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一、并列连词：（一）连词的概念：连词是一种虚词，不能担任一个句子成分。连词在句中主要起连接词与词、短语与短语及句子和句子的作用。它主要是包括并列连词和从属连词。（二）并列连词的分类： 表示意思转折的连词but, yet, however 表示因果关系的连词for, so, therefore 其他并列连词and, or, eitheror, neithernor not onlybut also, bothand, as well as例句：Slow but sure. 要慢而稳。 Shell be back either this week or next week. 她将在这周或下周回来。 I went and she went also. 我去了，她也去了（三）并列连词的用法：1、 并列连词and和or：and 和or 是用得最多的并列连词，可以连接：a. 两个并列的动词： We were singing and dancing all evening. 整个晚上我们都在唱歌跳舞。b. 名词、形容词等：This apple is big and red. Would you like fish or beef? c. 两个并列的分句（句子）： I said it and I meant it. 我说话算数。and 可连接两个分句，表示递进关系。 Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。or可连接分句，表示“否则”：Dont drive so fast or youll have an accident. 别开这么快，不然你会出车祸。2、 表示意思转折的连词：but, yet:but和yet的用法： The weather will be sunny but cold. 天气会晴朗但很冷。 It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪，却是真的。however, still 等为副词，但可起连接作用，表示意思的转折-“但是”或“然而”。a. however: His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind.他的第一反应是不行，但后来他改变了主意。b. still: Its raining; still Id like to go. 天在下雨，但我还是要去。词组all the same:She is naughty, all the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 她很调皮，但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。3、表示因果的连词： for可以表示“因为”，但引导的不是从句，而是并列分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中比较多见。 The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短，因为现在已经是十二月。 She must have gone out early, for she had not come for breakfast.她肯定一早出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。 so 表示结果，可译为“因此”、“所以”。Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐了出租车 therefore 为副词，也表示同样的意思-“因此”，可放句前：He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me.他走了，于是她把钱给了我。 4、both. and 的用法 A man should have both courage and perseverance.一个人既要有勇气又要有毅力。 【难点】5、就近原则： 1）neithernor Neither Lucy nor Lily is a League member. 2）not onlybut also Not only you but also he likes football. 3）eitheror Either Jim or Peter is right. 4）notbut Not Jim but Peter broke the cup. 6、as well as的用法: I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays. 我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。 二、从属连词：1分类： 从句种类主要从属连词 时间从句 when, while, as, before, after, until, till, whenever 条件从句 if, unless 目的从句 in order that, so that 结果从句 sothat, suchthat, so that, so 原因从句 because, as, since 让步从句 although, though, even though(if), while 方式从句 as if, as though 地点从句 where, wherever 比较从句 than, as说明that, whether, if 等从属连词可引导名词从句，在句中担任主语、宾语等。2引导时间状语从句的连词(重点)：when: Dont get excited when you talk. 讲话时别激动。while: We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。as: He smiled as he passed. 他经过时笑了笑。before: It will be five years before we meet again. 要五年后咱们才能再相见。after: Ill tell them after you leave. 我将在你走后告诉他们。until, till: I propose waiting till the police get here. 我建议等警察来了再说。since: How long is it since you came to London? 你到伦敦有多久了？whenever: Whenever it is possible, they play outside.一有机会他们就到外面玩耍。3引导条件状语从句的连词(重点)：1）条件状语从句主要由if, unless, supposing(suppose)引导： if: If it rains tomorrow , we will have to stay at home. unless: I wont write unless he writes first. 我不写信，除非他先给我写。2）条件状语从句还有其他形式：(难点)You will always have a home as long as I have anything. 只要我有家产，你就永远会有一个家。4引导目的状语从句的连词：（重点）in order that: I lent him 500 yuan in order that he can go for a holiday. 我借给他50英镑，使他能去度假。so that: Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them.让她快点把信打好，以便我能签字。5引导结果状语从句的连词：1）结果状语从句主要由sothat和suchthat 引导： sothat: He was so fat that he couldnt get though the door. 他胖得连门都过不去了。 suchthat: Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet. 吉姆吵成那样，他姐姐让他安静点。 He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.6引导原因状语从句的连词： because: Because it rained he took a taxi. 由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车。 as: As youre sorry, Ill forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。Since: Since you will go there, I will go too.7让步状语从句的连词：although / though: Though / Although it is not large, the room was light . 房间虽然不大，采光却很好。 even if: Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed. 即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。