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第二部分题型应对探究第一讲细节理解题整体感知明方向细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，但此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。细节理解题常分为直接信息题和间接信息题。所谓直接信息题就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的细节题，主要考查原文中的时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多数。1常见设问方式(1)特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。(2)判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not，never等。(3)以“According to.”开头的提问形式。(4)填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _.2正确选项特征(1)同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose ones job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。(2)信息归纳。用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。(3)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。3干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反正误参半部分正确，部分错误分类例析通技法直接信息题典例(2019全国卷阅读A节选)Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.22What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A1518.B1524.C1529. D1617.解题示范第一步定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：Stewardship Youth Ranger Program锁信息定位：用Stewardship Youth Ranger Program寻读，在文中找到信息源Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.第二步比对定答案选项选项意思定位A1518无中生有B1524无中生有C1529无中生有D1617直接信息分析选D比对选项和信息句可知，学生的年龄应该在1617岁。故选D。间接信息题间接信息题“两步解题法”典例(全国卷阅读D节选)When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.32What does a plant do when it is under attack?AIt makes noises.BIt gets help from other plants.CIt stands quietly.DIt sends out certain chemicals.解题示范第一步审读题干抓关键，定位信息区间根据关键词的醒目性和唯一性原则，可以确定本题的关键词为plant和under attack。从而定位本题的信息区间为所节选段。第二步选项与原文逐一比对，确定正确选项AIt makes noises.答案：D概括细节理解题概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。典例(2019全国卷阅读C节选)“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.29Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?ATo meet with her coworkers.BTo catch up with her work.CTo have some time on her own.DTo collect data for her report.解题示范第一步定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：prefer to go out for lunch锁信息定位：用prefer to go out for lunch寻读，在文中找到信息源Today，I just wanted some time to myself.第二步比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位A与她的工友见面有时与工友一块吃中午饭张冠李戴B追赶上她的工作在她桌旁吃午饭时工作张冠李戴C拥有自己的时间把时间留给自己信息归纳D为她的报告收集资料原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳无中生有分析选C根据该段内容，尤其是最后一句中的“Today，I just wanted some time to myself”可知，Bechtel喜欢独自外出吃饭因为她想拥有属于自己的时间。故选C。正误判断题正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落，对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。典例(福建卷阅读A节选)Food festivals around the worldStilton Cheese RollingMay Day is a traditional day for celebrations，but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes，roll a complete cheese along a 50metre course.On the way，they must not kick or throw their cheese，or go into their competitors lane(赛道)Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly，but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones)All the competitors are served with beer or port wine，the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.Fiery Foods FestivalThe Hottest Festival on EarthEvery year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque，New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia，the Caribbean and China，but they all share a common addictionfood that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but hot enough to make your mouth burn，your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolatecovered habanero pepperofficially the hottest pepper in the world or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one things for sureif you dont like the feeling of a burning tongue，this festival isnt for you!La TomatinaThe Worlds Biggest Food FightOn the last Wednesday of every August，the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatinathe worlds largest food fight.A weeklong celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoesofficial fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.59Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.BMore than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.CThousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.解题示范第一步定信息区间选项选项关键词信息区间AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition第一段第四句BMore than 10,000 Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousands of spicy foods are on show第二段倒数第二句DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning第三段第二句第二步逐一比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位AStilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。奖品是a complete Stilton cheese。张冠李戴B一万多名中国人参加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。参加者来自世界各地。曲解文意C在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上万种食物。同义替换D在La Tomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾而不是节日的开始。曲解文意答案C小题夯基练请选择以下设误方式(张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半)或正确选项特征(原文原词、同义替换、信息归纳、正话反说)填入下表的“诊断”一栏中。1(2018天津卷阅读C节选)Food productionWith a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “recreate forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly the same，”freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3Dprinted，rather than farm to table.Q：What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production？选项诊断AIt helps cooks to create new dishes.曲解文意BIt saves time and effort in cooking.信息归纳CIt improves the cooking conditions.无中生有DIt contributes to restaurant decorations.颠倒是非2.(2018北京卷阅读B节选)For the trainees，the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章)At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated (模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge.They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱)of a variety of flight simulators.Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about waterand landsurvival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “downed” pilot.Q：To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to_.选项诊断Afly to space正误参半Bget an Aviation badge first颠倒是非Cstudy the principles of flight张冠李戴Dbuild and fire model rockets原文原词3.(2018浙江卷阅读A节选)In 1870，when Dickens died，the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher，famous and beloved，who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose charactersfrom Oliver Twist to Tiny Timwere held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂)of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.Q：Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.