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句子成分（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） （4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语） （5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）（二）谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） We dont finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语） She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语） He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语） We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语） 说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给看），bring, pass, buy等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等 （1）I give him a book. 改成： （2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。） 改成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （4）He will buy me some books. 改成： （5）She is making me a cake. 改成： （四）宾语补足语 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如：They make her happy.（形容词） I see her dance.（不定式） Well help you to make the Olympics a success.（名词） Please let him in.（副词） We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）（五）表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如：I am a teacher.（名词） He is always happy.（形容词） They are on the playground now.（介词短语） It gets cold.（形容词） Be动词（am，is，are, was, were）系动词 表保持（keep, stay, remain） 表改变（get， become， turn） 感官动词（feel，sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来）如：It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语） We should all remain careful. Remain（为系动词， careful为表语） （六）定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如：The black bike is mine.（形容词） Whats your name?（代词） They make paper flowers.（名词） 说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语） He has something to do. （to do为不定式作后置定语） 说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。）（七）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如：He did it carefully.（副词） We often help him.（副词） Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语） He sits there.（副词地点状语）练习：(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语My brotherdoesntdohis homework.A B C DPeoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. A B C D How many newwordsdoyoulearn? A B C D Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? A B C D(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old manisfeelingverytired. A B C D Why isheworriedaboutJim? A B C DTheleaveshaveturnedyellow. A B C D SoonTheyallbecome interestedin the subject. A B C D Sheisthe firstto learnabout it. A B C D(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname. A B C DWhatisyourgivenname? A B C D On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. A B C D I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepthe floor. A B C DThe mandownstairswastryingto sleep.A B C D（四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room.A B C D Heasksherto take the boyout of school.A B C D Shefinditdifficultto do the work. A B C D TheycallmeLilysometimes. A B C DIsawMr. Wangget on the bus.A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的状语Thereisa big smileon her face. A B C DEvery nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. A B C D Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven.A B C DThe manon the motorbikeis travellingto fast.A B C DWith the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off. A B C D(六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语（ ） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Does he leave any message for me?句子结构 基本句型一：（主语）（系动词）（表语）1. This2. The dinner3. Everything4. He5. The trouble6. Our well7. He8. His faceissmells looksis growingishas gonebecameturnedan English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。good.午餐的气味很好。different. 一切看来都不同了。 tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。dry.我们的井干枯了。a teacher when he was 21. 他二十一岁时做了老师。red.他的脸红了。基本句型二: （主语）（不及物动词）1.The sun2.The moon3.Who4.We all5.What he said6.They7. The pen8.The plane which started from Hongkong at noonwas shining. rose. cares?breathe, eat, and drink.does not matter.talkedfor half an hour.writessmoothlyarrived here at four p.m.1.太阳在照耀着。2. 月亮升起了。3.管它呢？4.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.他所讲的没有什么关系。6. 他们谈了半个小时。7.这支笔书写流利。8.中午由香港起飞的那架飞机下午四时到达了这里。