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2015年全国职称英语理工类(A级)考试真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项(第115题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1. I will not?tolerate?that sort of behavior in my class.A. control B. observe C. regulate D. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural?aptitude?for the work.A. sense B. talent C. flavor D. Taste【答案】B【解析】aptitude 天赋have a aptitude for=have a gift /talent for3. Most people find?rejection?hard to accept.A. excuse B. client C. refusal D. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was?bold?enough to face the press.A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in?mortal?combat.A. deadly B. open C. actual D. Active【答案】A【解析】A.deadly 致死的;B.open打开的;C.actual实在的;D.Active积极的。mortal致命的、致死的;immortal 不朽的题干：他们被锁起来进行致命的战争。6. We were attracted by the?lure?of quick money.A. amount B. supply C. tempt D. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less?transparent.A. clear B. necessary C. special D. Correct【答案】A【解析】A.clear清楚的;B.necessary必要的;C.special特殊的;D.Correct正确的transparent 明显的、显然的题干：这些过程被认为是复杂的且没有那么清楚的。8. The Stock Exchange is in?turmoil?following a huge wave of selling.A. Service B. danger C. disorder D. threat【答案】C【解析】stock exchange证券交易所in turmoil处于混乱中题干：证券交易所在一次大的抛售后处于混乱。9. He believes that Europe must change or it will?perish.A. survive B. last C. die D. Move【答案】C【解析】perish 死亡，枯萎题干：他认为欧洲必须改变否则它就会死亡。A.survive幸存;B.last持续;C.die死亡;D.Move移动。10. There was a?simultaneous?trial taking place in the next build.A. fair B. full C .coexisting D. Public【答案】C11. They promote?assimilation?of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policy B. value C .equality D. Integration【答案】D【解析】assimilate同化、吸收-assimilation题干：他们宣传民族同化，吸收进主流文化。A.policy政策;B.value价值;C.equality同等;D.Integration组合。12. A salesmans?cardinal?rule is to satisfy customers.A. principal B. official C. simple D. Legal【答案】A【解析】cardinal 主要的cardinal rule 主要问题、基本原则题干：销售人员的主要职责就是满足顾客。A.principal主要的;B.official官方的;C.simple简单的;D.Legal合法的。13. I must?compliment?you on your handling of a very difficult situationA. silence B. praise C .assure D. Complain【答案】B【解析】compliment 赞扬，称赞compliment sb on sth题干：我必须称赞你，在一个非常困难的情况下处理好事情。注意与complemen补充，区分开。A.Silence安静;B.praise赞扬;C.assure确信;D.Complain抱怨14. We lived for years in a?perpetual?state of fearA. emotional B. nervous C. terrible D. Continuous【答案】D【解析】perpetual 永久的不断的题干：我们常年一直处于害怕的状态。A.emotional情感的;B.nervous紧张的;C.terrible可怕的;D.Continuous持续的、不断的。15. The starving children were a?pathetic?sight.A. common B. unexpected C. unforgettable D. Pitiful【答案】D【解析】pathetic可怜的sympathetic 同情的sympathy题干：这些挨饿的孩子真是很可怜。A.common普遍的;B.unexpected意想不到的;C.unforgettable难以忘记的;D.Pitiful 可怜的。第2部分 阅读判断Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didnt flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earths surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasnt so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earths atmosphere couldnthave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Were providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earths continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygensrole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of todaysconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundations Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.Right?B. Wrong?C. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. Right?B. Wrong C.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.Right B. Wrong?C. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.Right?B. Wrong?C. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. Right?B. Wrong C.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earths continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.Right?B. Wrong?C. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.Right B. Wrong?C. Not mentioned第3部分 概括大意与完成句子FirstImage-recognition Software1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before.2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video rather than just text to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results.3.Over the last 30 years, says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search.4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text.23. Paragraph 1 _B_24. Paragraph 2 _C_25. Paragraph 3 _E_26. Paragraph 4 _D_A.Popularity of the new systemB.Publication of the new discoveryC.Function of the new systemD.Artificial intelligence software createdE.Problems of the existing search enginesF.Improvement in document retrieval27. The new system does documentretrieval by _C_.28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in _B_.29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore _A_30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the _E_A.information in imagesB.current popular search enginesC.using photosD.machine vision systemsE.document searchF.description of the HTML page第4部分 阅读理解Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnta very efficient way to gather heat.Thats a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.31. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.32. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermala pplications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. it is hard to fix them on the roof.D. they occupy too much space.33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are flexible.B. They are less expensive.C. They are electrically efficient.D. They are environment friendly.34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. they do not work well if exposed to light.B. their advantages are not well-recognized.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.35 Which of the following statements is true?A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.C Thin-film silicons electrical efficiency improves when heated up.D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.译文：第十三篇 更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够生成热量和电能。与太阳热能单机收集器相比，传统太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率不是很高。原因是，为了使晶体硅太阳能电池冷却，该系统在低温下工作。因此，硅体能产出更多的电能，却不能有效地产生热量。第一，经济问题。好的太阳能热水系统比太阳能电力系统收集的能量更多，而且成本低得多。第二，空间问题。光电管占去屋顶的所有的空间，几乎没有空间留给热能的产出。在一项研究中，材料科学与工程副教授Joshua Pearce找到了一个解决方案：用另外一种硅制成PVT来解决效能问题。他的合作者有：来自加利福尼亚ThinSilicon的Kunal Girotra和加拿大皇后大学的Michael Pathak和Stephen Harrison。大部分太阳能电池板是由晶体硅制成，但是，你也可以用非晶硅制成太阳能电池，这种非晶体硅通常被叫作薄膜硅。它们不能产生那么多的电能，但是更亮、更灵巧、成本更低。而且，由于它们需要的硅较少，它们更环保。不幸的是，薄膜硅太阳能电池易受SWE效应攻击(在光的照射下，非晶硅氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为SWE效应)。“当被暴露在光线下，那就意味着它们的能效会降低这几乎是太阳能电池最可能糟糕的效应。”Pearce解释道。这就是薄型太阳能板只占有一少部分市场的原因。然而，Pearce和他的团队把薄膜硅合成为一种新型的PVT，可以克服或绕过SWE效应。这种方法可以不用冷却薄膜硅而让它们产生效能。事实上，Pearce团队发现，通过把薄膜硅加热到太阳热能操作温度，即临近水的沸点，可以把它制成较厚的电池，从而可以遏制SWE效应。当把薄膜硅直接应用到太阳热能集热器时，他们也发现，如果一天把太阳能电池加热一次，那么太阳能的电力效能会增加10%。第二篇 Whats killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists dont know If the fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats cant eat enough food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠)bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there arent enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一 the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一 a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.36. What is the main idea of this passage?A. All species of bats in North America are dying.B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC. The bat deaths are a serious problem.D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.【答案】D【解析】文章的题目是“是什么杀死了蝙蝠”。第一段引入了蝙蝠离奇的死亡，第二，三，四段都是写了蝙蝠死亡的可能的几个原因，第五段写了蝙蝠死亡带来的结果，最后一段是告诉人们如何帮助蝙蝠。所以选择的是D。做这类题型一定注意正确的细节选项。A.北美所有的蝙蝠种类都在死亡。B.科学家已经知道了蝙蝠死亡的原因。C.蝙蝠的死亡是一个严重的问题。D.蝙蝠死亡有很多可能的原因。37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Bees have been dying mysteriously. B. The first article on the website is about bees.C. Bees usually die before bats. D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.【答案】A【解析】 First it was bees. Now it is bats. 之前是蜜蜂，现在是蝙蝠。后面说了蝙蝠死亡，说明蜜蜂之前也是离奇死亡。选择A 。A.蜜蜂离奇死亡。B.这个网站上的第一篇文章是关于蜜蜂。C.蜜蜂通常在蝙蝠之前死亡。D.蜜蜂导致了蝙蝠的死亡。38. The word “pipistrelle in Paragraph 1 refers toA. a kind of fungus. B. an area in the U.S. C. a special cave. D. a kind of bat.【答案】D【解析】Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected.大多数受影响的蝙蝠是常见的小的棕色的蝙蝠，但是也有其他种类的蝙蝠受影响，比如长耳朵蝙蝠，小脚蝙蝠，东方pipistrelle以及印度蝙蝠。与其他的并列说明，答案选择D。A.真菌的一种。B.美国的一个地区。C.一个特殊的洞穴。D.蝙蝠的一种。39. The moths in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA. diseases that kill bats. B. Insects that bats eat.C. animals that have diseases. D. bat species that are starving to death.【答案】B【解析】Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths(蛾)另一种可能的原因是缺少食物，比如说，蝙蝠通常吃大量的moths。说明选择B 。A.杀死蝙蝠的疾病。B.蝙蝠吃的昆虫。C.有疾病的动物 。D.正在挨饿而死的蝙蝠种类。40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To get people to stop killing bats. B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C. To ask people not to touch dead bats. D. To tell the public how to help bats.【答案】D【解析】 How can you help? 从第一句就可以得知，这一段是告诉人们如何来帮助蝙蝠，后面都是具体详细的做法。A.让人们停止杀害蝙蝠。B.这个部门招人。C.叫人们不要接触死了的蝙蝠。D.告诉人们如何帮助蝙蝠第三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat.Thats a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also a space problem： photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSi
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