浅析美国俚语的社会功能

浅析现代美国俚语的社会功能姓 名： 何倩文2014年06月30日On the Social Function of Modern American SlangsName: He DelanMarch 20142论文摘要 俚语是相当特殊的言语形式，它既有别于语法不规范的用语，又不同于乡下用语，更不是亵渎言语。尽管传统的观念认为俚语与正式场合下使用“体面”标准方言形式相去甚远，但在日常生活的交际中爱用俚语不乏其人，现代美国俚语得到了很好的发展。以及反映人的身份和个人素质。各种亚文化群体的存在是它产生的主要条件，它反映美国社会生活的方方面面。而今俚语的“创造和消费”日益风行，其社会功能愈来愈重要。关键词：叛逆；通俗；新事物；语言 AbstractSlang is quite a special form of words, it is different from the grammar nonstandard language, and language is different from the country side, nor profanes the words. Although traditional Under the concept of slang and formal occasions of use decent standard dialect form, but in the daily life of communication love slang shortage, modern American slang Jude to the good development. The existence of all kinds of subculture groups is the main condition, it produces it reflects every aspect of American social life. The creation and now slang Consumption is becoming more and more popular; its social function becomes more and more important.Key words：Contrary; Popular; New things; Linguistic features15On the Social Function of Modern American Slangs1. IntroductionThis paper aims to Slang are a kind of specification language, the concise British encyclopedia Book of slang to be interpreted as: the main is a kind of idioms, use to express new things, or assigned to a new view on the old thing. Slang in the United States in the contemporary society, perform more and more important communicative functions. In the United States, from street gossip or talk in congress, Both literary works, academic journals and popular magazines, all can Found that the use of slang, this kind of phenomenon gradually become contemporary American oral English The one big characteristic of. Thus, in the study of modern English, strengthen .The understanding and study of American slang is very necessary, this article from the United States .The slangs of slang, and probes into the social function, the slang .And the relationship between the society. Slang involved in all aspects of the term takes more fleer hot Cynical attitude, humorous expressions emerge in endlessly. The expression of irony, serious, on the surface of the hidden social contradictions, and strongly Discontent, thus to find a kind of psychological balance, dont compensate for society .Male range, power, wealth doesnt equal the loss of happiness and beautiful, in. The lubrication of self, others and the society System, as a kind of self adjusting, alleviate the pressure of the life, social contradictions healing agent. 1.1 Reflects the rebellious of social psychologyContains of slang, attitude and emotion as any form of language is human society in peoples minds the direct reflection of and attitudes, slang is no exception. So users of slang using slang words of conventional partial surface structure To reach the standard of cultural values and social norms of deviation and right Resistance. Said the word such as the work in the standard work and so on, but Is that the slang meaning of the word for begging, sell things, steal east somewhere West, etc., do not honest business , while working girl meaning prostitution Female . He worked the bus there minas for a few days until they chased him. He messing around at the bus terminal for a few days finally is rid of somebody else. On this basis, the slang reflects the users of traditional culture Prospective evaluation - any busy for life or for the pursuit of life value the workers, regardless of the identity, status, occupation etc. Whats the difference, its work Properties and street wanderers, nothing more than to live and work Already. We still have the word to the work, for example. The traditional cultural recognition for the hard work is a virtue, but called slang will work Workaholic, meaning that people work addiction, as there are addicted to drinking well, with a derogatory sense. This type of person is a work freak, a work aphonic. This obsession with people on the job called workaholic. Ice-cream is the language of the early 20th century drugs, meaning Ming drug , not only completely deviate from the conventional meaning, and express The be fond of drug addicts on visual like ice cream. Within the framework of some traditional values is seen as a serious and dignified or Controversial topics, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, homosexuality and so on, through the slang Speakers humorous and rich expression with irony appear to humor But full of comedy, the resulting the deep psychological motivation of slang In the analysis. The researchers found that slang like dream has made us with the double function of rational separation and keep in touch. In the real social life, people due to the stress of working life into inferiority, anxiety, fear, etc. The use of slang makes people not take it Standard spoken constraints, blow out a stream from on language behavior Own mood, temporarily get rid of the bondage of reason, make these negative emotions In order to ease. The victim died in this heavy topic, and dance Nair (hung), dancehall (row), Fried electrocution (executed) with seemingly humorous slang is all reflects the life as a childs play State of mind. From the narrow house (the grave), walking papers (notice), we create and use these slang is not difficult to see People treat the unpleasant things attitude and evaluation. Youth is a group to produce a large number of slang, this has to do with them Hope to get rid of the conventional practices in terms of life style and language expression and Chen Word is closely related to the mould of the psychological characteristics of pursuing new and free from vulgarity. In the 60 s Americas youth in order to show the conservative ideas and traditional society the tendency of a large number of creating and using slang. The word such as dig is the reverse Language mainstream culture. I dig your sense but not its pertinence. I understand you Meaning, but I dont know what the purpose is. Some of the industry or group, such as the underworld, the police, army, drugs Group, etc, because of its particularity and formation of various sorts of slang. These slang larger sealing ability, will only be used for group internal information transmission and communication, often be used to strengthen the users membership of the group, suggests His identity of belonging. At point, the slang expression speaker for recognition the psychological. Camp originally only used in gay men, they said His frequent for camber bar. The