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对应学生用书对应学生用书P P217 217 语法归纳归纳语法归纳语法 分类详解分类详解数词数词一、数词的定义表示数目或顺序的词叫数词，包括基数词和序数词。二、基数词12199的两位数，在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成：21twentyone89eightynine2101999的三位数：由hundred加and再加二位数：101one hundred and one125one hundred and twentyfive31000以上：从个位向前数，每三位为一节，加“，”，第一个“，”为thousand，第二个“，”为million，然后一节一节表示：10,001ten thousand and one2,526two thousand five hundred and twentysix23,526twentythree thousand five hundred and twentysix334,527three hundred and thirtyfour thousand five hundred and twentyseven20,713,246twenty million seven hundred and thirteen thousand two hundred and fortysix注：hundred 百，thousand 千，million 百万，billion 十亿前有基数词时，其本身只用单数形式，不加“s”。如作定语时，放在被修饰的复数名词前。two hundred workers 200名工人nine hundred million people九亿人民上述几个词作名词用时，其前不能有基数词，但可用several或many等，本身用复数构成。hundreds of名词/代词的复数形式。thousands and thousands of.成千上万millions upon millions of.亿万个several thousands of数千但：(1)score后接名词时可加of，接时间不加offour score of books80本书three score years old60岁(2)名词前有定冠词the，指示代词these，those，物主代词your，his，her.修饰时，可用ofSix hundred of his sheep are shipped to the Middle East every week.他每周发往中东600只羊。two dozen of her eggs二十四个鸡蛋five score of the computers 100台电脑4用基数词构成加减乘除的表达式：5510Five and five is ten.1055Ten minus five equals five.4002510,000400 times 25 is 10,000.4002020400 divided by 20 is 20.5基数词的用法：在句中多半作定语，修饰名词或代词，也可以作主语，宾语，表语等。aThere are forty students in the classroom.(定语)教室里有40个学生。bFour and three is seven.(主语)4加3等于7。cThe correct answer is five.(表语)正确答案是5。注意：基数词的用法：还可以和名词一起用连字符号，构成复合词作定语。这时无论名词或数词一般都不用复数形式：Three fiveyearold girls often played in the square.3个5岁女孩经常到广场来玩。三、序数词1序数词的构成(1)第一、第二、第三为独立的词onefirst(1st)twosecond(2nd)threethird(3rd)(2)从第四开始均以th结尾fourfourthsixsixthelevenelevenththirteenthirteenthone hundredone hundredth注意：fivefifthtwelvetwelftheighteighthnineninth(3)整十的(ty)变y为i加ethtwentytwentieththirtythirtiethfiftyfiftiethninetyninetieth(4)合成词只变最后一个fortyonefortyfirstsixtythreesixtythirdone hundred and fiftynineone hundred and fiftyninth四、序数词的用法主要在其前加定冠词，修饰名词作定语。若序数词前已有物主代词修饰，则不用定冠词。The first part is hard to read.第一部分很难懂。He failed in his second test.他第二次考试没过。注意：在比赛中某人或某个球队名列第几时，序数词前不加the。He came out first in the match.他获得比赛第一名。五、序号的表示法1the序数词事物名词注意：表“又一、再一”时序数词前加a，不用the。2事物名词(不用定冠词)基数词注意：通常用第二种方法，特别是数较长时，常常避免用序数词。Book 1the first bookLesson 5the fifth lessonRoom 205(第205号房间)the two hundred and fifth room六、分数、小数、百分数的表达1分数：分数由分子基数词，分母序数词构成，当分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式加s。1/2one half1/3one third2/3two thirds1/4one quarter(one fourth)2小数：小数点读point；0读zero，o或naught；小数点前的数按基数词读，小数点后的数字按个位数词，依次读出。5316读作fiftythree point one six314读作three point one four06读作zero point six3百分数：百分数中的%由percent表示。30%thirty percent1%one percent52%fiftytwo percent七、年、月、日、时的表达1表示在某年或某月，用介词in，月份名称要大写。in 2005 ，in October2表示在某日，用介词on。日期用基数词、序数词均可，但读成序数词。on June 7/on June 7th读作：on June the seventh3表示某年某月某日，要先说月份，次说日期，后说年份。in October,2004on May 4th,2005in May,20064表示在几点，用介词at。He gets up at six every morning.注：表示在“几十年代”用介词in the整10的数词复数。in the 1980s或in the nineteen eighties在20世纪80年代表示人的约略年龄用in ones整10的数词复数。He began to learn English in his thirties.他30岁时开始学英语。主谓一致主谓一致一、主语和谓语一致的三条原则在英语中，主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词采取相应的形式。在处理主谓一致时，有如下三条原则：1语法一致语法一致即在语法形式上取得一致。The number of errors was surprising.错误之多是惊人的。2意义一致意义一致即从意义上着眼处理主谓一致关系。例如，主语形式虽为单数，但在意义上却为复数，谓语动词应采取复数形式；主语形式虽为复数，但在意义上视为单数，谓语动词应采取单数形式。The crowd were fighting for their lives.这些人正为生存而战斗。Three years in a strange land seems like a long time.在异国的土地上生活了3年，看起来是很长的时间。3就近原则就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的用做主语的词语。