初中语法知识重点归纳

语法知识重点归纳词类：名词，代词，冠词，数词，介词，形容词，副词，动词，非谓语动词，感叹词。 陈述句：肯定句，否定句 感叹句：由what和how引导的句子种类： 一般疑问句 疑问句 特殊疑问句 选择疑问句 反意疑问句祈使句（初一）句子时态：初一学习了一般现在时，一般过去时和现在进行时名词讲解： 一、名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、组织机构或事物等的专有名词Lu Xun, China,Handan, WTO普通名词可数名词个体名词表示一类人或物的个体apple, pencil,doctor, teacher集体名词表示一群人或一类物的集合体people, family,team, class不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物air, sand,water, rain抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念peace, friendship,happiness二、名词的数名词分为可数和不可数名词。不可数名词，它们只有单数形式；可数名词，通常有单数和复数两种形式。（注：可数名词一般指的是数的清楚的，不可数名词一般指的是数不清楚的）1. 单数变复数的规则情况构成方法例词一般情况直接加smap-maps / bag-bags / car-_以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y 为i，再加esbaby-babies / family-_以“元音字母+y”结尾直接加sday-days / monkey-_以s, sh, ch, x等结尾直接加esbus-buses / watch-_以f或fe结尾变f或fe为veswife-wives / knife-_部分以o结尾加eshero-heroes / tomato-_【注】 ch读/k/时，其复数形式应加s，如stomachs（胃，腹部） 常见的以o结尾要加es的有如下几个：hero, Negro, tomato, potato, mango，可记为“黑人英雄爱吃两菜一果”。 以f或fe结尾变f或fe为ves的词有如下：妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷吓得着了慌，躲进架子保己命，半片树叶遮目光。2. 不规则复数形式构成方法例词a变eman-men, woman-_, policeman-_, Frenchman-_oo变eetooth-teeth, foot-_, goose-_ouse变为icemouse-mice, louse-_词尾加renchild-children单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, reindeer【注】 man，woman作定语修饰别的名词时，要把man，woman和其他部分都变成复数，如man teacher men teachers，woman doctor - _； 不规则复数形式的记忆口诀：男女警察英法人，都是将man变成men。脚、牙oo变ee，child加上ren。鹿和绵羊是一家，单变复时不变化。3. “某国人”的复数形式“中日不变英法变，其余s加后边”国家名国籍单数复数China中国人a Chinesetwo ChineseJapan日本人a Japanesetwo JapaneseEngland英国人An Englishmantwo EnglishmenFrance法国人a Frenchmantwo FrenchmenAustralia澳大利亚人an Australiantwo AustraliansRussia俄国人a Russiantwo RussiansItaly意大利人an Italiantwo ItaliansGreece希腊人a Greektwo GreeksAmerica美国人an Americantwo AmericansIndia印度人an Indiantwo IndiansCanada加拿大人a Canadiantwo CanadiansGermany德国人a Germanstwo GermansSweden瑞典人a Swedetwo Swedes三、名词所有格在英语中，特别是表示有生命的名词，可以加s表示所属关系，名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。1. 有生命的名词所有格（1）单数名词的所有格加s。如：Mothers Day_the little girls doll_（2）以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加。如：Teachers Day_the students books_（3）姓氏以s结尾，也可直接加。如：Jones office琼斯的办公室（4）不规则的复数名词变所有格加s。如：childrens books儿童读物Womens Day_（5）表示两人共有时，只在最后一个名词后加s。如：莉莉和露西的爸爸_约翰和玛丽的课桌_（6）表示两人各自所有时，则两个专有名词都要用所有格形式，而且后面所修饰的名词要用复数形式。如：王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸_露西的房间和莉莉的房间_2. 无生命的名词所有格（1）无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示，如：the leg of the table _the cover of the book _（2）表示国家、时间、距离、重量和价值等的名词通过词尾变化表示所有，如：Chinas future_todays newspaper_十分钟的路程_两周的假期_3. 双重所有格双重所有格就是将of结构与s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用，如：a friend of Toms _a friend of mine _4. 表示住宅、办公室或店铺的名词所有格后面一般省略它所修饰的名词，如：at Johns (home) _at the doctors (office) _at the barbers (shop) _四练习题目：一. 写出下列名词的复数形式：1. house _ 2. village _ 3. map _4. orange _ 5. bag _ 6. exercise _7. brush _ 8. family _ 9. bus _10. city _ 11. box _ 12. baby _13. class _ 14. factory _ 15. glass _16. dictionary _ 17. watch _ 18. wo man _19. match _ 20. man _ 21. wish _22. German _ 23. tomato _ 24. policeman _25. kilo _ 26. human _ 27. potato _28. Chinese _ 29. shelf _ 30. Japanese _31. leaf _ 32. American _33. life _34. tooth _ 35. wife _ 36. foot _37. knife _ 38. sheep _ 39. half _ 40. child _二. 