选项诊断Ahis reputation in France颠倒是非Bhis interest in modern art颠倒是非Chis success in publication张冠李戴Dhis importance in literature同义替换大题提能练AFrom the Forbidden City to the Great Wall，ancient Chinese people have always been praised for their building skills and wisdom.And their great skills have been passed down to modern Chinese people.Evidence of this can be seen in recent buildings，such as the National Stadium，also known as the“Birds Nest”in Beijing，and the Shanghai Tower.And recently，China has created even more proof of its great building skills.The Hong KongZhuhaiMacao Bridge(HZMB) was opened on Oct.24,2018.The HZMB，which is located at the waters of the Lingdingyang of Pearl River Estuary，is a huge sea crossing bridge，linking the Hong Kong SAR，Zhuhai City and the Macao SAR.As the worlds longest seabased project，the 55kilometer bridge is the result of six years of research and another nine years of building.Builders had to make artificial islands in the Pearl River Delta to provide supports for the bridge.There is also a 6.7kilometer underwater tunnel in the middle of the bridge.This is to allow ships to sail through the Delta.It has been named as one of the “seven wonders of the modern world”by The Guardian.“It is designed with a service life of 120 years.It can endure a strong wind equal to a maximum Beaufort scale 16，”Zhu Yongling，a project official，told The Guardian.“It can also survive a magnitude8 earthquake.”Meanwhile，the Yshaped bridge could reduce travel time from Hong Kong to Zhuhai and Macao from more than three hours to about 45 minutes.“The bridge will not only be a transport link.It will be a social，economic，cultural，and tourism connection among the three areas，”Yu Lie，deputy director of the Hong KongZhuhaiMacao Bridge Authority，said.The bridge will be open to tourists to drive across it.However，local car owners will not be able to cross the bridge unless they have a special permit.Most visitors will take a shuttle bus to make the journey.The shuttle buses will cost 300 yuan for a single trip.语篇解读 一桥连三地，天堑变通途。本文主要介绍了港珠澳大桥在10月24日正式开通以及这座大桥的其他相关情况。1Why does the author mention some famous buildings?ATo stress the difficulty in architecture.BTo explain the history of building.CTo make advertisements for them.DTo prove Chinese building skills.解析：D推理判断题。根据第一段中提到的古代的紫禁城和长城到现代的鸟巢和上海中心大厦等，通过这些著名的建筑例子，说明中国人民高超的建筑才能和智慧。2Why were the artificial islands built?ATo allow ships to sail safely.BTo hold up the long bridge.CTo be used as attractions.DTo serve as resting places.解析：B细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，修建人工岛的主要目的是支撑大桥。3What does Zhu stress in his words?AWhere the HZMB is located.BWhat the HZMB is made up of.CHow strong the HZMB is.DWhen the HZMB was completed.解析：C推理判断题。第四段中提到大桥的使用寿命长达120年，它能够抵御高达蒲福风力16级的大风，承受8级地震，推断出朱说的话强调了大桥很坚固。4How can local car owners cross the bridge?ABy getting a special permit.BBy paying some money for the trip.CBy driving a shuttle bus themselves.DBy carrying some tourists in their cars.解析：A细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知，当地司机需要获得特别许可证才可以通过大桥。B(2020武汉市高三调研)The boy sat on his chair，with his hands above the keyboard.He thought about what to write.He recalled that the competition deadline was merely a week away.But he still had not even started on his piece.He looked at the brochure again.“WRITING COMPETITION！”the title read.His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition，and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays.As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts，he realized how hopeless his task of winning was.Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories.He had little imagination，and unfortunately，imagination was the key to writing.Suddenly，he had a brainwave.This time，he came up with an original and imaginative story.The words shot towards him like a storm of leaves.Words were coming easily，flowing through him，faster than he could type.He typed faster than he ever had before.He continued to type，amazed how easy writing this story was.The boy could not stop writing.He looked at the word count and saw the number “248”staring right back at him.He was not even halfway yet.Then he heard his mothers call of saying time for bed.He continued writing the piece，ignoring her.He had to make up for the time he had lost in thinking about a topic to write.Finally，he finished.The word count now read“498”“Perfect，”he thought，“Just under the word limit.”He knew this was the story that would win.He went to the website and searched for the competition.He found the page but there was no“Enter” button.Confused，he then reread the page again.It read COMPETITION CLOSED.语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。小男孩坐在电脑前，苦思冥想地进行写作。他参加的是一个网络写作比赛，可是怎么也想不出写作主题。好一会儿后，他茅塞顿开，快速敲击键盘，可是等到他写好文章准备提交时，页面上却显示“COMPETITION CLOSED”。5What caused the boy to take part in the writing competition?AA new computer.BThe prize money.CHis own interest.DHis moms encouragement.解析：D考查细节理解。根据第二段尾句“His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition，and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays”可知，他的妈妈鼓励他参加写作比赛，现在他把写作作为假期的个人任务；据此可知，他参加写作比赛是他妈妈鼓励的，故D项正确。6How did the boy finish his earlier writing?AHis mom helped him.BHe copied others ideas.CHis friends assisted him.DHe used his imagination.解析：B考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句“Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories”可知，他之前写的每一个故事都是以其他故事为基础；据此可知，以前写作时，他总是仿照别人的故事写，故B项正确。7Why did the boy delay his writing?ABecause he was terribly lazy.BBecause he didnt know what to write.CBecause he wasnt confident.DBecause he read too many stories.解析：B考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“He thought about what to write”及第三段的内容“As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts；he realized how hopeless his task of winning was.He had little imagination，and unfortunately，imagination was the key to writing”及倒数第五段尾句“He had to.write”可知，想象力是写作的关键，而他又缺乏想象力，另外，由于他不知道写什么，故他延误了写作时间，故B项正确。8Which might be the maximum word limit for each entry?A100.B250.C500. D1000.解析：C考查推理判断。根据第七段“Finally，he finished.The word count now read498”可知，他写了498个词，终于完成了；结合第八段第一句“Perfect，he thought，just under the word limit.”可知，他认为太完美了，刚好低于限定的词数；据此可以判断，文章的最高限定词数可能为500，故C项正确。
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