Not only his children but also he himself wants to go there.不仅他的孩子们想去，而且他本人也想去那里。Either my close friend or I am going to work there.不是我的好朋友就是我将去那里工作。二、并列结构作主语时1由and连接的两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数形式。但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。A young man and a girl want to go there.(主语表示复数概念)一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里。Fire and water do not agree.水火不相容。The premier and foreign minister was there.(主语表示单数概念)总理兼外交部长在场。注意：有时用and连接起来的两个单数主语，谓语动词可以是单数，也可以是复数。Three and five makes/make eight.3加5等于8。 Time and tide wait/waits for no man.谚语岁月不等人。A needle and thread was found on the floor.在地板上找到了穿了线的针。2用and连接起来的不定式短语或主语从句，若构成一个单一概念时，其谓语动词也用单数形式。Early to rise and early to go to bed is a good habit.早起早睡是个好习惯。3由and连接起来作主语的两个单数名词，前面有every，each或no等词修饰，意义上仍为单数，谓语动词用单数形式。At Christmas，each boy and each girl is given a present.圣诞节，每个男孩和女孩都得到了一份礼物。No fly and no mosquito has been found in that hotel.那个旅馆里连一只苍蝇和蚊子也未曾发现过。4一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，用以表示两个不同的事物时，谓语动词一般用复数；若该名词指同一个人或事物时，谓语动词用单数，例如最后一个例句。The Chinese and Japanese language have something in common.汉语和日语有相同之处。American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than British beer.美国啤酒和荷兰啤酒的度数都比英国啤酒淡。The steel and iron industry plays an important role in national economy.钢铁工业在国民经济中起着很重要的作用。5由not only.but also，either.or，neither.nor或or连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单数形式或复数形式以离它最近的名词的单复数形式而定。“Either you or I am mad，”Napoleon declared.“不是你疯了，就是我疯了，”拿破仑断然地说。Neither the teacher nor the students know anything about this matter.老师和同学们都不知道此事。6主语后跟有as much as，more than，no less than，rather than等连词或but，besides，except，in addition to，like，with，along with，together with等介词连接的词语，谓语动词的数与前面主语的数相一致。The captain，as well as the coaches，was disappointed in the team.除了教练外，队长也对此队感到失望。Tom，along with his friends，goes skating every Saturday.每个星期六，汤姆和他的朋友们一起去滑冰。Man，no less than the lower forms of life，is the product of the evolutionary process.人和各种较低级的动物差不多，是进化过程的产物。The father，rather than the brothers，is responsible for the loss.损失的责任应由父亲而不是由兄弟们来承担。三、不定代词作主语时1当不定代词all作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数形式；当all表示物时，谓语动词用单数形式。All are eager to reach an agreement.大家都急于达成一项协议。(人)All is ready for the reception.招待会的一切工作都做好了。(事)All was silent.万籁俱寂。(物)2如果主语是“either/neither of复数名词或代词”结构担任时，一般根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。Has either of your parents visited you？你爸爸或妈妈来看过你吗？Neither of them wants to come.他们俩都不想来。3both作主语时总是用做复数Both(of the answers)are correct.两个(答案)都对。四、分数、百分数作主语时1当“per cent(percent)of复数名词(或集体名词)”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；当“per centof单数名词(或不可数名词)”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Forty percent of the students in our school are girls.我们学校40%的学生是女生。North of the earth about 61 percent of the surface is covered by water.北半球有61%的表面被水覆盖着。Ninety percent of the work has been done.已经干完了90%的工作。2分数作主语时，一般根据意义一致的原则来决定谓语动词的单数或复数形式。具体地说，“几分之几of单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；如果“几分之几of复数名词或代词”，谓语动词用做复数形式。Threefourths of the surface of the earth is sea.地球表面积的3/4是海洋。Twothirds of the area is covered by trees.这个地区的2/3被森林覆盖着。Twothirds of the people present are against the plan.在场的2/3的人反对这个计划。五、表示“全体、许多、部分、一半”等意义的词语作主语时1most，the rest，the last，the remainder等作主语比较：(1)Only 20 students were in the classroom，the rest were absent.(2)I offered him a little money，the rest was left to myself.当主语是most，the rest，the last，the remainder等表示“全体”“部分”“其余”“剩下的”人或物等意义时，其谓语一般应遵循意义一致的原则，随意思决定用单数或复数，即：如果所指的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；如果所指的是单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。