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Unit 10Gender Differences1Around the Topic2Section A3Section B4Section CLeading in Exploring the TopicPlus ActivitiesWarming-upText AExercisesBackground InformationReading ThroughExercisesRelated KnowledgeSample ReadingExercisesUseful Terms Who do you think is smarterboys or girls? Who should do the cooking? Who should drive the truck? And why do you believe these things? When it comes to boys and girls, there are just so many questions about why we do the things we do! Maybe if we start from the beginning, when were born, we can try and solve this mystery once and for all!Directions: In this section, youll hear a short dialog between Penny, a mother, and Mr. Green, an expert, about girls being different from boys. While listening, try to complete the following chart with the information you hear.How many sons and daughters does Penny have? 1)_What does Penny find about girls?2) _What different things do girls have according toMr. Green?They have different worriesabout their development and about their feelings.What should Penny do about her daughter?3) _Three sons and one daughter.They are so different from boys.Talk with her about her worries And dont get angry when she talks back. Big Bill Bell Hes here! Of course he is.Whos here? Big Bill. Big Bill Bell. Bills here. Oh, you mean Bill!Bill who? Big Bill!Bill Bell. Thats right, thats him!Bill Bell? Whos he? You know him very well.You know him. Sure I do!I do? Big Bill Bell!Of course you do. Big Bill Bell!Hes a friend of yours. I know him very well.He is?Task 1 Read the following chant by the tempo of Jazz music and pay attention to the sounds and intonations.1. Who are stronger, boys or girls?2. Who do you think are smarterboys or girls? 3. Who should do cooking?4. Who should drive trucks?5. Do you believe that only boys do well in science?6. Does it seem to you that girls have better vocabularies than boys?Task 2 Discuss the following questions in two groups, boys in one group, and girls in another. Give your answers to the questions first, and then give your reasons.Directions: The following paragraph is taken from Text A. Listen carefully and fill in the blanks without referring to the original text. A team of _ discovered that there are strong _ between how boys and girls are _: while daughters in their study were often kept close to their parents, sons were _ to move _ and to develop_.researchersdifferencesraisedon their ownindependenceencouragedSpot DictationWatch the video and discuss the following topics.1. What do you think of “Boys will be boys”? What does it imply?2. What is the womans traditional status? Are there any changes in modern society?Watch & Discuss“Boys will be boys, and girls will be girls” is a deeply rooted conviction held by people in ancient China. In the old days, women are supposed to do things women must do, like doing the laundry and cooking, caring for the children and taking care of their husband, spinning and weaving, etc. Lucky as Mu Lan who was good at many things, such as fighting, running, shooting, riding, and even reading and writing, which are only supposed to what boys can do, still her place is “in the home”. Mu Lan is sixteen now and “old enough to marry a good husband” according to her mother. 1. What do you think of “Boys will be boys”? What does it imply?It is traditionally believed that a womans place is in the home. There are many tasks for a woman to do, such as caring for the children, do cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing, and even looking after her husband.In modern society, however, it is possible for a woman to go out of the home. Families today tend to be small with only one child. Thus a womans whole period of child-care may occur within at most five years. As for housework, washing machines can wash a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes. Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods. The wife never has to do sewing and mending since good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful. 2. What is the womans traditional status? Are there any changes in modern society? 你相信只有男孩能学好理科吗？在你看来，女孩比男孩更善言辞？如果你回答“是”，根据当代科学杂志的一篇文章，你也许是对的。读书不存先入为主之见固然重要，然而在这还是先介绍一些这篇文章中的研究结果。 Do you believe that only boys do well in science? Does it seem to you that girls have better vocabularies than boys? If your answers are “yes”, you may be right, according to an article in Current Science. While it is important to read things with an open mind, here are some of the articles findings.Why Do Girls and Boys Learn Differently? On average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. Females, on the other hand, do better on tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory. 一般而言，男性在测验数学推理、机械能力和解决问题等技能的考试中得分较高，而女性则在词汇、拼写和记忆力方面的测试中表现更好。 Usually, too, baby girls talk at an earlier age than boys do. Scientists think there is a physical reason for this. They believe that nerves in the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. It is this side of the brain that strongly influences a persons ability to use words, to spell, and to remember.女婴通常比男婴早学会说话。科学家认为这有其生理原因。他们认为女孩大脑左半部的神经比男孩的发育得更快，而对一个人用词、拼写和记忆能力有重大影响的正是左半脑。 According to the article, by the time they start school, little girls have an advantage that boys do not have: girls are physically more ready to remember facts, to spell, and to read. These, of course, are skills that are very important as children first begin school. 根据这篇文章所说，到开始上学时，小女孩就具备了小男孩所没有的优势。女孩在生理上为记忆、拼写和阅读作了更好的准备，而这些技能当然是孩子上学之初非常重要的技能。 What, then, is happening with boys during their years before starting school? Some people say that society is teaching them to be more forceful than girls. A forceful person is said to be unafraid of questioning others, and to be an independent thinker. 那么，在开始上学的前几年，男孩又是怎样一种状况呢？有人说，社会教育他们要比女孩更坚强。据说一个坚强的人不畏惧向别人提出质疑，而且能够独立思考。 What produces such force in little boys? It has long been assumed that it is the result of chemistry in the male body. Scientists today, however, believe that there are other, outside, factors too. They say such force is learned from parents. 男孩身上的这股力量是怎么造成的呢？长期以来，人们认为这是男性体内的化学组织造成的。然而，当今科学家认为还有其他外部因素。他们说这种力量是从父母那里学来的。 A team of researchers discovered that there are strong differences between how boys and girls are raised: while daughters in their study were often kept close to their parents, sons were encouraged to move on their own and to develop independence. 一组研究人员发现男孩和女孩的养育方式截然不同：当女儿学习时，父母常常伴随其左右，而对儿子他们却鼓励其自由活动，培养其自主能力。 As a result, it is easy to understand why little girls often perform school tasks better than boys, especially if the task requires sitting still, obeying orders, and accepting the teachers ideas. A girl may do very well in school, while a boy the same age may bring home lower marks. Why, then, do so few girls become great scientists? 结果，为什么小女孩往往较小男孩能更好地完成学校的功课就容易理解了，尤其是如果这些功课要求坐端正、听从命令和接受老师的意见。女孩可能在学校里学得很好，而同龄的男孩却可能拿着较差的分数回家。可为什么没有几个女孩成为伟大的科学家呢？ While boys are taught in society to be more forceful, and to solve problems themselves, girls, on the other hand, are not encouraged to be this way. Girls, therefore, are often limited to getting high marks in school for remembering what the teacher has told them, instead of being allowed to question without fear like boys. 当社会教育男孩要更坚强、自己解决问题的时候，社会却不鼓励女孩这样做。所以，女孩常常因为记住老师传授的东西而取得高分，而不像男孩那样被鼓励去大胆提问。 In todays world, most people believe that this situation is wrong, and that there is a solution: if men and women were both encouraged to learn and to solve problems in the same ways, more room would be available in society for new ideas from everyone. 当今世界，大多数人都认为这种状况有问题，并且相信有办法解决：如果鼓励男女都以同样的方式去学习和解决问题的话，我们的社会就可能有更大的空间来容纳每个人的新思想。