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第一章第一章 名词名词一、中考考查重点一、中考考查重点1.可数名词与不可数名词可数名词与不可数名词2.名词的单数与复数名词的单数与复数3.名词所有格名词所有格4.单位词单位词5.名词作定语名词作定语e.g a drop of water 考点揭密考点揭密1.掌握名词的概念、分类，名词可分为：普通名词和掌握名词的概念、分类，名词可分为：普通名词和专有名词；专有名词；2.掌握名词复数的构成、用法；名词所有格的构成方掌握名词复数的构成、用法；名词所有格的构成方法及用法；法及用法；3.理解名词在句中的功能，掌握名词作主语、表语、理解名词在句中的功能，掌握名词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法；宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法；4.能够辨析部分名词的用法区别，并熟练运用，如：能够辨析部分名词的用法区别，并熟练运用，如：family, home, house, work, job等等.5.主谓一致的用法。主谓一致的用法。 概念1.表示一类人或事物个体的名词叫个体名词：book ，eraser ， house ， chair， student， waiter表示由若干个个体组合成的集合体的名词称为集体名词: class ， family ， group， team 物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物的名词: milk ，water ， coffee ， tea 抽象名词表示状态品质感情等抽象概念的名词: idea ， happiness ， love ，knowledge， information， advice 名词 专有名词:the Great Wall,Janpanese,America, Beijing University,Tuesday,March,Amy普通名词 可数名词 个体名词： 集体名词： 不可数名词物质名词：抽象名词：pleasure,noise,room,love,knowledge,advice,money可数名词 单数名词: a +（形容词）+单数单数 单数名词：单数名词：an+（形容词）（形容词）+单数单数复数 不可数名词 可数名词的特点1. 有单复数 2. 修饰词与不可数名词不同，如：many, a great many of, a few, few 专门修饰可数名词，不能修饰不可数名词。3. 特殊疑问句问数量时，用 how many 来问。 (1) 单数名词单数名词: a +（形容词）（形容词）+单数单数 注意：注意：a 用于辅音用于辅音音素前，音素前，如： a house, a yellow car, a book, a teacher, a pear (2)单数名词单数名词：an+（形容词）（形容词）+单数单数 注意：注意： *an 用于元音音素前用于元音音素前 *注意后面所跟的词的第一个字注意后面所跟的词的第一个字母的发音，是否发音。母的发音，是否发音。 *注意后面跟的词的第一个字母注意后面跟的词的第一个字母如是元音字母如是元音字母u，所发的音是否，所发的音是否/ju:/,如如是，不定冠词就用是，不定冠词就用aan eraser，an uncomfortable seatan evening，an apple， an orange，an e-mailan egg，an example，an exciting thing，an alarm clockan answer，an anut，an uncle，an action moviean actoran afternoon，an art club， an eventan English student，an ID card记住特殊：an honest ，an hour , a university student, a UFO,（1） 一般词尾一般词尾 直接加直接加s: cap-caps task-tasks star-stars tree-trees house-houses exercise-exercises student-students（2） 以以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词，在词尾加结尾的词，在词尾加es: bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes 但：但：stomach-stomachs （3）以）以f或或fe结尾的词，把结尾的词，把f或或fe改为改为ves: shelf-shelves lifelives knife-knives leaf-leaves wifewives halfhalves wolf-wolves 例外：例外：roof/roofs chief/chiefs2.可数名词的复数形式可数名词的复数形式 (规则变化规则变化)（4) 以辅音字母以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变结尾的词，变y为为i+es: storystories babybabies countrycountries partyparties dictionry-dictionaries例外：例外：daydays boy- boys toy-toys play-plays（5）以）以o结尾的词，有生命力的加结尾的词，有生命力的加es,没有生命力没有生命力的加的加s:( zeros/zeroes 都可以都可以) a. potato-potatoes hero-heroes tomatotomatoes (例外：例外：bamboos) b. radio/radios piano/pianos zoo/zoos photo/photos名词特点词尾加法词尾读音方法例词一般情况加s清辅音后/s/. 元及浊辅后/z/desks apples erasers oranges以s/x/ch/sh结尾加s/iz/boxes glasseswatches以“辅音+y”结尾变y为i再加es/iz/families babies以“-o”结尾有生命的加es无生命的加s/z/potatoes zoos tomatoes photos以“f/fe”结尾变f/fe为v再加es/vz/knives wivesleaves thieves读读法法不规则变化不规则变化1.