Brazen Rule says, “Do onto others as they would do onto you if they were in your place.” Many experts believe cheating is on the rise. “Were seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated. Whether to cheat depends on whether its in the persons interest.” He does, however, see less cheating among the youngest students.Richard Dienstbier, psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, believes that societys attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating. Twenty years ago, if a person cheated in college, society said, “That is extremely serious; you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently”, he says. “Nowadays, at the University of Nebraska, for example, it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam, the student must receive an F on what he cheated on. Thats nothing. If youre going to fail anyway, why not cheat?”Cheating is unethical, Pinkard says, whether its massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged. “Youre treating other people merely as a means for your own ends. Youre using people in ways they would not consent to. The cheater says, “Let everybody else bear the burden, and Ill reap the benefits.”Cheaters usually try to justify their actions, says Robert Hogan, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma. “They never think its their fault.” Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves, adds Wheeler. “They dont want to label themselves as a cheater. Also, they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught, so they work on their excuse ahead of time.” The most common justifications, psychologists say, include:“I had to do it.”“The test was unfair.”“Everybody does it, and I have to cheat to get whats rightfully mine.”“The government wastes the money anyway.”“My wife (or husband) doesnt understand me, and weve grown apart.”“Cheating is most likely in situations where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low”, says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene. In his study, a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests, while secret, pressure-sensitive paper indicated who changed answers. To raise the pressure, students were given an extremely high score as the “average” for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists. About 46 percent of the male students changed answers; among the females, about 30 percent cheated.Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldnt cheat under any circumstances.Despite the general rise in cheating, Pinkard sees some cause for hope, “I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating.” Perhaps, he says, the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the “baby boom” students who preceded themand therefore less self-centered. “There seems to be a swing back in the culture.”1. The purpose of this passage is to _.2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?3. According to the passage, with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree?4. When a person is caught cheating, it is most likely that he _.5. Regarding the future of cheating, the author seems to be _.问题1选项A.convince the reader that cheating is immoralB.discuss the varieties of and reasons for cheatingC.describe how cheaters cheatD.suggest how to curtail cheating问题2选项A.It is ethical to cheat unless money is involved.B.Failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged is not considered cheating.C.There has been a general rise in cheating.D.Most cheaters are college students.问题3选项A.Cheating is often the result of intense pressure.B.Cheating is cheating, whether on a test or on income tax forms.C.Cheating is widespread and society is too tolerant.D.The Brazen Rule is a better rule than the Golden Rule.