Meaning: While it is important for us to read things with a mind that is ready for new ideas and opinions, let us have a look at some of the findings reported in the article.1While it is important to read things with an open mind, here are some of the articles findings. (Para. 1)Meaning of the SentencesOn average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability,and problem-solving skills. (Para. 2)Meaning: Generally speaking, males get higher marks on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solvingskills.2Meaning: What strongly influences a persons ability to use words, to spell, and to remember things is this side of the brain.It is this side of the brain that strongly influences a persons ability to use words, to spell, and to remember. (Para. 3)3Meaning of the Sentences Some people say that society is teaching them to be more forceful than girls. (Para. 5)4Meaning: In some peoples opinion, society isteaching boys to be stronger and more powerful than girls.Meaning of the SentencesA forceful person is said to be unafraid of questioning others, and to be an independent thinker. (Para. 5)Meaning: People say a forceful person is not afraid of questioning others and has his/her own ideas or way of thinking.5 unafraid=not afraidNote that the word is formed with the prefix (前缀) “un-” which has a negative meaning.More examples:unknown 不为人知的 unpleasant 不愉快的 unrest 不安的 untie 解开 unmarried 未婚的 unnatural 不自然的 A girl may do very well in school, while a boy the same age may bring home lower marks. (Para. 8)Meaning: It is possible that a girl gets good marks in school, while a boy of the same age may comehome with lower marks.a boy the same age=a boy who is as old as the girl67 if men and women were both encouraged to learn and to solve problems in the same ways, more room would be available in society for new ideas from everyone. (Para. 10)Meaning: if women are encouraged to learn and to solve problems in the same way as men are, there would be greater possibility for everyone in society to come up with new ideas. more room would be available in society for new ideas from everyone=more room for new ideas from everyone would be available There are stereotyped ideas about gender differences. This section deals with the problem by comparing the ways of learning between boys and girls and exploring the factors that cause the differences. In the first paragraph, the writer raises the problem: boys do well in science while girls do well in vocabulary. In order to support this viewpoint, three findings are cited in the next three paragraphs. From Paragraphs 5 to 9, an analysis about the forcefulness of boys and the obedience of girls in their studies is made. In response to the introductory paragraph, the author offered a “solution” to the problem of gender difference in the last paragraph.StructureMain Idea: Many views are displayed to prove that boys and girls do learn differently. The forcefulness of boys and the obedience of girls are found even before their school years.Main Idea: The genderdifferences are frowned upon by some people. And the solution to the problem is to encourage boys and girls to solve the problems in the same ways.Main Idea: The two rhetorical questions introduce to us the problem: whether there are gender differences between boys and girls or not.Part II: Para. 2-9Part III: Para. 10Part I: Para. 1New Words articlefindingaverage score mathematicalmechanicalsolvefemalescientistphysicalnervebrainadvantageforcefulindependentproduceforceassumechemistryfactordifferenceencourageindependenceperformtaskrequireobeylimit fearsolutionNew Words on (the/an) average on the other (hand) by the time (all) on ones own be limited to Expressionsfindingn.C (often plural) something learnt as the result of an official inquiry （调查、研究的）结果 e.g. One of their studys findings shows that girls and boys communicate in different ways.他们的研究结果之一表明女孩与男孩的交际方式不一样。mechanicaladj.1. connected with machines and engines e.g. The breakdown was due to a mechanical failure. 抛锚是机械故障造成的。2. (disapproving) (of peoples behavior and actions) done without thinking, like a machine e.g. My work has become mechanicalI could do it in my sleep. 我的工作开始变得机械呆板我睡着了都能做。 mathematical adj.of or relating to mathematics 数学的e.g. mathematical calculations 数学计算 a mathematical formula 数学公式e.g. Hes some kind of mathematical genius. 