Three of us will go，and the rest are to stay here.我们中的3个人去，其余的人留在这儿。The rest of the lecture is interesting.讲演的其余部分是有趣的。The last southward wild geese are gone.最后一批南飞的雁群远去了。The last of the wine is gone.最后一点酒也没有了。2town，city，country，village，school等作主语当town，city，country，village，school等分别表示全体镇民、全体居民、国民、村民、全校学生时，谓语动词用复数；当这些名词之前常用定冠词the修饰，也可以用形容词whole作定语，表示整体的，谓语动词用单数。The whole village are going to the old mans funeral today.全体村民今天都准备参加这位老人的葬礼。The whole school hopes that its football team will win the match.全校学生都希望该校的足球队赢得那场比赛。3lots of，heaps of，loads of，plenty of，a great deal of，a lot of等作主语如果主语是由lots of(许多)，heaps of(许多)，loads of(大量、许多)，plenty of，a great deal of，a lot of等加上名词构成时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后的名词的单复数形式：如果名词是单数形式，动词也采用单数形式；如果名词是复数形式，动词也采用复数形式。Loads of big apples are on the ground.地上有许多大苹果。A lot of fresh milk was given to them.(有人)给了他们许多鲜牛奶。4half of不可数名词或单数名词作主语“half of不可数名词或单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；如果of之后接复数名词，谓语动词用复数。Half of work is done.一半工作做完了。Half of the books are novels.一半书籍是小说。5“oneand a half复数名词”作主语当“oneand a half复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the plate.盘子里还有一个半苹果。One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。注意：one or two后接复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。One or two days are enough to see the city.游览这座城市一、二天时间就够了。There are one or two things I want to talk over with you.我有一两件事情想要跟你商量一下。6“plenty of名词”作主语(1)“plenty of不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Plenty of the money comes from donations.很多钱来自捐款。(2)“plenty of可数复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。Plenty of the members are willing to go there.很多人愿意去那里。六、名词化的形容词作主语时1当主语是由“the形容词或过去分词”结构担任时，如果指一类人或事物，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指某一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。Only the poor know what poverty means.只有穷人才知道贫困意味着什么。The departed was a good friend of his.死者是他的一个好朋友。The good in him overweighs the bad.他的优点大于缺点。2表示前后照应的词组，如：the above，the below，the former，the latter等，应根据所指对象决定动词单、复数形式。The above is/are the most important fact/facts.上述是最重要的事实。Of pigs and cows，the former are less valuable.在猪和奶牛中，前者价值少。七、形式为复数、意义为单数的名词作主语时1当名词词组中心词是表示度量、时间、价格等复数名词时，往往把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语动词采用单数形式。Ten dollars is not enough.10元钱是不够的。Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.步行15里对我来说是较长的路程了。2以ics结尾表示学科名词的词作主语，通常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有：athletics(体育)，economics(经济学)，electronics(电子学)，mathematics(数学)，phonetics(语音学)，physics(物理学)等。但当这些名词表示有关方面的活动、情况、见解、原理等意思时，谓语动词需用复数形式。Physics is taught by George Yang.物理学是由乔治杨讲授。Mathematics is an important subject.数学是一门重要学科。What are his politics？他的政见如何？His mathematics are not good.他的数学不好。3一些复数形式的名词，如：trousers，pants(短衬裤、裤子)，tongs(钳子)，glasses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)等有成双部分的衣物名称或工具名称作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但是当这类名词前用a pair of时用单数，用two pairs of时用复数。My blue trousers have worn out.我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。Her glasses are new.她的眼镜是新的。There is a pair of compasses on the desk.课桌上有只圆规。There are two pairs of tongs in the box.盒子里有两把钳子。This pair of scissors was made in Hangzhou.这把剪刀是杭州制造的。4一本书、一个组织、一个国家的名称或一句格言用做主语时，尽管是复数形式，谓语动词通常用单数。但是表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词往往看做复数。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.天方夜谭是流传世界各地的名著。The United Nations is an international organization.联合国是一个国际组织。The New York Times has a wide circulation.纽约时报销路很广。The Alps rise over four countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了4个国家的国境。