将下列词组译成英语：1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜9、两块冰 10、三张纸11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米15、八块木头 16、九块金属 三名词所有格练习1. _(李明的父母)work in a big hospital.2. This is _(我妹妹的语文书)3. _(John和Sally的母亲) are American.4. _(王平和王明的父亲) is a hotel manager.5. Is this _(你的好朋友的钢笔) ?6. They are _(Peter 和Sam的老师).7. _(教师节) is on September 10th .8. _(学生们的桌椅) are very new.9. We are very happy on _(儿童节).10. _(赵敏的鞋) are white.代词讲解：一、人称代词1.人称代词的形式单数复数人称一二三一二三主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouHer，him，itusyouthem2.人称代词的句法功能功能例句主格作主语Theyare fourteen years old. /Sheis a Chinese teacher.宾格作动词宾语The box is too heavy. Let me helpyou. / I likeitvery much.作介词宾语Mary didnt want to go withme.作表语- Who is standing over there?- Itsme.it的特殊用法指时间Itis early spring, but its already very hot.指天气Itrained _（大）last night.指距离Its about five _（minute）walk from here to the library.作形式主语、形式宾语Itis very nice of you to help me.I finditeasy to learn English well.3.人称代词的排列顺序（单数231，复数123）当两个以上的人称代词一起作主语时，单数按二、三、一人称排列（即you, he / she, I）；复数按一、二、三人称排列（即we, you, they）。但是如果做错了事需要承担责任时，要把说话人（I）放在第一位。如：_（我和杰克）must come here early tomorrow._（我们，你们和他们）are good citizens._（我和吉姆）should be blamed. We are sorry.二、物主代词1.物主代词的形式单数复数物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs2.物主代词的基本用法功能例句特别提示形容词性物主代词作定语Hermother is a kind-hearted doctor.Theirroom is clean and tidy.形容词性物主代词作定语，相当于形容词。名词性物主代词作主语That is his computer.Minedoesnt work.名词性物主代词在句中不能单独作定语。如：Hers math is better than mine.（错！句中的_应改为_）作宾语Her spoken English is better thanyours.作表语This ballpen ishers. Where is mine?与of连用作定语The red skirtof hersis very beautiful.形物代词能力差，自己不能来当家。句子当中作定语，后面要把名词加。名物代词能力强，自己独来又独往。句子成分主表宾，后面名词不能加。3.物主代词的特殊用法在双重所有格中只能用名词性物主代词。如：我的一个朋友_她的一个同学_三、反身代词1.反身代词的形式反身代词又叫自身代词，表示动作返回到动作发出者本身。第一、第二人称的反身代词都是由_加上self或selves构成；第三人称的反身代词都是由_加上self或selves构成。列表如下：人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称Yourselfyourselves第三人称himself, _, itselfthemselves2.反身代词的句法功能反身代词表“自身”，“宾、表、同位”三成分。表示强调、同位语，强调动作“亲自”在。功能例句特别提示作宾语Little Jimmy can dresshimselfnow.She cookedherselfa good meal.两句中动作的执行者与承受着均是同一个人，故宾语只能用反身代词，不能用him和her。作表语The boy in the photo ismyself, not Tom.作同位语（强调）The babyitselflaughed.Imyselfwent to visit my teacher.此句中，反身代词itself也可放在laughed的后面。和by等介词搭配，构成固定短语Never leave the child byhimselfat home.I dont think I can do it bymyself.初中常用的由反身代词构成的短语有：（见下）3.由反身代词构成的习惯用语help oneself to _come to oneself _dress oneself _say to oneself _enjoy oneself _lose oneself in _teach oneself _look after oneself _四、指示代词单数this这，这个that那，那个such这样的人或物same同样的人或物复数these这些those那些例句Thisis Bill speaking. Who isthat?Where willthesepupils go?Do you likethose? They are the latest fashion.I have never seensucha clever child before.Those two dresses arethe same.He saidthe samething again and again.