词本身发生特殊变化：词本身发生特殊变化：2.单复同形：单复同形： （1）man 改成改成men: manmen ,womanwomen gentlemangentlemen policemanpolicemen gentleman-gentlemen(绅士）绅士） (2) oo改成改成ee: footfeet ， toothteeth goosegeese (3) 其它：其它：mousemice ，child childrensheep sheep deer deer ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanesefish-fish3. 表示表示“某国人某国人”的名词，其变化有三种情况的名词，其变化有三种情况 a. 单复数相同单复数相同：a Japanese - five Japanese a Chinese -two Chineseb. 将将man变为变为men: a Frenchman - two Frenchmen ( Englishman-Englishmen Englishwoman -Englishwomen ,Dutchman-Dutchmenc. 以以an结尾的名词，在后面结尾的名词，在后面+s: a German - five Germans ( Russian-Russians American-Americans Indian-Indians Italian -Italians Korean-Koreans AustralianAustralians Canadian-Canadians) 4. 常以复数形式出现的名词常以复数形式出现的名词trousers glasses shorts pantssocks physics goods货物货物 news clothes woods森林森林 thanks fireworks 烟花烟花scissors 5. 复合名词的复数形式复合名词的复数形式a. 将主体名词变为复数将主体名词变为复数looker-on lookers-on 旁观者旁观者 father-in-law fathers-in-law继父继父son-in-law-sons-in-law女婿女婿go-between-go-betweens 中间人中间人grow-up-grow-ups 成人成人a boy studentboy students 男学生男学生 a flower shopflower shops 花店花店 a dining room dining rooms 餐室餐室an apple tree-apple trees 苹果树苹果树girl student-girl students 女学生女学生twin sister-twin sisters 双胞姐妹双胞姐妹twin brother-twin brothers 双胞兄弟双胞兄弟stone bridge-stone bridges 石头桥石头桥b. 当名词的第一个构成部分为当名词的第一个构成部分为man或或 woman时，将时，将2个构成部分均变为复数个构成部分均变为复数a woman teacher - two women teachers a man nurse -two men nursesa man teacher-many men teachersa woman doctor-three women doctors可数名词和不可数名词的共同特点既可做可数名词，又做不可数名词的：既可做可数名词，又做不可数名词的：可数名词可数名词 不可数名词不可数名词 a paper paper 纸a glass glass 玻璃 an iron iron 铁 a room room 空间 a chicken chicken 鸡肉 a beauty beauty 美 a youth youth 青春a fish fish 鱼肉一张报纸一张报纸一个玻璃杯一个玻璃杯一个熨斗一个熨斗一个房间一个房间一只小鸡一只小鸡一个美人一个美人一个青年一个青年一条鱼一条鱼第二部第二部 专题专题词汇词汇 名词名词考点揭密考点揭密典型例题解析典型例题解析课时训练课时训练名词的作用名词的作用主谓一致主谓一致1. 1. 当当class, family, team, group, public class, family, team, group, public 等集体名等集体名词做主语时，如果看成一个整体，动词就用词做主语时，如果看成一个整体，动词就用单数；看成一个个具体成员时，就用复数。单数；看成一个个具体成员时，就用复数。e.g The class are waiting for her. Toms family _ rather big. Toms family _ film fans. is are2. news, 2. news, mathsmaths, politics , politics 表示单数意义，表示单数意义，动词用单数。动词用单数。e.g The news makes her very happy. Maths _ not easy for him. is3. 3. 像像goodgoods s, compass, compasseses, chopstick, chopsticks s, shoe, shoes s, glasses, glasses, trouser trousers s, , savingsavings s,belong,belongs s ，shortshorts s,pant,pants s,stock,stocks s, , scissor scissors s 等表示复数含义的词，动词用复数。等表示复数含义的词，动词用复数。e.g The shoes hers. The savings _ for your future use. are请辨析请辨析: A pair of glasses _ on the table. Two pairs of glasses _ on the table. is areare4. police, people(4. police, people(人们人们), youth(), youth(青年们青年们) ) 只只有单数形式，但表示复数意义，动词用复数。有单数形式，但表示复数意义，动词用复数。e.g The police are gathering in the street. The Chinese people _ peace. love但是: people当“民族”，youth当“男青年”讲时，有单复数之分 e.g He is a youth of 20. Many English-speaking peoples _ this book. like5. 