基本句型三: （主语）（及物动词）（宾语）1.Who2.She 3.He4. He5. They6. He7. I8. Heknowssmiled has refusedenjoysatesaidwantadmitsthe answer? 谁知道答案？her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。reading. 他喜欢看书。what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。Good morning.他说：“早上好！”to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型四: (主语)（及物）（多指人） （多指物）1. She2. She3. He4. He5. I6. I7. I8. Heorderedcookedbroughtdeniesshowedgavetoldshowedherselfher husbandyouherhimmy carhimmea new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。my pictures.我给他看我的照片。a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。注意：直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，间接宾语前加介词to的动词有：give, tell , lend , sell, teach, send( write, show , return, bring, pass, leave, offer, hand, etc. 间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：buy, choose, get , make, order, sing , do , play, fetch, find。基本句型五(主语)（及物）（宾语） （宾补）1. They2. They3. This4. They5. What6. We7. He8. Iappointedpaintedsetfoundmakessawaskedsawhimthe doorthemthe househimhimmethemmanager.他们任命他当经理。green. 他们把门漆成绿色。thinking.这使得他们要细想一想。deserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。think so?他怎么会这样想？out. 我们送他出去。to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。getting on the bus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。注意：宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。常见的接复合宾语的动词有：ask, tell, want, wish, like, hate, see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, have, let, consider, think, believe, discover,judge, suppose等。句子时态动词时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时；过去将来时；现在完成进行时。一、一般现在时态1一般现在时的用法1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作。这时句中常用always，usually，often， every day，sometimes，on Sundays，once a week，how often等时间状语。He sweeps the floor every day. 他每天打扫地板。We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心，互相帮助。2）表示现在的状态、特征，所以表示状态和感觉的动词，如 be，like，hate，think，remember，find，sound等常用一般现在时。 Are you afraid of snakes? 你害怕蛇吗？What is your mother? 你妈妈是做什么工作的？3）描述自然现象或客观真理。 The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕太阳转。In autumn, leaves change from green to brown.4) 书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。5) 代替将来时。(1) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。If you come this afternoon，well have a meeting如果你今天下午来的话，我们就开个会。(2) 表示按计划、时间表要发生的动作。这时句中都带有时间状语，但限于下列情况。A. 往返移动的动词：come，leave，go，move, ride, sail, arrive，return等。B. 表示开始结束的动词：begin，stop，start，open， close，end等。The train starts at nine in the morning早上火车九点钟开。2.与一般现在时连用的时间状语常见的有：always，usually，often，sometimes，on Sundays，once a week，how often等。3.一般现在时的四个基本句型谓语动词是be谓语动词是do主语是：第三人称单数主语是：非第三人称单数特别词am/ is/ aredoesdo肯定句He is a teacher.He goes to school every day.They go to school every day.否定句He is not a teacher.He doesnt go to school every day.They dont go to school every day.一般疑问句Is he a teacher?Does he go to school every day?Do they go to school every day?Yes, he is.No, he isnt.Yes, he does.No, he doesnt.Yes, they do.No, they dont.特殊疑问句What is he?What does he do every day?What do they do every day?4.动词第三人称单数构成规则 一般在动词尾加s play plays 以s. x. ch. sh结尾的动词在词尾加es watch watches 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先改y为i, 再加esstudy studies 特殊的有 be is have has go goes巩固练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空1._(be) Tom and I in the same class? Yes , you _.(be)2.Three years_(be)a long time.3.Your new book_(be)over there.4.Here_(be)a flower for you.5.There is a book on it, but there_(be)a ball and two cats under it.6.This pair of trousers_(be)short.7.There_(be)much milk in this glass.8.The woman_(look)like our teacher.9.Jims sister_(do)her homework every day.10._he_(go)to bed at 7 every night?二、一般过去时1. 一般过去时的用法1）表示过去某个时间发生的且已完成的动作, 常与表过去的时间状语连用。I tried to telephone you last night, but the line was out of order and I couldnt get through. 昨晚我想打电话给你，但线路出了毛病。2) 表示在过去存在或持续了一段时间的状态，亦常与表过去的时间状语连用。Jim was 12 years old when I first met him. 当我初次见吉姆时，他12岁。3) 表示过去经常发生的动作或多次反复的行为。Whenever I went to the movies, I sat in the cheapest seats. 我每次看电影都坐最便宜的比较：He often goes to the park with his friends.（现在经常去，用一般现在时）He often went to the park when he was in the college.（过去经常去，用一般过去时）2.与一般过去时连用的时间状语常见的有：yesterday/ last night/ in 1990/ once/ two days ago/ the day before yesterday 4.