五、疑问代词格指人指物指人或物主格who谁what什么which哪个，哪些宾格whom谁所有格whose谁的whose谁的whose谁的六、不定代词不定代词的形式例词普通不定代词some / anysomebody / anybody / nobody, someone / anyone / no onesomething / anything / nothingone / none个体不定代词every / each, other / another, either / neithereverybody / everyone / everything数量不定代词many / much, few / a few / little / a littlea lot of / lots of / a great deal of / a great many代词练习：（ ）1. Im talking to you, Jack. Please listen to_carefully.A. meB. mineC. youD. yours（ ）2.I knocked on the door but_answered.A. somebodyB. nobodyC. anybodyD. everybody（ ）3.I have two children, and _ of them are working in the west of China.A. allB. bothC. neither D. either（）4. Is this _ ruler?No. _ is over there.A. her;HerB. her; Hers C. hers; HersD. hers; Her（）5._ bike is this?I think its Peters.A. WhoB. WhichC. WhoseD. What（）6.Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.It doesnt matter. You can have _.A. weB. usC. ourD. ours（）7.Will you take part in the English speech competition tomorrow?Sure. I see it as a chance to prove_.A. myself B. meC. yourself D. you（）8.Im hungry, is there any bread in the fridge?_, but we have cakes. Would you like to have one?A. Some B. Much C. None D. Nothing（）9.British people usually shake hands the first time _ meet. A. they B. youC. we D. I（）10.Did you see Peter and Mike?No, I saw _of them. A. neitherB. eitherC. both D. none（ ）11. Mom, Bill is coming to dinner this evening. OK. Lets give him _ to eat.A. anything different B. different anythingC. something differentD. different something（）12.Yesterday I lost my pencil sharpener. I couldnt find_. Oh, its a pity. Youd better buy _ this afternoon.A. it; itB. it; oneC. one; itD. one; one（）13.Allof us find_necessary totake exercise every day.A.this B.thatC.themD.it（）14.I have two brothers. One is a teacher, _ is a doctor.A. another B. otherC. others D. the other（）15.Your computer doesnt work now, is there _ with it?A. wrong somethingB. something wrongC. wrong anything D. anything wrong（）16.I need a dictionary. Who has got _?A. oneB. itC. that D. this（）17.Oh, the traffic is so heavy.Lets change _ route to the airport.A. otherB. othersC. the otherD. another（）18.Are these books _.？ No. they are not mine. They belong to _.A. your, herB. yours, herC. you, hersD. yours, she（）19.There is still a copy of this book in the library. Will you go andborrow _? No, I will buy _in the bookstore.A. one; it B. one; oneC. it; one D. it; it（）20Mom, Bill is coming to dinner this evening.OK. Lets give him _ to eat.A. anything differentB. different anythingC. something different D. different something冠词讲解冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，对名词进行限定。冠词与名词的关系密不可分，就好像“鱼儿离不开水”一样。冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词两种，它们在英语中使用率极高，也是历年来中考的考查重点。冠词分为不定冠词a / an和定冠词the，在具体使用时可分为用不定冠词、定冠词和不用冠词三种情况。我们可以用以下口诀来记忆冠词的基本用法：泛指用a/ an，单数可数；特指用the，不特不the。【注】（1）泛指用a / an，单数可数泛指的可数名词单数前要用a / an。如：I want an apple.（2）特指用the如果是特指，那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。如：The pencil is mine. / I dont like the pencils on the desk.（3）不特不the不特指则不用the，包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a / an，泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词，泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。如：I like monkeys. / I dont like bread.一、不定冠词的基本用法1.第一次提到的人或事物。如：I bought _（一辆自行车）yesterday.There is _（一块橡皮）on the desk.2.表示有某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。如：_（一个学生）is looking for you.3.虽然有“一”的含义，但不强调数量。如：I have _（一个姐姐）. Her name is Lily.4.用于表示时间、长度、价格等的单位名词前，表“每一”，相当于every。如：You should take this medicine _（一天三次）.The apples are three yuan _（每公斤）.5. 