5. 像像deerdeer、sheepsheep等单复同形的词，动词等单复同形的词，动词单复根据具体情况定单复根据具体情况定e.g A deer is over there in the field. A group of deer _ over there in the field. areare6. The poet and musician _ present at the party. The singer and dancer _ just arrived. The bread and the butter _ ready. Bread and butter _ her usual breakfast. 涂了黄油的面包涂了黄油的面包 was has are is8. Both 8. Both and and 的谓语动词用复数形式。的谓语动词用复数形式。e.g. Both he and his father _ there. were7. 7. 采取就近一致原则的句型结构：采取就近一致原则的句型结构： There be e.g. There _ a book and two apples on the desk. not onlybut also e.g Not only you but also he _ right. eitheror e.g Either he or I _ wrong. neithernor e.g Neither she nor I _ right. is is am am e.g Five minutes _ enough to do this. Ten miles journey _ tiring for us. A boats length _ as long as the bed. Two pounds weight _OK. is is 9. 表示时间、距离表示时间、距离 、金额、度量、书名、国名等、金额、度量、书名、国名等的数名词，看作整体，动词用单数。的数名词，看作整体，动词用单数。 e.g Eight hours of sleep_ enough for you . Ten dollars _ too much to pay. is is is is 10. each + 10. each + 单名单名 + and + each + + and + each + 单名单名 every +every +单名单名 + and +every + + and +every + 单名单名 no +no +单名单名 + and + no + + and + no + 单名单名 each of + each of + 复数名词复数名词 one of + one of + 复数名词复数名词every / each +every / each +单名单名+ and + + and + 单名单名 等结构做主语时，名词都表示单数意等结构做主语时，名词都表示单数意义，动词用单数。义，动词用单数。 e.g. Each boy and each girl _ seen the film. No teacher and no student _ come yet. Every knife, fork , and spoon _ to be bought. Each of the students _ a dictionary. has has has hasThe old man（together) with his two sons _ left for America . Miss Wang as well as his friends _ waiting there . Most of the students in our class except Li Lei _ sports every week. has is11. 11. 注注: : 由由 as well as, together with, with, as well as, together with, with, besides, but, exceptbesides, but, except 等词连接两个名词做主语时，等词连接两个名词做主语时，动词形式根据这些词前面的名词的单复数来定。动词形式根据这些词前面的名词的单复数来定。 play 12. part of / most of / some of /12. part of / most of / some of / half of / all of /the rest of / lots of/ half of / all of /the rest of / lots of/ a lot of / plenty of a lot of / plenty of 后接名词做主语时，动词的单复数根据后接名词做主语时，动词的单复数根据ofof后的后的名词名词决定，如是可数名词谓语就用复数，如果是不可数决定，如是可数名词谓语就用复数，如果是不可数名词，谓语用单数名词，谓语用单数。但但one of +one of +可数名词做主语，谓语总用单数。可数名词做主语，谓语总用单数。 e.g Half of his money _ gone . Half of his books _ new. All of the food _ missing. All of her friends _ very honest. One of my friends_ English. is are is are speaks 13. 13. 不可数名词做主语谓语用单数。不可数名词做主语谓语用单数。 e.g A lot of water is flowing the river . Some meat was bought from the store. A piece of meat was found on the table. A bottle of mile is in her hands. are are 注意：但当不可数名词前的数量词是可数名词注意：但当不可数名词前的数量词是可数名词的复数时候，谓语要用复数。的复数时候，谓语要用复数。如：如：Two baskets of meat under the table .Two baskets of meat under the table .Three bottles of milk in my cupboard.Three bottles of milk in my cupboard.