following two sentences Often only in the police and drug addicts can be heard or used for them. Did you collar the shell? Did you catch the drunk? An actor has fewer licenses to get high during work in hours than does a musician. During the performance, the actor is not could just like music player drugs. Social linguistics emphasizes social context restricts peoples speech Choose, but, in the same context, choose to use standard spoken or slang Language style, finally realizes the efficiency of the communication behavior is not the same. Mark Quasi style can only achieve the basic message effectiveness. And slang has Help to realize synchronous transmission of information and emotions, to speak and listen Peoples emotional and psychological impact and change. A man in a very positive, you should not use vulgar language occasion with slang, information Delivery is not in a leading position. The speaker use slang to the hearer Convey strong emotions: dissatisfaction with someone or something or admiration, to this to affect the hearer emotional or psychological. Chinese scholars Zhen Liming provide the following examples. Whiny students submitted to the principal Diction fierce opinions. Students of slang shows the heart to the principal Dissatisfaction that the principal had to take corresponding measures to Zhen Liming 1990 126. Cultural context and the use of the social factor of language and communication the psychological emotional factors. American slang has a profound social Cultural roots.Its spread and development more and more influence on Standard English Big. To in-depth analysis and discussion of American slang, understand the United States In slang reflects social norms and cultural values, will help me The formation of cross-cultural communication consciousness, to overcome communication barriers, Improve the cross-cultural Communication effect.1.2High light the pursuit of progress fashion trend.People always like new fashion maverick, while thinking or talking about innovation, the pursuit of new, not vulgarity psychological human instinct is what led to the slang. The word fire in the dismissal of the old, and the difference between the issue of air; For the “party of no-show appointments Someone stood up than to keep nature . Waiting is novel, and describe, or peoples things “cold and cool more stylish , the TV “as a goggle box, a one-eyed monster, etc. If the TV fails, it can be said to empty , but people think that smoking can cause cancer , so called cigarettes cancer sticks, truancy said skipped school firefighter called to eat smoke, and clock watcher is social loafing nickname. This slang so elegant and popular person, but this is a feature that determines its instability. Slang as “grass field noise unknowingly spread quickly and soon died. slang is a part time dead, as normal original excellent , excellent sense, because people began to use cool to express the meaning of the word is automatically disappear , only those who slang words can withstand the test will continue to maintain its position or official languages , such as baby sister ( nanny ) , fire ( fire ) , injection ( injection ) , etc.2. American slang mapping of social cultural psychology2.1.1 Communicative language, popular.Accords with Giles words conform to the theory of convergence, the speaker choose informal language form, to reduce the communication of both sides Social psychological distance, and create a feeling of closeness. Have some scholars on the move .A case in point. Live in New York Harlem black generally in among them some received a good education of black lawyers and doctors with a ring for mental, think those people have superior social status, not sincerely treat you. However, when a black lawyer in the office With Black English and slang and a position lower than they are black Hello, Hey, baby. How you do in , baby? The other party immediately feel the lawyer no shelf and then things entrusted to him safely to handle. “Baby” affectionate calls, no only can eliminate the strangeness between the two, can establish a mutual letter more Ran. Newly enrolled college freshmen if can grasp some campus slang, Such as cut class (play truant), apple - polishing (teachers horse Fart), bears (male teachers), Mickey Mouse (easy to learn the lesson Cheng), can quickly familiar with the campus culture, the club into the university as soon as possible is small group and peer acceptance. Slang that enhance communication on both sides the social function of close relationship between friends, peers, and performance In social status, identity between different people, it is also a politician, advertising Business, sports and film stars like slang is one of the reason. Slang is People close to each other and eliminates barriers; reduce the power relations, through the language. Promote the degree of intimacy between communicator; to express people willing to work with the hearer maintain the intention of the equal relationship.2.1.2 New things, new concept.Can satisfy peoples novelty, reflect individual character. Along with the people The accelerating rhythm of life, peoples psychological pressure increases, people for the pendulum Take off the dull and monotonous life, the pursuit of new stimulus and psychologically Fresh feeling, created many slang, such as; memorial park Cemetery; Pass away, and depart to ground on behalf of the die ; Put to sleep on behalf of hang; Clink on behalf of murder; Bad-Expressions using representative; Criticize, and dismiss, mod, respectively Difference wine to air , lads Mages including nuts said. Slang method can reflect individual character, reflect The self, one of the most representative is of the 1950 s Known as the beat generational youth of the beat generation Culture, their dissatisfaction with American society at that time, take the. They refused to accept the traditional ideas, in the spirit of bliss Revelation way for artistic expression method. In the 60 s of flower children, refers to those dressed in emblazoned with decorative pattern as love Symbol of the younger generation. Slang is an important part of English language, American slang Language and baseball, apple pie, super market and jeans, is the symbol of American culture. Today, the whole world is watching the electricity in the United States Inspect and film, American slang is filled with almost all of the American film and television Product, when we study in modern English, the strengthening