用于序数词前，表示“又一、再一”。如： I have read the novel three times, but I want to read ita fourth time.6.固定搭配或习惯用法：a fewa littlea lot ofa number ofhave a trygo for a walktake / have a lookmake a facein a hurryfor a whilewatch a moviehave a good timepay a visit toplay a joke on sb.at a time记忆口诀不定冠词a或an，表“一”但不强调“一”；人或事物首次提，单位名词前“每一”；表示有人、有某物，何人何物不具体；强调类别任一个，习惯用法记心里。二、a和an用法巧记a用于辅音发音的单词前，an用于元音发音的单词前。a useful booka universitya European countryan houran san 80-meter-long bridge1. a用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前，an用于元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。注意：要看读音是元音开头还是辅音开头，而不是根据字母。如_（一个小时），_（一把雨伞）等。如果名词前有修饰语，那么用a还是an取决于该修饰语的第一个音素是辅音还是元音。如：一本有用的书_一个不高兴的女孩_一个诚实的男孩_一个不寻常的故事_2. a, e, i, o这四个元音字母，以与f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x这八个辅音字母单独使用时，因其发音均以元音开头，所以要用an。我们可以用一句话来概括前面用an的所有字母，Mr. Li has one fox.（李先生有一只狐狸。）举例如下：This time I got _（一个A）in my homework.I bought _（a / an）MP5 yesterday.3.用8, 11, 18, 80, 800等阿拉伯数字组成的短语前要用an，其他用a。如：That is an eight-meter-wide bridge.He is only an 11-year-old boy.I had a talk with an 80-year-old man on the street yesterday.三、定冠词的基本用法1.用在“特指”或用于谈话双方都知道的某个或某些人或物前。如：_（学生们）in this room are very hard-working.2.用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：I can see a cat. _ is Lucys.我能看见一只猫，那只猫是露茜的。3.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：_ goes around _.地球围绕着太阳转。4.用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如：He is always _ to get to school.他总是第一个到校。Mike is _ of the three boys.迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。5.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：长城_the Peoples Park _6.用在乐器名词前。如：play the piano _拉小提琴_7.用于姓氏复数前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。如：The Smiths are flying to Handan next week._将要在下周乘飞机到邯郸来。8.固定词组：in the endin the morningby the wayall the timeat the same timein the centre ofin the futuretell the truthin the middle ofgo to the cinemaat the age oflook the same记忆口诀特指双熟悉，上文已提与，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语与乐器。 边讲边练She learned to playpiano all by herself.A aB anC theD /-Shall we payvisit to Shanghai?-No, Id rather stay at home and playfootball.A a; theB the; aC /; theD a; /四、零冠词的用法1.名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时，不用冠词。如：this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。2.泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。3.复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如：The people in the room aredoctors.房间里的那些人是医生。4.在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：Chinese, English, maths, physics, history等。5.在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如：have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball / football等。若三餐前有形容词，则需要冠词。a big dinnera quick breakfast6.在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：spring, summer, autumn, winter, Teachers Day, Childrens Day, Sunday, February等。若季节，月份前有修饰语，则其前面要加定冠词。The story took place in the summer of 1965.The railway station was built in the June of 1975.7.在表颜色、语种、国家名词前和乘坐交通工具前不用冠词。如：white, brown, French, Australia, by train, by bus等。8.在表示称呼语的名词之前，以与职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如：Doctor Greenis a scientist.格 林博士是位科学家。