动词的过去式和过去分词的规则变化一般在动词词尾加ed 例: want wanted 以e结尾的动词，只加d 例: live lived以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为i，再加ed 例: study studied以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这一辅音字母，再加ed 例: stop stopped3.一般过去时的四个基本句型谓语动词是be谓语动词是do肯定句He was in the room yesterday.They watched TV yesterday.否定句He was not in the room yesterday.They didnt watch TV yesterday.一般疑问句Was he in the room yesterday?Did they watch TV yesterday?Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.Yes, they did. No, they didnt.特殊疑问句Where was he yesterday?What did they do yesterday?巩固练习：改错1.We was in the factory yesterday.2. Did the twins make any paper flowers? -Yes, they do.3.Every day she went shopping with us.4. They stoped to have a rest after walking so far.5.They didnt went on a picnic last week.6. What did they made last Sunday.7.She was went to school early yesterday.8. The students were make many paper kites yesterday afternoon.9.Who did went to the park yesterday?10. She reads the book yesterday and listened to the radio.三、现在进行时1. 现在进行时的用法1) 表示现在（说话时）正在进行的动作或某些体感动词的持续状态。I am reading an English book now. 我现在正在读一本英语书。2) 当前一段时期内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作， 有可能此动作说话时没在进行。He is writing a novel(小说) this year. 今年他在写一部小说。3）表示根据安排在最近的将来要发生的动作，常伴有时间状语。此用法常用于下列表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词：arrive, begin, close, come, die, drive, end, fall, fly, go, land, leave, open, move, return, start, stop, travel, take off 等。We are leaving here tomorrow. 我们明日离开这里。I am coming. 我马上就来（将会来）。He is leaving Wuhan for Beijing. 他将离开武汉去北京。（将离开）What is Jim doing on vacation? 吉姆度假打算做什么？（将做什么）4) 与always, constantly, continually, forever等连用时表示某种感情色彩，如不耐烦、不满意、令人恼火的习惯性的事情。My car is always breaking down just when I need it most. 我的车老是在我最需要时出毛病。5）表示“关切、礼貌、强调、赞美”等。Are you feeling better today? (表关切) Im hoping youll come.(表礼貌)Im telling you the truth. (表强调) You are doing fine work at school.(表赞美)6) 用于解释或归纳前面说的话。When I say somebody is lazy, Im not referring to you. 当我说某人懒惰时，不是指的你。注意：1）表示感觉，愿望和状态的动词如 have，be，hear，see，like等词一般不用进行时。2) 进行时表示动作的进行，不关注整个动作过程，不关注动作是否完成。2与现在进行时连用的时间状语常见的有：now ，these days，或有look，listen等的提示。3. 现在进行时的构成及四个基本句型构 成be +现在分词 am / is / are+ doing肯定句He is watching TV now.否定句He is not watching TV now.一般疑问句Is he watching TV now? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.特殊疑问句What is he doing now?4. 动词现在分词的构成 一般在动词尾加ing 例：play playing 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e加ing 例：make making 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这一辅音字母，再加ing。 特殊的有 lielying tie tying die dying babysitbabysitting hiccup hiccupping巩固练习：写出下列动词的现在分词be_work_hike _smell _ take _run _be _put _ do _ lie _get _ listen _study _ go _ die _四、过去进行时1. 过去进行时的用法1) 过去某个时间正在发生的动作。When I came into the room, they were watching TV. 我走进房间时，他们正在看电视。2) 过去某段时间正在发生的动作。I was staying here from March to May last year. 去年从3月到5月，我一直呆在这里。3) 过去进行时可与一般过去时一起使用，用于描述一个动作进行过程中另一个动作发生。Jim was reading when the teacher came in. 当老师进来的时候，吉姆正在读书。注意下面句子的区别：Jim came in while Kate was watching TV. 在凯特正在看电视的时候，吉姆进来了。Jim was reading while Kate was watching TV. 在凯特正在看电视的同时，吉姆正在读书。4) 也能与always, constantly, continually, forever等连用时表示某种感情色彩。My brother was always losing his key. 我弟弟总是丢失钥匙。5）也用于解释或归纳前面说的话。Why didnt you answer the door? Sorry, I didnt heard the bell. I was watching TV.2. 与过去进行时连用的时间状语过去进行时表示过去某一阶段、某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与时间状语或状语从句连用。但有时需要根据上下文语境来判断。常见的有at nine last night/ at that time= then/at this time yesterday或有when the teacher came in/ while he was reading的提示。3. 过去进行时与一般过去式的区别1）过去进行时表示短暂的动作，而一般过去式可用于较长时间或永久性的情况。请比较：He watched TV last night.（过去时间last night, 用一般过去时）He was watching TV at nine last night.(过去时间last night + 点时间at nine, 用过去进行时)2）过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作，而一般过去时表示一个已经完成的动作。请比较：He was writing a book last year. (此书可能尚未写完)He wrote a book last year. (此书已经写完)4. 过去进行时的构成及四个基本句型构 成was / were + 现在分词（doing）肯定句 He was cooking at six last night.否定句 He was not cooking at six last night.一般疑问句 Was he cooking at six last night? Yes ,he was. No, he wasnt.特殊疑问句 What was he doing at six last night?