全球商务专业词汇中英文对照

1.全球化的商务活动国际商务:(internationalbusiness)跨国企业:(multinationalenterprise)对夕卜直接投资:(foreigndirectinvestment)全球商务:(globalbusiness)新兴经济体:(emergingeconomies)新兴市场:(emergingmarkets)国内生产总值:(grossdomesticproduct)购买力评价法:(purchasingpowerparity)三大经济体:(triad)金字塔底层：(baseofthepyramid)反向创新:(reverseinnovation)外派经理:(expatriatemanager)跨国补贴：(internationalpremium)外商劣势:(liabilityofforeignness)全球化:(globalization)风险管理:(riskmanagement)情景规戈U:(scenarioplanning)半全球化:(semiglobalization)非政府组织:(nongovernmentqrganization)2.理解政治、法律和经济制度:(institutions)制度转型:(institutionaltransitions)制度基础观:(institution-basedview)制度框架:(institutionalframework)正式的制度：(formalinstitutions)规章支柱:(regulatorypillar)非正式制度:(informalinstitutions)规范支柱:(normativepillar)认知支柱:(cognitivepillar)交易成本:(transactioncosts)机会主义:(opportunism)有限理性:(boundedrationality)政治体制：(politicalsystem)民主制：(democracy)集权制：(totalitarianism)政治风险:(politicalrisk)法律体系:(legalsystem)大陆法:(civillaw)普通法:(commonlaw)神权法:(theocraticlaw)智力资产:(intellectualproperty)知识产权:(intellectualpropertyrights)国有企业:(state-ownedenterprise)道德风险:(moralhazard)专禾ij:(patent)版权:(copyright)商标:(trademark)盗版:(priracy)经济体制：(economicsystem)市场经济体制:(marketeconomy)计戈U经济体制:(commandeconomy)混合经济体制:(mixedeconomy)主权贝才富基金:(sovereignwealthfund)3.重视文化、道德和规范民族中心主义:(ethnocentrism)社会结构:(socialstructure)社会分层:(socialstratification)社会流动性:(socialmobility)低语境文化：(low-contextculture)权禾ij距离:(powerdistance)个人主义:(individualism)集体主义:(collectivism)文明:(civilization)族群:(cluster)男性特征:(masculinity)女性特征:(femininity)不确定性规避:(uncertaintyavoidance)长期导向:(long-termorientation)道德:(ethics)行为准贝U:(codeofconduct)道德相对主义：(ethicalrelativism)道德帝国主义:(ethicalimperialism)腐败:(corruption)文化智慧:(culturalintelligence)反海外腐败法:(ForeignCorruptPracticesAct)4 .在全球利用能力资源基础观:(resource-basedview)SWOT分析:(SWOTanalysis)资源:(resources)能力:(capability)价值链:(valuechain)基准分析法:(benchmarking)商品化:(commoditization)外包:(outsourcing)离岸经营:(offshoring)近岸经营:(onshoring)圈养资源:(captivesourcing)因果模糊:(causalambiguity)辅助资产;(complementaryassets)社会复杂性:(socialcomplementary)VRIO框架:(VRIOframework)有形的资源与能力:(tangibleresourcesandcapabilities)无形的资源与能力:(intangibleresourcesandcapabilities)原始设备制造商:(originalequipmentmanufacturer)原始设计制造商:(originaldesignmanufacturer)原始品牌制造商:(originalbrandmanufacturer)5.