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小学英语语法大全第一章名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词。女口: john is a studentstudent是普通名词,john是专有名词普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an,定冠词the或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词 是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。3. 专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。三、名词的数1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可以数的名词女口: apple dog book不可数名词数不清(没有复数)女口: water coffee meat2、可数名词分为单数和复数。名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。1)单数女口: a desk (一张桌子)an old desk (一张旧书桌)2 )复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式3、 可数名词与不定冠词 a(a n)连用有复数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(a n)连用,没有复 数形式。many+可数名词复数女口: many booksmuch/a little+ 不可数名词女口: much watersome, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。4、 可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰。女口: three apples不可数名词的修饰结构是:数词+量词+of +名词女口: two bottles of orange juice对可数名词的数量提问用how many对不可数名词的数量提问用how much5、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1)some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:ple nty of ,some ,a lot of ,lotsof ,most of 等。如:There is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。Ill tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。We should collect some useful in formatio n我们应该收集一些有用的消息。2)用单位词表示。用a . of表示。女口 : a cup of ( 杯 ),a bottle of (瓶)a piece of ( 一张),a pair of (一双)女口: two cups of tea (两杯茶) ,five pieces of paper (五张纸)注意单位词后的名词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用, 表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。如:two hundred students (200 名学生)ten thousand trees (10000 棵树)测试点:he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼 (此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes) =he caught a lot of fishes.the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处 fish表示不同种 类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)四,规则变化1 一般情况下加-s如 book-books (书) desk-desks (书桌)2 以 s ,x ,ch , sh 结尾加-es如 box-boxes (盒子)bus-buses(公共汽车)注意以 th 结尾加-s, mon th-m on ths stomach-stomachs3以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加-es。女口 city-cities(城市)country-countries(国家)注意以元音+y,直接加s。如:day-days(天),boy-boys(男孩)4 以f或fe结尾,复数变f或fe为v再加-es如 knife-knives(书),half-halves( 一半)(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,k nife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)注意有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶)5 以o结尾(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es如 tomato-tomatoes(西红柿)potato-potatoes( 土豆)(2)元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s如 piano-pianos (钢琴),zoo-zoos(动物园)photo-photos (照片),kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)kilo-kilos(千克)注意 zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)五,不规则变化1)元音字母发变化。女口 man-men(男人),woman-women(妇女)tooth-teeth(牙齿),foot-feet(脚)mouse-mice(老鼠), policeman-policemen(警察) policewoman-policewomen(女警察)2)词尾发生变化。如 child-children(小孩),ox-oxen(公牛)3)单、复数形式相同。如 fish-fish(鱼),sheep-sheep(绵羊),deer-deer(鹿),Chinese - Chinese(中国人), yuan-yuan(元),jinn-jinn(斤)注意 不说 an English,要说 an Englishman. fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。 fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。4)形似单数,实为复数意义。如 people(人,人们 )these people(不说 a people,可说 a person)police(公安,警察)ten police(不说 a police,可说 a policeman)5)由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。女口 a man driver - men drivers(男司机)a woman doctor - women doctors (女医生)6)合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。女口 passer-by - passers-by(过路人)bus driver - bus drivers(汽车司机 )注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如:grown-up - grown-ups( 成年人)letter-box - letter-boxes (信箱)注意hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词 的复数形式。如 Would you like some more fruit?你要不要再吃点水果?We bought a lot of fruit from the market.我们从市场上买了许多水果,China has some good frits.中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)She has a few white hairs.她有几要白头发。His black hair is goi ng white.他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。注意wind ,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。注意以boy和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。女口 boy student - boy students(男学生)girl friend - girl friends( 女朋友)7)有些名词只有作复数。女口 scissors(剪刀 )a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses两 脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(women)。