记忆口诀代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语与头衔。五、有无定冠词意思迥异英语中有些名词，如bed, class, hospital, school, church等，当不强调这次词所表示的场所，只强调它们的专门作用时，前面不带定冠词；否则要加定冠词。如：1. at table在进餐at the table在桌旁2. at school在上学，在求学（是学生）at the school在学校里（不一定是学生）3. in class在上课in the class在班里4. in prison坐牢in the prison在监狱5. in front of在的前面in the front of在的前部6. go to bed去睡觉go to the bed到床边或床前7. go to hospital入院治疗go to the hospital去医院（不一定是病人）8. go to school去上学（不强调场所）go to the school到学校去（开家长会等）数词讲解：一、用英语写出下列词组。1.两个半小时2.第三节课3.第九周4.在十一月五日5.数百名警察6.得了第二十名7.三十五位学生8.差一刻三点9.每日三次10.在20世纪80年代二、把基数词改为序数词。onetwothreefiveeightninetwelvefourteentwentytwenty-oneforty-fourninety-six三、单项选择。（）21. Whats the time, please?Its _.A. nine thirty-fiveB. forty-eight past sixC. fifty-five to fourD. thirty-one two（）22. January is _ month of the year.A. oneB. the oneC. firstD. the first（）23. There are _ days in a year.A. three hundreds sixty-fiveB. three hundred and sixty-fiveC. the third hundred sixty-fiveD. third hundred and sixty-five（）24. The computer was cheap. I spent only two _ yuan on it.A. thousandsB. thousandC. thousands ofD. thousand of（）25. Please look at the following four pictures and write a _ story about them.A. one-hundred-wordB. one-hundred-wordsC. one-hundreds-wordD. one-hundreds-words（）26. On which floor do you live?The _ floor, and my room number is _.A. fifth; five zero twoB. fifth; five zero secondC. five; five zero secondD. five; five zero two（）27. In our citypeople have moved into their new houses.A. thousandB. thousandsC. thousands ofD. many thousand（）28. Now children, turn to page _ and look at the _ picture in Lesson Two.A. twentieth, oneB. twenty, oneC. twentieth, firstD. twenty, first（）29. _ girls took part in the Super Girl Competition but only few of them succeeded.A. One million ofB. Thousands and millionsC. Millions ofD. Two millions（）30. This is a big class, and _ of the students are girls.A. two thirdB. second threeC. two thirdsD. two three介词讲解：介词是表示句子结构中词与词或句子成分之间关系的一种虚词。它是各地中考英语常考的一个词类，所以大家一定要掌握好介词的相关知识。现对介词的分类与用法作一简单归纳。常用介词用法歌诀in在里面on在上，by和beside在近旁；above表示在上方，below恰好为反向。若表正上用over，under表示正下方。in front of表在前，反义behind在后面。从里穿过用through，表面通过across。进到里面用into，落到上面用onto。from表示自何方，to和towards表朝向。小小介词用处大，反复实践掌握它。一、表示时间和日期的介词in表示年、季节、月份、周，或泛指上午、下午或晚上；on表示某一天，某一天的上午、下午或晚上；at表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点。at表示具体的时刻。at seven oclockat half past twoon主要用于具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上，还用于具有某种特征的一天。on Mondayon August 8th, 2008on the night of National Dayon a rainy eveningin用于世纪、年、季节、月in the 21st century / in 2010 / in spring / in January固定用法in the morning / afternoon / eveningat noon / night / midnight二、表示方位的介词on意为“在的上面”；over意为“在（垂直）的正上方”；above意为“在（不一定垂直）的上方”；under意为“在（垂直的）正下方”；below意为“在（不一定垂直）的下方”；near意为“在附近”；next to意为“紧挨着”；round / around意为“在周围”；by意为“在旁边”；表示两者的位置关系时in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”；on表示“接壤；相邻”；to表示“相离；相隔”，两者不属同一范围，也不接壤。介词意义例句on在上His book is on the desk.under在下The football is under the chair.in在里There is a pencil case in the schoolbag.in front of在前There is a tree in front of the house.behind在后He is standing behind me.beside在旁边Tom is sitting beside the window.三、表示延续时间的介词by意为“在之前；不迟于”；for意为“历时之久；持续”；in意为“在