国际贸易贸易逆差:(tradedeficit)贸易顺差：(tradesurplus)贸易平衡:(balanceoftrade)古典贸易理论:(classicaltradetheories)现代贸易理论:(moderntradetheories)重商贸易理论:(theoryofmercantilism)保护主义:(protectionism)自由贸易:(freetrade)绝对优势理论:(theoryofabsoluteadvantage)比较优势:(comparativeadvantage)绝对优势:(absoluteadvantage)机会成本:(opportunitycost)要素禀赋：(factorendowments)要素禀赋理论:(factorendowmentstheory)先动者优势:(first-moveradvantage)钻石理论:(diamondtheory)资源可流动性：(resourcemobility)关税壁垒:(tariffbarrier)进口关税：(importtariff)净损失成本:(dead-weightcosts)非关税壁垒：(nontariffbarrier)补贴:(subsidies)进口酉己额:(importquota)自愿出口限制:(voluntaryexportrestraint)当地含量要求:(localcontentrequirement)行政管理政策:(administrativepolicy)反倾销税:(antidumpingduty)幼稚产业观点:(infantindustryargument)贸易禁令:(tradeembargo)国家产业竞争优势理论:(theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantageofindustries)战略性贸易理论:(strategictradetheory)产品生命周期理论：(productlifecycletheory)战略性贸易政策:(strategictradepolicy)6 .对外直接投资对外证券投资:(foreignportfolioinvestment)管理控制权:(managementcontrolrights)欧力优势：(OLIadvantages)所有权:(ownership)区位:(location)内部化:(internalization)扩散风险:(disseminationrisks)积聚效应:(agglomeration)知识溢出:(knowledgespillover)市场失败:(marketfailure)激进观点:(radicalviewonFDI)市场的不完善:(marketimperfection)自由市场观点：(freemarketviewonFDI)实用民族主义:(pragmaticnationalism)技术溢出:(technologyspillover)示范效用:(demonstrationeffect)议价能力:(bargainingpower)沉没成本:(sunkcost)议价能力衰减:(obsolescingbargain)感染和模仿效应:(contagionorimitationeffect)水平对外直接投资:(horizontalFDI)垂直对外直接投资:(verticalFDI)上游垂直对外直接投资：(upstreamverticalFDI)下游垂直对外直接投资：(downstreamverticalFDI)对外直接投资流量：(FDIflow)对外直接投资存量：(FDIstock)7.外汇交易夕卜汇汇率:(foreignexchangerate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)国际收支平衡:(balanceofpayments)浮动汇率制:(floatingexchangeratepolicy)自由浮动:(cleanfloat)有管理的浮动：(dirtyfloat)目标汇率:(targetexchangerates)爬行带:(crawlingbands)固定汇率制:(fixedexchangeratepolicy)盯住:(peg)顺风车效应:(bandwagoneffect)资本外逃:(capitalflight)金本位制：(goldstandard)兑换中介:(commondenominator)酉己额:(quota)夕卜汇市场:(foreignexchangemarket)即期交易:(spottransaction)远期交易:(foreigntransaction)货币套期保值:(currencyhedging)远期贴水:(forwarddiscount)远期升水:(forwardpremium)货币互换:(currencyswap)最低报价:(offerrate)买入价:(bidrate)价差:(spread)夕卜汇风险:(currencyrisk)战略性对冲:(strategicheadging)货币局制度:(currencyboard)布雷顿森林体系:(BrettonWoodsSystem)国际货币基金组织:(InternationalMonetaryFund)8,全球与区域一体化多边贸易体制:(multilateraltradingsystem)非歧视性:(non-discrimination)自由贸易区:(freetradearea)关税同盟:(customsunion)共同市场:(commonmarket)经济联盟:(economicunion)货 币 联 盟:(monetaryunion)政 治 联 盟:(politicalunion)区 域 经 济 一 体化:(regionaleconomicintegration)全球经济一体化:(globaleconomicintegration)9 .进入外国市场区位优势:(location-specificadvantages)文化距离:(culturaldistance)制度差异:(institutionaldistance)先 动 者 优 势:(first-moveradvantages)后 动 者 优 势:(late-moveradvantages)进 入 规模:(scaleofentry)进 入 模 式:(modeofentry)非 股 权 模 式:(non-equitymode)股 权 模式:(equitymode)交 钥 匙 工 程:(turnkeyproject)研 发 合 同： (R&Dcontract)联 合 营销:(co-marketing)合资企业:(jointventure)全资子公司:(whollyownedsubsidiary)绿地运营:(greenfieldoperation)10.