初中英语语法大全及重要短语汇总

精品文档初中英语语法大全一.名词I.名词的种类:专用名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词/、可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为party-parties, family-families,i 加-esstory-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，力口 -stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,Henry-Henrys以辅首TO口 -esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes,potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes6字母加-0结尾不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos的名词网若皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-0结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths,month-months, path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet,goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3只后复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,随意编辑4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,times（时代），spirits（情绪）， drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,100ks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）7表小“杲国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks,Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by,story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将取后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加S构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表本有生命的东西，后者多表不无生命的东西。1.斫有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加Sthe boy son-in- laws father, Jack heb ook,s photo,一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,复数名词不规则复数名词后加Sthe childrens toys, women s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加S 或者Dickens housenovels, Charles s job, the Smiths，表示各自的所有美系时，各名词末尾Japan s and America s problems, Janes and均须加SMary s bikes表示共有的所有美系时在最舟-词Japan and America s problems, Jane and末加SMary s father表示U某人家店铺，所有格the doctors, the barber s, the tailors, my后名词省略uncle s2.斫有格的用法:1表小时间today s newspaper, five weeksholiday2表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere, the trees branch)s3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s plan, the worldChina s industrys population,4表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the teamvictory，s5表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of app）les6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifetime, the play s plot7某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at oneend（不知所措）s wit s3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词： the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ）,定冠词（the ）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:1指,类人或事，相当于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表小 窜- 相当于 every , oneWe study eight hours a day.4Wtk 相同相the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were某名人有类似性质的人或事outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用丁 quite, rather, many, half,what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.8用丁 so(as, too, how)+形谷词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独f二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the PacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1专用名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前后 this, my, whose, some, no,each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐刖March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表K交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, dayand night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三.代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为 ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问 句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”， any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each 和 every:each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no ：no 等于 not any ，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如： the other day, every other week,some other reason, no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others 。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others ，泛指“别的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written inEnglish.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I.形容词:I .形容词的位置:1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形谷词可置于有最局级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the onlysolution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容，可可以后置a huge room simple andbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allthesecondonebeautifullargenewblackChinesesilkbothsuchathisanotheryournextfourgoodpoorshortsquarecoolyellowLondonstone3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数，+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数，+名词twenty-yearII .副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon, now, early, finally,once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3力式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why,whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est ,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1 . 同级比较时常常用as as以及ot so(as) as - I am not so good a player asyou are.2 .可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far,any, a great deal 。3 .表示一方随另一方变化时用the more the more 如:ThehOrder you work,the more progress you will make.4 .用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如： I have never spent a more worrying day.5 .表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6 .表示“最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如： favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。五.介词 I.介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below,beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分词转化成的介词considering（ 就而论）,including6形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表小时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有美2表小时间的 since, fromsince指从过去到现在的一#时间，和元成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表小时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表小地理位直的in, on,toin表示在某范围内， on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在上”的on,inon只表小在某物的表向上，in表小占去某物 郃分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough 表示从内部通过，与 in后关，across 表不在表向上通过，与on后美7表小关于 的 about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between 与 among 的区别between 表不在两者之间， among 用于二者或二者以上的中间9besides 与 except 的区别besides指“除了还有再加上“，except指“除了，减去什么，不放在句首10表小用的in, withwith表小具体的工具，in表小材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语日,尸首11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表小位直（静态），into表小动向，小表小目的地或位置六.动词I.动词的时态：1 .动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/will beaskingshould/would beasking完成have/hasaskedhad askedshall/will haveaskedshould/would haveasked完成进have/has beenhad beenshall/will haveshould/would have行askingaskingbeen askingbeen asking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2 ） 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3 .现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。我早上一直在读那本书。I have been reading that book all the morning.4. 一般将来时的表达方式:将来时用法例句1will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+ 动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表不很有可能要发生某事It s going to clear up. We re going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave,arrive等诃可用进仃时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving forEurope?4be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to +动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We re to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o clock.The plane leaves at tenthis evening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked2一般过去时was/were asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked4过去将来时should/would be asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在A个助动词或情态动i 其中介副词。固定结构begoing to, used to, have to, had better如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little汉语什-类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可It is believed that常用被动语态构成6过去进行时was/were being asked7现在完成时have/has been asked8过去完成时had been asked9将来完成时will/would have beenasked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked同后加not ,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。boy was made fun of by hisgirl.用被动结构表示。如：It is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be p ointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that卜面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door won t shut. / The play won t act.The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.卜面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot/can t doCan do ?Yes,can.No,can t.couldcouldn t domay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not doMay do ？ Yes, maNo,mustn t/can mightmight not doMight do ?Yes,mightNo,might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn tdoMust do ？ Yes,mNo,needn t/don have to.have to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don t have to doDo 1 have to do?Yes,do.No,don t.ought to应当（表小义务贝任，口语中多用shouldought notto/oughtn t to doOught - to do ?Yes,ought.No,oughtn t.shall将要，会shall not/shan tcSohall do ?t.ust.t用干-三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等Yes, shall.No,shan t.should应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有立备意味）shouldnot/shouldn t doShould do ?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉will not/won t doWill do ？Yes,will.No,won t.wouldwould not/wouldndodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren tDare do ？ cYes,dare.No,daren t.need聿亚1川与必须（常附十否定句和疑问句中）need not/needn tdoNeed do ?Yes,must.No,needn t.used to过去常常（现在已/、冉）usednot/usedn t/usento dodidn t use to doUsed - to do ？Yes,used.，tNo,use(d)n t.Did use to do?Yes, did.No, didn t.II.情态动词 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测：以must为例。must + do（be）是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could可能，could表示可疑的可能性，不及 can t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can t be there, for I saw him in the library justnow.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中 ）III.情态动词注意点：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。 但be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功“，而can无法表达此意。Be able to 有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to 和 would:used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而 would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn t/daren t doNeed/dare do ?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don t(doesn t/didn t)need/dare to do八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语念否定式复合结构不定式to doto bedoingto havedoneto be doneto have beendone在非谓语削加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeing donehaving beendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeing donehaving beendonesb sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动思义，若接小te式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止止在做的事意义remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing （接着做同一件事）try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，有启何结果）mean to do （打算做，企图做）mean doing（意识是，意味着）can t help to do（不能帮忙做an t help doing（忍/、住要他III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区另IJ:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，We found the village多强调状态greatly changed.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将I have a lot of papers to type.不定式来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式I have a lot of papers to be表示在谓语动词之前发生typed.Shall we go to the swimming动名词通常指被修饰词的用途， 无逻辑上的任何关系pool?现在分与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语the boiling water / the boiled词动作同时发生waterthe developing country/the过去分与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在developed country词谓语动作之前现已经完成the falling leaves / the fallenleavesV.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主 语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea,plan, duty, task 做主语时常用）动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象， 或者泛指习惯性的动作， 有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是用形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather 等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词 般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到”之意，主语多是人。The situation isencouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有 astonishing, moving, tiring,disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其-ed形式)九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用， 在句中修饰一个名词或代词。 被修饰的词叫做先行词， 引导定 语从句的词叫关系词， 他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用， 二是在从句 中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with you