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚加拉瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。5有几个单复数形式都带s词尾的名词在用做主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式视主语意义而定。这些名词有：headquarters(指挥部)，means(手段)，series(系列)，species(种类)，works(工厂)等。Their headquarters are in Paris.他们的司令部在巴黎。All possible means have been tried.一切可能用的方法都试过了。6还有一些以s结尾的名词通常用做复数，谓语动词用复数形式。这些名词有：arms(武器)，contents(内容)，fireworks(烟火)，goods(货物)，minutes(会议记录)，morals(道德)，oats(燕麦)，riches(财富)，stairs(楼梯)，suburbs(郊区)，surroundings(环境)，thanks(感谢)，wages(工资)等。The contents of this book are most fascinating.这本书的内容极吸引人。The surroundings here are usually quiet.这里的环境一向很安静。八、the number of，many a.等作主语时1the number of.(的数目)短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而a number of.(许多)短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。The number of the people who own cars is increasing every year.拥有小汽车的人数逐年增加。A large number of people have applied for the job.许许多多的人申请做这项工作。2如果主语由“many a，more than one单数名词”构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。Many a student has made that mistake.许多学生都犯那种错误。There is more than one answer to your question.对你的这个问题有不止一个答案。九、集体名词作主语时集体名词以单数形式出现。当集体名词作主语时，谓语动词有时用单数，有时用复数，须根据不同情况或意义而定。1集体名词cattle(牛)，militia(民兵)，police，clerk(职员)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害虫)等，在句中作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。The cattle were still grazing in the fields.牛还在地里吃草。The poultry have done mischief among the flowers in our garden.家禽把花园里的花都弄坏了。2有些集体名词如audience(听众，观众)，board(委员会)，class(班级)，crew(全体船员)，committee(委员会)，family，government，team，group等等，既可以用做单数，也可以用做复数。用做单数时，在意义上是把集体名词看成一个整体；用做复数时，是指集体名词中的各个成员。The audience is enormous.观众的数目是很大的。The committee has considered your request.委员会已考虑了你的要求。The committee are divided in their opinion.这个委员会的委员们意见不一致。注意：当上述形容词用做名词，作某种语言讲时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Chinese is a difficult language.汉语是一种很难学的语言。English is spoken in many countries.很多国家说英语。3有些以ch，ese，iss，sh结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与定冠词the连用，指整个民族，表示复数意义，谓语动词需用复数名词。The Chinese are kind and friendly.中国人亲切、友好。The English like to be with their family at Christmas.英国人在圣诞节喜欢跟家人一起过。十、“one of复数名词定语从句”结构中的动词形式1在“one of复数名词定语从句”的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的数，应由它所修饰的先行词的数来决定，如果根据意义确定该结构中的先行词是复数名词，从句中谓语动词则用复数形式。This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是已问过的最有趣的问题之一。This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.这就是那次大火中烧毁的房间之一。2在以上两个例句中，定语从句的先行词分别是questions，rooms，所以定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式。有时根据意义可以判定先行词为one，特别是当one之前有the only或any等作定语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词采用单数形式。Mary is the youngest one who plays in the band.玛丽是参加乐队伴奏的最年轻的姑娘。This is the only one of his short stories that is not well written.这是他唯一的一篇写得不好的短篇故事。十一、从句作主语时1在“主语连系动词表语”的结构中，如果以what从句作主语，表语又是单数，主句谓语动词应该用单数，这时what等于the thing that；如果表语是复数，那么主句谓语动词的数用复数。What hed like most for a birthday present is a camera.他最渴望的生日礼物是一架照相机。What his father left him are a few English books.他父亲留给他的仅是几本英语书而已。2当what从句是具有复数意义的并列结构时，主句中的动词形式用复数。What I say and think are no business of you.我说的和我想的与你无关。3其他以who，why，how，whether或that引导的名词性从句作主语时，一般作单数处理，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。Why she did this is not known.她为什么做这件事还不清楚。Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me.她是否来与我没有什么关系。4两个由and连接的名词性从句作主语，如果表示两件事情，其谓语动词用复数。What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.造成事故的原因是什么，谁应对事故负责，对我们来说还是一个谜。对应专题对应专题 分类训练分类训练 温温示示提提馨馨
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