女口 Englishman - Englishmen(英国人)Frenchwoman - Frenchwomen(法国妇女 )四、名词的所有格有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。如Marys father(玛丽的父亲)Jims mother(吉姆的母亲)与所有格相对来看,不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。1名词所有格的构成法1)单数名词词尾加s复数名词词尾如没有S,也要加S。如Toms knife(汤姆的小刀)childrens books(儿童书籍)2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加。如Jim and Mikes room 吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间Jims and Mikes rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加即可。如 the students reading-room(学生阅览室)Every one needs to have at least eight hours sleep a n ight.每个人每晚需要至少8 小时的睡眠。注意所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加s,或只加,但读音都是/iz/。如 Mr. Jones s book 或是 Mr Jones book(琼斯先生的书)Keats works(济慈的作品)(1)表示时间和距离的名词。如 Where is todays newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪儿?An hours walk isnt far. 一小时的路程不远。(1)有些无生命东西的名词,如国家,城市季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词 也可用s,表示所有关系。如 chinas population(中国人口 )the citys life(城市生活)注意在表示店铺或某人家时,为避免重复(因前面已提到),名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。my uncles(我叔叔家),the doctors(医生的诊所)2短语所有格有生命的名词,我们用s结构来表示所有关系,如果是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词”的结构来表示。the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)注意当s所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是mens,而不是shoes of men。3.of +名词所有格of +名词所有称为双重所有格,使用时要注意以下几项。1)表示部分时,前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several (几个)之类有修饰语, 不能是one禾口 the 。如可说:a book of my brothers我兄弟的一本书不说: books of my brothers 或 book of my brothers .2)当带有感情色彩时,可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。如 the pretty daughter of your sisters 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿did you read that book of lu xu ns ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗?3)of前面的名词不能是专有名词。女口不说:this is joh n of his un cles.4)of后面的名词必须是特定的。如these books of my friends are good我朋友的这些书很好。5)of后面的名词必须是指人的名词。比较不说 it is a leaf of the trees.a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。注意of所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用,意义无甚区别。女口 a friend of my brothera friend of my brothers测试点 a car of bettys cars,不可换为 a car of betty.。 jims and toms fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。6实战演练场.圈出下列单词中的不可数名词 peach ink water zoo sister coffee knife snow ice tea orange fridge jeep rain wind car teacher music ear cola watermel on cherry二.写出下列名词的复数形式1.watch2.class3.shelf4.dog5.dish6.child7.nurse8.desk9.boy1O.baby11.tooth12.eye13.sheep14.tomato15.library16.goose17.photo18.telepho ne三选择题()1.There ison the table.A. Plate B.a plate C.plates()2.1 can see manyin the garde n.A. flowers B.a flower C.flowers()3.Theon the hills are all white.A.sheep B.sheeps C.dog()4.These neware for you.A. skirt B.shoe C.shirts()5.The clock has threeA. legs B.leg C.faces()6.They are not in the same.A.class B.classes C.familys()7.Is this your?A. a key B.keys C.key()8.They are having.A.a class B.E nglish class C.Chi nese class()9.There are so manyin the hall.A.peoples B.peopleC.a people()10.Thehas some nice pictures.A. boys B.teachers C.child()11.Theare dancing at the party.A.woma n B.wome n C.ma n()12.Theare in Room408.A.stude nt B.a stude ntC.stude nts()13.Who s that?She s my mother.A.ma n B.woma n C.wome n()14.Theare catch ing the thief.A. policeman B.policemen C.policemans()15.There are newin my schoolbag.A.k nife B.k nifesC.k nives()16.acket is it?May be it s.A.Who s;Toms B.What;Tom s C.Whose;Tom s()17.The books are the.A.teachers B.teachers C.teacher()18.There are a lot of children in the park onDay.A.children B.Children s C.Childrens ()19.Is it the twins bedroom? Yes,it is. It sbedroom.A. Ann and AnnasB.Ann sand Annas C.Ann and Anna()20.That isdog.A. Tom s B.Toms C.Tom阅读理解Look at the picture on the wall. It s a picture of Mr. Gree ns family. The old man is Jim Gree n. He isMr. Gree ns father. Mr. Gree n is a worker. His wife, Hele n Gree n, is a doctor. They have two daughters. They are Lucy and Lily. They are twins. Lucy and Lily have a cous in, Jeff. Jeffs pare ntslove them all very much.()1.The old man is Lucy and Lily s.A.father B.cous in C.u ncle D.gra ndfather()2.The Greens have two.A.brothers B.sisters C.sons D.daughters()3.Lucy has.A.a friend B.a sister C.a brother D.two sisters()4.Jeff s father is Lucy and Lily s.A. Uncle B.father C.brother D.gra ndfather()5.Lily s mother is a.A.doctor B.worker C.teacher D.father8
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