【例例1】Today is September 10th.Its_Day.2003，天津，天津 A.Teachers B.Teachers C.the Teachers D.Teachers 典型例题解析典型例题解析【例例2】 Im afraid that there is no_ for you in my car,because there are already five people.2003，山西，山西 A.land B.ground C.room D.floor BC 【例例3】 These Germans want to have some_for supper,so they decide to catch_now.2003，天津，天津 A.fish,many B.fishes,much C.fish,much D.fishes,many 【例例4】 I am thirsty.Would you bring me_,please? 2003，广东，广东 A.some bread B.some water C.some cakes D.some eggs 【例例5】 Some_are flying kites near the river. 2003，长沙，长沙 A.child B.boy C.boys D.childs AB C1.The rich_not always happy. A.are B.is C.have D.has2.In Britain,_are all painted red. A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box3.There are four_and two_in the group. A.Japanese，Germen B.Japaneses，Germen C.Japanese，German D.Japanese，Germans4.She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become her second_. A.home B.family C.house D.country5.Mother brought me_. A.a good news B.a piece of news C.many good news D.two news 课时训练课时训练AADAB6.March 8th is _Day. A.Womans B.Womens C.Womans D.Women7.We can do the work better with_money and _ people. A.less,fewer B.fewer,less C.little,little D.few, few8.There are three_in our class. A.Zhous B.Zhous C.Zhous D.Zhouss9.Its about ten_walk. A.minutes B.minutes C.minute D.minutes10.This room is_. A.Bill and Davids B.Bills and Davids C.Bills and Davids D.Bill and David 课时训练课时训练(B)(A)(B)(B)(A)11.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China. A.city B.cities C.citys D.the cities12.Would you like_? A.some more meat B.any more meat C.many more meat D.more much meat13.What can I do for you, sir? Id like two_. A.bottle of milk B.bottles of milks C.bottles of milk D.bottle of milks14.Toms car is more beautiful than_. A.his brothers and sister B.his brother and sister C.his brothers and sisters D.his brothers and sisters15.“Nightingal Prize”is for_. A.workers B.scientists C.doctors D.nurses 课时训练课时训练BACD D11.The market isnt far from here. Its only _bicycle ride. A.half an hours B.half an hours C.half an hour D.an hour and a half12.-help yourself to _. -Thank s. Mumit tastes good. A.some chickens B.a chicken C.some chicken D.any chicken13.What _do you like best? I like football. A.food B.subject C.sport D.music14.-Whose room are these?-they are our_. A.teachers room B.teachers room C.teachers rooms D.rooms of teachers15.Thats _ A.a red shirt of Mary B.a red shirt of Marys C.Marys a red shirt D.Marys the red shirt 课时训练课时训练BCCc B.将下列词组译成英语将下列词组译成英语1.三双鞋三双鞋 _2.二十个女教师二十个女教师 _3.两瓶橘汁两瓶橘汁 _4.Tom父亲的一个朋友父亲的一个朋友 _5.少年宫少年宫 _ 课时训练课时训练there pairs of shoestwenty women teacherstwo bottles of orange juicea friend of Toms fathersthe Childrens Palace
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