他有些数学天赋。 physical adj. connected with a persons body rather than their mind 身体的，肉体的e.g. The ordeal has affected both her mental and physical health. 痛苦的经历损害了她的身心健康。physical examination 体检nerven.1. C any of the threadlike parts of the body that form a system to carry feelings and messages to and from the brain 神经 e.g. Caffeine is a substance that stimulates the nerves of the body. 咖啡因是种能刺激身体神经的物质。2. U courage, determination and self-control 勇气；意志力e.g. He had the nerve to point out the mistake that his teacher had made in explaining the text. 他有勇气指出老师在解释课文时犯的一个错误。advantagen. C; U something that may help one to be successful or to gain a favorable result 有利条件；优势；优点e.g. This plan has the advantages of simplicity and ease of control. 这个计划具有简单和容易控制的优点。e.g. This method has the advantage of saving a lot of fuel. 这个方法的优点是能大幅节约燃料。forcefuladj.(of a person, words, ideas, etc.) strong, powerful坚强的；有说服力的e.g. He has proved himself to be a forceful leader in dealing with the disaster. 在对这场灾难的处理中，他证明了自己是一位有魄力的领导人。independent adj. not depending on the help, advice, or opinions of others; self-governing 不受他人影响的；有独立见解的；自主的e.g. India became independent (of Britain) in 1947. 印度于1947 年（脱离英国）获得独立。n. independence assume vt.1. believe something to be true without actually having proof that it is; suppose 假定；假设e.g. Most people assume that actions speak louder than words. 大部分人认为行动胜于空谈（行动比言语更重要）。2. take or claim for oneself; begin to have or use 承担；担任e.g. You will assume your new duties tomorrow. 明天你就要承担新任务。 factorn.C any of the forces, influences, etc. that act with others to bring about a result 因素；要素e.g. Money was the main factor in my decision not to buy a new car. 我决定不买新车主要是因为钱不够。e.g. The rise in the crime rate is mainly due to social and economic factors. 犯罪率升高主要是由社会和经济因素引起的。encouragevt. 1) make somebody feel brave enough or confident enough to do something 鼓励；激励e.g. A good teacher will always encourage his/her students to be ambitious. 好老师总是鼓励学生们要有抱负。e.g. The children are encouraged to ask whatever questions they can think of. 我们鼓励孩子们想到任何问题都要勇于提出。2) give active approval to; support; foster 促进；激发e.g. Dont encourage his selfishness. 不要助长他的自私自利。e.g. Its important to bring children outside to encourage their love of nature. 把孩子们带到户外，激发他们对大自然的热爱，这点很重要。 perform vt.1) do; carry out (a piece of work, duty, ceremony, etc.), especially according to a usual or established method 履行；实行；完成e.g. The teacher praised him as he performed his school task so well. 由于在学校表现很好，老师表扬了他。2) give, act, or show (a play, a part in a play, a piece of music, tricks, etc.), especially in the presence of the public 表演；演戏；演奏e.g. What play will be performed tonight? 今晚上演哪个剧目？ obey v. do what someone in a position of authority tells you to do, or to do what a law or rule says you must do 服从（权威）; 遵守（指令、法律等）e.g. Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。 We should obey the law. 我们应当遵守法律 。 fearn. C; U an unpleasant and usually strong feeling caused by the presence or expectation of danger 恐惧；害怕e.g. The boys and girls helped put out the fire without fear. 男孩女孩们毫不畏惧地帮着灭火。e.g. The little girl was trembling with fear when she saw a snake in front of her. 看见面前有一条蛇，小女孩吓得直发抖。vt. feel afraid or worried that something bad may happen 害怕；惧怕e.g. Most people fear death. 大多数人都害怕死亡。e.g. At that time, women feared going out at night. 那时候，妇女们都害怕晚上出门。 solution n.C an answer to a difficulty or problem 解决；解答；解决方法e.g. Its difficult to find a solution to this problem. 要找到这个问题的解决办法很难。e.g. 某个问题的解决方法某个问题的解决方法 the solution to a problem Japanese on average live much longer than the Europeans. People are changing careers on average every ten years now instead of staying in a job for life. 1. 日本人的平均年龄比欧洲人要高得多。e.g. On average, males score higher on such tests. 一般而言，男性在这样的考试中得分较高。2. 人们平均每十年换一个职业, 而不是一辈子干一种工作。on average 一般而言，平均Practice一方面，她不得不照顾生病的儿子；另一方面，她努力成为优秀的老师。On the one hand, she had to look after her sick son; on the other, she tried her best to be a good teacher.e.g. Females, on the other hand, do better on tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory.而在词汇、拼写和记忆方面的测试中女性则表现较好。on (the) one hand, , and on the other (hand) 一方面，另一方面Practice1. 当她来到时，已经下课了。 By the time she came, the class was over.2. 当他到达那里时，她已经走了。 By the time he got there, she had already left.e.g. By the time they start school, little girls have an advantage that boys do not have. 到开始上学的时候，小女孩就具备了小男孩所没有的优势。by the time 到的时候；在之前Practice 1. 她总是独立完成作业。 She always finishes her homework on her own. 2. 我无法一个人把车修好。 I was unable to repair the car all on my own.e.g. While daughters in their study were often kept close to their parents, sons were encouraged to move on their own and to develop independence. 当女儿学习时，父母常常伴随其左右，而对儿子则鼓励其自由活动，培养其自主能力。(all) on ones own 单独地；独自地Practice1. 每位的演讲时间都应该限定在十分钟内。 Every speech should be limited to 10 minutes.2. 她的旅行仅限于法国的几处名胜。 Her travel has been limited to a few French resorts.e.g. Girls, therefore, are often limited to getting high marks at school for remembering what the teacher has told them. 所以，女孩常常是因为记住了老师传授的东西而取得高分。be limited to + n./doing 限于PracticeA team of 1) _ discovered that there are strong 2) _ between how boys and girls are 3) _ : While daughters in their study were often kept 4) _ to their parents, sons were 5) _ to move on their own and to develop 6) _.Fill in the blanks without referring to the original text. Then check your answers against the original. After that, read the passage aloud until you can say it from memory.researchersdifferencesraisedcloseencouragedindependenceReading Out Read the questions and complete the answers according to the text.1 Who are good at vocabulary, spelling and memoryboys or girls?_ are good at it.2 Whats the physical reason that baby girls talk earlier than boys?_ develop faster in girls than in boys.3 Whats a forceful person like?A forceful person is unafraid of _.GirlsThe nerves in the left side of the brainquestioning others and is an independent thinker4 How are daughters and sons raised differently?Girls are often _their parents, and sons are encouraged to _.5 Why do so many boys become great scientists?Because boys are taught in society _.kept close tomove on their own and to develop independenceto be more forceful and to solve problems on their own1. Students should be encouraged to be _ thinkers. A. independent B. independence C. advantage D. average2. Charlie thinks money will _ all his problems. A. perform B. solve C. score D. forceComplete each of the following sentences by deciding on the most appropriate word from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.ABUsing the Right Word 3. The doctor was _ an operation to save the patients life. A. acting B. limiting C. performing D. assuming 4. New medicines are _ remarkable results in the treatment of cancer. A. finding B. requiring C. solving D. producing5. You should read more books to enlarge your _. A. vocabulary B. memory C. brain D. scoreDACUsing the Right Word 6. The good weather could be an important _ in tomorrows game. A. fact B. factor C. force D. activity 7. This kind of plant _ a lot of water at all times. A. assumes B. limits C. produces D. requires 8. Soldiers are expected to _ orders. A. obey B. ask C. do D. fearBADUsing the Right Word1. _ the time Brian arrives at the airport, Tony has already been waiting there. 2. The Japanese, _ average, live much longer than the Europeans. 3. They believe that nerves _ the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than _ boys.Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a suitable preposition or adverb. ByonininWorking with Expressions4. The old lady has been living _ her own for ten years now. 5. The boy has to finish his homework instead _ going out.6. All flights had to be cancelled _ a result of the pilots strike. 7. My mother limited us _ one cake each for dinner. 8. _ the one hand, I want to sell the house, but _ the other, I cant bear the thought of moving. onofas
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