of American slang Solution and study is very necessary, it is helpful for us as a whole Solutions for the development of modern English, especially learn oral English Exhibition, improve our social use English to the United States and other countries Understanding of the culture.2.2 To social and cultural attitudes and emotions.The use of slang can bring identity any individual in a certain category of collective, individual and set Body cannot be separated, because the individual was born into the social environment. A collective effect on the way in which the individual is through a process of conformity, Collective have a lead to the strong potential of conformity, those who strongly want to And the collective agreement, if not conformity, will feel excluded May, therefore, conformity is a kind of psychological needs and trends, people Will turn to a variety of ways to obtain identity with meet the psychological need to conform Want to. From the Angle of psychology, the human existence and social interaction Maintain, first is the existence of language communication. Slang is originated from the subculture Group of dialect, is divided into social tag of each small group is a heart State, slang is obviously members to form a group or subculture Ming means of identity, to show its different from the independence of the mainstream culture. Someone such as using a subculture on oral dialect can be in Mentality and fusion, and self also have to feel at ease Lodge. Slang expressions, jazz language, language of world war ii, blacks in the 60 s Counterculture language, drug addicts, police and the underworld Language, such as language students are aiming to sustain the collective inside of personnel, Different from those in the collective outside of personnel relations. Slang is always a collective special occupation by a form of language. For example, a student A class behind the phrase with a rhyming name, such as Thats Swell, M el (really beautiful, MEL), on, John (to John) or Lets go, Gone (Lets go, Joe In accordance with). In fact, the collective and without these names, these names here only play a role of rhyme. Another class with a sound likes music Tail nickname, but Im not used to mock students, such as call Tammy into click M Leiliras , gauze is called as bologna sand and so on. Compare the following again A set of standard semantic and slang words: Entry standards semantic slang semantics Altogether completely; A total of naked 7 Entry standards semantic slang semantics Blood to blood University of male social activity Born, student activities To be in the sleeve, the university campus people Package bag; Bundle; The parcel The moving (often referred to as the body a girl or young woman Sex Tomato, tomato the girl is very touching or The young woman (means a Mature, sexy and moving the body The material) Sing; Singing; Crow; Mouth turn To the police or other officials Report a crime or have The criminals; Betrayal, nark (formerly the underworld) Speaker; The speaker; Spokesperson firearms, underworld language (black) Rain, rain. Black rain complain, whine (original) Wake - up awake; Alert the last day of the term (number of prison term) Ice cream ice cream any crystalline state, addictive narcotic drugs It is obvious that the connotation and extension of the same vocabulary in slang and standard Must have big differences in language, in the slang and reflected in the standard To the value system of nature. On the other hand, the same semantic slang and Standard expression is also different, such as have a nice time standard Language is have a good time, the slang said have a ball; mark Quasi door is feel in the language, jazz, rock and roll the source with black club Term slammer; Standard of cocaine in slang Expression is varied: snow (very common), candy (drug addicts) white stuff (Mafia), and so on. As is known to all, the collective share common sense category, it requires to talk to refer to objects have the same words, in order to make the audience to understand have some similar with other language Slang by individual The groups of many popular and brief language behavior, can Enough to be conceptualized as a collective language characteristics, provide guide for us The characteristics of the individual belongs to collective, reflect individual values and attitudes. Can easy to accept and use slang enough, can use is acceptable and often appreciate the way contact with your partners. The name, or whether it rhymes music at the end, all is the collective standard behavior of an example, when body think that these specifications is very suitable for his own behavior and to accept them, individual psychological tendency to conform, meet the specifications conform. People want to agree with other individual or collective desire. Therefore, to make Slang is social impact through the language form play to social norms.3. Some people or groups of social function.Any form of language is the view of human society and state the direct reflection of degrees, slang is no exception. If the standard style is used to express the mainstream American culture values and social norms, then Slang user use slang surface structure deviation of conventional meaning reach the standard of cultural values and social norms of deviation and confrontation.3.1 Reflect ones identity and status in society.Social behavior, as part of the language, the use of slang also belong to social behavior Different social groups or group has different slang, they use slang belongs only to their group, in order to show that their identity and social status. If they are students, and students talk with brutal (great), flunk sb. (call someone Score), fender bender - (a little) and apple pool -Icing (kowtowing, flattery) such as slang is little not .If someone wants to make sure he is a member of the jazz group this thing firm, he only need to use in speech such as Gabriel (horn) it The jazz special slang can achieve a goal.3.2 Unite members of society.The groups of members between the strength relationships As a group Members, they have a common interest and interest, so they are happy Human with some belongs only to their unique slang, this group of these Slang has bigger closed, only for group internal information trans mission And communication, is often used to strengthen information users in the groups members Lattice, which indicates that their identity of belonging. The police slang, student slang, Black slang, sold