上海中考模拟题：28. This is a used car. Its much cheaper than a new one.A) theB)an C) a D) /40. Fresh water is precious it is sometimes called liquid gold.A) such.thatB) too.toC) as.as D) so .that28. Cathy was lucky to get _new job at a childrens hospital.A. / B. an C. a D. the39. You wont make progress _you try your best.A. when B. unless C. because D. as soon as26. He had unusual voice and he wanted to work in Disneys cartoon films for children.A) anB) aC)/D) the37. He lost his key, _ he had to wait for his wifes return in the cold.A) and B) or C) for D) so40. _ I have been to Italy several times, I know a lot about it.A) If B) Although C) As D) Unless36. Jack worked very hard at every subject, _ he gained a scholarship (奖学金) last term.A. so B. and C. or D. but28. Lucys cousin is _ engineer. She always wears _ uniform at work.A) a, a B) a, an C) an, a D) an, an32. Scientists say we will have no water to drink _ we protect water resources. A) if B) when C) before D)unless( )28. A comic strip is usually about _interesting story with an unforgettable end.A) / B) an C) the D) a( )33._ it is midnight, Wendy is still working on her study.A) Since B)AlthoughC) Unless D) Until37. The couple recognized me immediately _ they hadnt seen me for 10 years.A) if B) so C) though D) when38. He plans to have a good rest _ hell have enough energy to continue his work.A) so that B) in order to C) as soon as D) now that28. We should give _ blind a hand when they cross the busy crossing road.A) / B) a C) an D) the26. Shanghai Disneyland will cover _ area of 1.5 square kilometers. A. aB. anC. theD. /27. You shouldnt keep a pet _ you have enough time to care for it. A. ifB. unlessC. thoughD. when28. The boss of a famous company gave away most of his money to _ poor.A. aB. anC. theD. /38. My best friend and I havent seen each other_she went to the USA 10 years ago.A. whenB. ifC. althoughD. Since一、表示“能力”。 l只可用can（could）。may、must则无此种含义。 例：I can swim now，but I couldnt last year. Can you play me piano？Yes，I can 2can（could）适用于各种句型和人称。 例：肯定句：I（You，He）can swim. 否定句：I（You，He）cant swim. 疑问句：Can I（you，he）swim？二、表示“请求”或“许可”。can、may、must都可用，但语气和程度不同。 1can（could）用于各种句型和大部分人称。 例：肯定句：You（He，We）can go now 否定句：You（He，We）cant go now 疑问句：Can I（you，he）go now？ Yes，you can（No，you cant） 2may（might）用于各种句型，但在肯定句和否定句中不用于第一人称；在疑问句中不用于第二人称。 例：肯定句：You（He）may go now 否定句：You（He）may not go now 疑问句：May I（he）go now？ 正规回答：（表定）Yes，you may （否定）No，you may not（No，you cantNo，you mustnt） 口语化回答：（肯定）Yes，please（Certainly） （否定）No，please dont（No，of course not） 3must用于各种句型和大部分人称。 例：肯定句：I（You，He）must go now 否定句：You（He）mustnt go now 疑问句：Must（you，he）go now？ 肯定回答：Yes，you must. 否定回答：No，you neednt（No，you dont have to） 4试比较： You may not smoke here（不可以）语气轻 You cant smoke here（不能）重 You mustnt smoke here（决不可）最重三、表示“可能”、“或许”和“推测”之意。can、may、must都可用，但语气和程度不同。 lcan （could）常用于否定句和疑问句中，could表示的“可能性”更小。 例：否定句：It couldnt be him，for hes at the library疑问句：Can he have gone out？ What can they be doing now？2may（might）用于肯定句和否定句中，might表示的“可能性”更小。例：肯定句：He may be right 否定句：She might not have come yet 3must用于肯定句中。 例：You must be very hungry（对现在情况猜测） Aqiao must have met a fairy（对过去事实的猜测） Everything is clean and tidySomeone must have cleaned my room（同上） 以上三句可能性逐渐加大至肯定。（一）情态动词表推测的三种句式A在肯定句中一般用must （一定），can,could（可能），might /may（也许，或许）。肯定句中表推测“可能”：can,could,may,might都可以在肯定句中表“可能”。其中can的语气最强，可能性最大，其余依次递减。 肯定句中表推测“一定，肯定”用must.1He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。2It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。B否定句中用cant / couldnt（不可能），may not/might not（可能不）。. 否定句中表推测： may not/might not：可能不 can not/could not： 不可能 eg: You may not be right你也许不对. You can not be right你不可能对.1It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America.这不可能是校长，他去美国了。2He may not/might not know the scientist.他也许不认识那位科学家。C疑问句中用can/could （能?）。疑问句中表推测“可能”：用can,could,might,而不能用may. mustnt 不表示推测，而表示禁止。 意义为“禁止，不准”1Could he have finished the task?他可能把任务完成了吗？2Can he be at home now?他现在能在家吗？注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might,could并非may,can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。4. need 的用法： 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。 eg: You neednt come here this afternoon.你今天下午不必来。 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数，后面加带 to 的动词等特性。eg: You dont need to go now. 你不必现在就走。 I need to have a rest. 我需要休息一下 Do we need to finish all the work today? 我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗？She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。need的用法的助记口诀：实义动词表“需要”，后接名、代、不定式。 