巩固练习: 填空1.Now Jims sister _(read) newspapers.2.He _(watch)TV at nine last night.3.He _(watch)TV last night.4.What _the twins _(do) then?5._ Lily _(draw) a cat when the teacher came in ? No, she _.6._you _(have) supper at that time?7.Jack _(not read) a book at nine yesterday evening.8.Now Jim _(play) basketball on the playground.9.What _ he _ (do) at nine oclock last night.10.They _ (listen) to the music at that time.五、现在完成时1. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时的使用有下列两种情况：1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响句中没有具体时间状语，但是可以与不明确指出具体时间的状语连用，如：already, yet, ever, never, just, recently, before等。这种情况主要是指过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：强调结果。I have never seen such a beautiful girl before.2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和 since表示一段时间的状语或 so far，up to now, now，today, this week( month，year), in the past few years, how long, how many times等表示包括现在时问在内的状语。这种情况主要是指过去已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态：强调继续。He has studied English for 5 years他学习英语已经五年了。注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如 come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。2.现在完成时的构成和四个基本句型构 成have/has十过去分词（done）肯定句He has finished the work.否定句He has not finished the work.一般疑问句Has he finished the work? Yes ,he has. No, he hasnt.特殊疑问句What has he done?3. 在下列情形下用现在完成时1）与现在完成时连用的：already ,yet, ever, never, just, before, so far, how long, how many times 2）for 与since的区别：for two monthsfor +一段时间Jim has lived here for 2 months.since last yearsince +过去点时间Lucy has been in Beijing since 3 years ago.since 3 years agosince 1990since he came heresince +过去时态句子He has been in China since he came here.3）havegone to去了某地 例：He has gone to Beijing (去了北京)havebeen to去过某地 例：He has been to Beijing. (去过北京)4）如果句子里面没有时间状语，汉语意思能够加“已经”，往往用现在完成时态。例：Have you lost your library book? 你已经弄丢了从图书馆借的那本书吗？5）现在完成时态还常常用于下列句型：They have planted many trees in the last few years. 在过去的几年，他们已经种了很多树。This is the best book I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最好的一本书。It is the first time I have played the computer games. 这是我第一次玩电脑游戏。4在现在完成时中，一次性动词不能和一段时间状语连用例：He has bought the book for 3 years.（错）因buy这个一次性动词不能和一段时间for 3 years连用, 改正的办法有五种： He has had the book for 3 years. （用延续性动词have代替buy） He bought the book 3 years ago (改为一般过去时，使句子的意思不变) Its 3 years since he bought the book. = 3 years has passed since he bought the book.（改为固定句型 It is -since-） He has not bought the book for 3 years.（改为否定句） He has bought the book. (去掉一段时间for 3 years)注意： 还有其他一次性动词也是这种情况，可参照前面的五种办法改正，后四种改法都一样，第一种改法各不相同，举例如下：come/arrive/get to/reach be here例：I have come here for 3 years.（错） 改为：I have been here for 3 years.leave/go be away例：He has left for 3 hours.（错） 改为：He has been away for 3 hours.begin/start be on例：The film has begun for 3 minutes.（错）改为：The film has been on for 3 minutes.open be open / close be closed例：The shop has opened for 3 years.(错) 改为：The shop has been open for 3 years.die be dead例：His father has died for 3 years.(错) 改为：His father has been dead for 3 years.finish/end be over例：He has finished the work for 3 days.(错) 改为：The work has been over for 3 daysjoin 例：I have joined the army for 3 years.（错）改为：I have been in the army for 3 years. 或I have been a soldier for 3 years.buy /catch have例：I have bought the bike for 3 years.（错）改为：I have had the bike for 3 years.例：He has caught a cold for 3 days.（错） 改为：He has had a cold for 3 days.borrow keep例：I have borrowed the book for 3 years. （错）改为：I have kept the book for 3 years.还有其它的归纳如下：break be broken get up be upmarry be married become be lose be lost 5. 延续性动词和终止性动词延续性动词：表示的动作是能延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。如：learn work stand lie know walk keep have wait watch sing read sleep live终止性动词：也叫非延续性动词，瞬间动词，一次性动词。表示的动作不能延续，即动作发生后立即结束，产生某种结果。在有了某种结果后，动作就不能再继续下去。如：leave start set out arrive reach get to begin stop shut turn off marry put put on get up wake fall join meet receivefinish end complete become come go die open close break give jump buy borrow6. 终止性动词不能和一段时间状语连用。He has died for three days. （错，终止性动词die不能和一段时间for three days连用）巩固练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Thanks a lot. Its sunny again. It _(rain) for a long time.2._Mr. Li _(live) here since 8 years old?3.Since Mr. Li came here, he _(teach) in this
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