问题4选项A.pretends to apologize for what he has doneB.pretends that he has no knowledge of what is going onC.ascribes his misconduct to some external motivationD.denies the fact in fearful anticipation of escaping punishment问题5选项A.depressedB.optimisticC.amusedD.bewildered【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The purpose of this passage is to _. 本文的目的是_。A. convince the reader that cheating is immoral A. 让读者相信欺骗是不道德的B. discuss the varieties of and reasons for cheating B. 讨论欺骗的种类和原因C. describe how cheaters cheat C. 描述欺骗者是怎么欺骗别人的D. suggest how to curtail cheating D. 建议如何减少欺骗【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】文章的写作目的，需要从全文内容来推断。本文前两段写的是各种欺骗的现象；后面几段都是在讨论欺骗现象出现的原因。因此，B选项“讨论欺骗的种类和原因”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项“让读者相信欺骗是不道德的”，虽然原文第四段第一句提到“欺骗是不道德的（Cheating is unethical）”，但是证明这一点并不是本文的目的，该选项属于过度推理；C选项“描述欺骗者是怎么欺骗别人的”，本文的重点并不在介绍欺骗的方式，该选项属于本末倒置；D选项“建议如何减少欺骗”，本文并未就解决欺骗问题提出建议，该选项属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? 根据文章，下列哪一项是正确的？A. It is ethical to cheat unless money is involved. A. 欺骗是合乎道德的，除非涉及金钱。B. Failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged is not considered cheating. B. 没有告诉收银员你被少收了钱被认为不是欺骗。C. There has been a general rise in cheating. C. 欺骗现象普遍增加。D. Most cheaters are college students. D. 大多数欺骗者是大学生。【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】原文最后一段第一句提到“尽管欺骗现象普遍增加（the general rise in cheating）”，由此可知，欺骗现象普遍增加了。C选项“欺骗现象普遍增加”表述正确符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“欺骗是合乎道德的，除非涉及金钱”，可定位到原文第四段第一句，该句提到“欺骗是不道德的（unethical），无论是大规模的欺诈还是没有告诉收银员你被少收了钱。”由此可知，不管是否涉及金钱，欺骗都是不道德的，该选项表述错误，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；B选项“没有告诉收银员你被少收了钱被认为不是欺骗”，由A选项定位句可知，没有告诉收银员自己被少收了钱也是欺骗，该选项表述错误，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；D选项“大多数欺骗者是大学生”，原文只是提到了欺骗的类型之一大学生作弊，并没有说大多数欺骗者是大学生，该选项属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree? 根据文章，作者可能不同意下列哪一种观点？A. Cheating is often the result of intense pressure. A. 欺骗往往是压力过大的结果。B. Cheating is cheating, whether on a test or on income tax forms. B. 欺骗就是欺骗，无论是在考试的时候还是填所得税表格的时候。C. Cheating is widespread and society is too tolerant. C. 欺骗很普遍，社会对此太宽容了。D. The Brazen Rule is a better rule than the Golden Rule. D. “无耻原则”比“黄金法则”更好。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】原文第二段第一句提到“欺骗代表着无耻原则对黄金规则的胜利。”原文最后一段提到“尽管作弊现象普遍增加，但Pinkard看到了一些希望（hope）：我确实发现，较年轻的学生对欺骗的宽容态度要低得多。”由此可得，作者对欺骗是持批判态度的。由此推断，作者并不认为“无耻原则”比“黄金法则”更好。因此，D选项“无耻原则比黄金规则更好”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项“欺骗往往是压力过大的结果”，可定位到原文第六段。本段提到研究人员“用压力敏感纸（pressure-sensitive paper）显示改了答案的学生”，并且“为了增加压力（To raise the pressure），故意给了学生们一个很高的平均分”。由此推断，研究人员认为巨大的压力下，人们更有可能产生欺骗行为。作者把这个实验作为自己的一个案例写在文章中，可见，他是同意这个观点的，该选项不符合题意，属于反向干扰；B选项“欺骗就是欺骗，无论是在考试的时候还是填所得税表格的时候”，可定位到原文第一段。本段第一句提到“所得税（income-tax）的截止日期越来越近，一些纳税人开始考虑它。”第二句提到“随着考试（Test）时间的临近，一些学生开始考虑它。”由第四句“如今，欺骗现象（cheating）越来越多”推断，第一、二句中提到的“它”指的就是欺骗。由此推断，作者认为不管是在考试的时候还是填所得税表格的时候，欺骗就是欺骗。该选项不符合题意，属于反向干扰；C选项“欺骗很普遍，社会对此太宽容了”，原文第一段第四句提到“欺骗现象（cheating）越来越多”；第三段第一句提到“社会的态度（societys attitudes）在很大程度上导致了欺骗行为的增加”，根据第三段的案例可知，社会对欺骗行为的态度更宽容了。由此推断，作者会同意该选项的观点，该选项不符合题意，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】When a person is caught cheating, it is most likely that he _. 当一个人作弊被抓住的时候，他很可能会_。A. pretends to apologize for what he has done A. 假装为他的所作所为道歉B. pretends that he has no knowledge of what is going on B. 假装不知道发生了什么事C. ascribes his misconduct to some external motivation C. 把他的不当行为归咎于某种外部因素D. denies the fact in fearful anticipation of escaping punishment D. 因为害怕逃避惩罚而否认事实【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词a person is caught cheating定位到原文第五段。本段第一句提到“欺骗者通常会试图为自己的行为辩护（justify their actions）”，第六句提到的借口中有“考试不公平”。由此可知，被抓到作弊的人会为自己的行为找借口，将其归咎于外部原因。因此，C选项“把他的不当行为归咎于某种外部因素”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“假装为他的所作所为道歉”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“假装不