need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。情态动词表“需要”，没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。5.征求许可或给予许可，“我可以？”用句型“Can/May/Could/Might I.?”其中Can I.?属于非正式用法，May I .?属于正式用法。Could/Might I.?的回答通常不用could或might，而用may或can或其他表示客气的词语。6. .表示“必须”时，must表示主观看法，have to强调客观需要。must not(mustnt)表示“不应该”，“不许可”，“不准”,“禁止” ，dont have to 表示“不必”have to表示“必须”，“不得不”，在这个意义上与must很接近，但must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to 表示的却是客观需要。I have to go now.我得走了。（客观需要）I must go now.我必须走。（主观看法）You have to work hard to make a living.为了谋生你就得努力工作。（客观需要）You must do what I tell you.你必须按照我告诉你的去做。（主观要求）have to 不能代替表推测的mustYou must be joking.你一定是在开玩笑。（不能用have to）上海中考模拟题：1. Would you please speak louder? I _ catch what you are saying. A) cant B) mustnt C)oughtnt D)neednt 2. Keep quiet! You _ talk loudly in the library and you _ obey the rules. A) mustnt should B) neednt cant C) shouldmay D) mustcant 3. There is plenty of time to catch the ferry. You_be in such a hurry. A) must B) can C) neednt D) mustnt 4. We _ keep the traffic laws and learn to protect ourselves. A) can B) must C) may D) might 5. A: Must I return the book tomorrow? B: No, you _. You can keep it until Friday. A) mustnt B) neednt C) shouldnt D) cant 6. We _ always keep our environment clean and tidy. Thats good for our health. A) can B) need C) should D) mustnt 7. Schools _ allow students at least an hour for sports every day. A. should B. might C. would D. could 8. We _ take a taxi. It is not far from here to the seaside. A) cant B) neednt C) couldnt D) mustnt 7. Cars and buses _ stop when the traffic lights are red at the crossing road. A) can B) need C) must D) may 10. -Could I borrow your digital camera, please? - Yes, of course you _. A) will B) can C) might D) should 11. You _ take money with you because we are not going to buy anything. A) mustnt B) cant C) neednt D) shouldnt 12 Shanghai Science & Technology Museum is only two hundred meters ahead. You _ go by taxi. A) must B) mustnt C) neednt D) cant 13. It happened to rain heavily when the film was over last night. We_ stay in the cinema for over two hours. . A) should B) must C) had to D) ought to 14 Something _ to protect our environment. A) can do B) must be done C) must do D) can be doing 15. - Can I smoke in this meeting room? - Im afraid you _. A) neednt B) may C) must D) cant 16. _ I deal with the problem right now? No, you neednt. You may do it after class. A) Must B) May C) Can D) Would 17. I _ finish my homework, or my mother wont let me play computer games. A) may B) must C) can D) neednt18. You _ write the poem down. Our teacher will give us a copy. A) cant B) shouldnt C) neednt D) mustnt 1. _ I eat some more biscuits? Yes, go ahead. A) Should B) Must C) May D) Would 2. Must I wear my uniform every dayNo, you _, but you must wear it every Monday. A) shouldnt B) neednt C) oughtnt to D) cant 3. Its so late. Im afraid I_go and make a phone call to my family. A) must B) can C) may D) could 4. A: _ I return the MP4 to you right now? B: No, you neednt. You may keep it until Wednesday. A) Must B) Can C) May D) Would 5. A: Listen! Is Professor Johnson giving a report in the hall? B: No, it _ be him. He has gone to Japan. A) neednt B) mustnt C) cant D) may not 6. To everyones surprise, the boy _ copy Zhou Libos voice and actions very well. A) can B) may C) must D) need 7. Lily, please be quiet! The others _ hear clearly. A) cant B) mustnt C) neednt D) shouldnt 8. We _ talk or speak loudly in public places ,such as hospitals, libraries or cinemas. A) dont B) may not C) neednt D) mustnt 9. _ you sing this song in English? Yes, but Im not a good singer. A) May B) Must C) Need D) Can 10. You have already tried your best, so you _ worry about the matter. A) cant B) mustnt C) neednt D) oughtnt 11. Our class teacher has a strict rule. He says that all the students_ come to class on time. A) need B) can C) may D) must 12. -Danny, I cant stop smoking. -For your health, Im afraid you_ A) can B) may C) cant D) must 13. People _ only buy and use things that do not damage the environment. A) cant B) neednt C) should D) must 14. For your safety, you _ drive your car after drinking any wines. A) mustnt B) neednt C) wouldnt D) wont友情提示：部分文档来自网络整理，供您参考！文档可复制、编制，期待您的好评与关注！10 / 10
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