创业型企业:(smallandmedium-sized)仓业:(entrepreneurship)仓业者:(entrepreneurs)国际仓业:(internationalentrepreneurship)风险投资者：(venturecapitalist)小额信贷:(microfinance)天生国际企业：(bornglobal)直接出口:(directexport)信用证:(letterofcredit)许可证:(licensing)特许经营:(franchising)间接出口:(indirectexport)出口中介:(exportintermediary)连续仓业者:(serialentrepreneur)阶段模型:(stagemodel)11.联盟与收购战略联盟:(strategicalliances)契约性联盟:(contractualalliances)基于股权联盟：(equity-basedalliances)战略性投资:(stragicinvestment)交叉持股：(crossshareholding)收购:(acquisition)合并:(merger)尽职调查:(duediligence)实物期权:(realoption)学习竞赛:(learningrace)关系能力:(relationalcapability)收购溢价:(acquisitionpremium)战略匹配:(strategicfit)组织匹酉己:(organizationalfit)干中学:(learningbydoing)过度自信：(hubris)管理动机:(managerialmotives)12.管理动态竞争动态竞争:(competitivedynamics)竞争者分析:(competitoranalysis)合谋:(collusion)隐性合谋:(tacitcollusion)显性合谋:(explicitcollusion)反托拉斯法：(anti-trustlaw)囚徒困境:(prisonersdilemma)博弈论:(gametheory)集中度:(concentrationratio)价格领袖:(priceleader)惩罚能力:(capacitytopunish)市场共通性:(marketcommonality)多市场竞争:(multimarketcompetition)相互容忍:(mutualforbearance)跨市场报复:(cross-marketretaliation)竞争政策:(competitionpolicy)申通定价:(collusiveprisesetting)掠夺性定价:(predatorypricing)倾销:(dumping)反倾销法:(antidumpinglaw)资源相似性：(resourcesimilarity)攻击:(attack)反击:(counterattack)蓝海战略:(blueoceanstrategy)防御者:(defender)扩展者:(extender)躲避者:(dodger)竞争者:(contender)13 .战略与结构地区调适:(localresponsiveness)母国复制战略：(homereplicationstrategy)当地化战略:(localizationstrategy)卓越中心:(centresofexcellence)全球托管:(worldwidemandate)跨国战略:(transnationaldivisionstrategy)国际部结构:(internationaldivision)地理区域结构:(geographicareastructure)全球矩阵结构:(globalmatrix)组织文化:(organizationalculture)知识管理:(knowledgemanagement)显性知识:(explicitknowledge)隐性知识:(tacitknowledge)开放式创新:(openinnovation)全球虚拟团队：(globalvirtualteam)吸收能力:(absorptivecapacity)社会资本:(socialcapital)子公司主导:(subsidiaryinitiative)全球客户结构:(globalaccountstructure)整合-响应模型:(integration-responsivenessframework)全球标准化战略:(globalstandardizationstrategy)国家或区域经理:(countrymanager)全球产品部结构:(globalproductdivisionstructure)微观-宏观联系:(mocro-macrolink)基于解决方案的结构:(solutions-basedstructure)14 .公司治理融资:(financing)公司治理:(corporategovernance)股权:(equity)股东:(shareholder)债务:(debt)债券:(bond)债券持有人：(bond-holder)违约:(default)资本成本:(costofcapital)跨境上市:(cross-listing)集中的所有权及控制权:(concentratedownershipandcontrol)所有权分散:(diffusedownership)所有权和控制权相分离:(separationofownershipandcontrol)首席执行官:(chiefexecutiveofficer)高管团队:(topmanagementteam)代理关系:(agencyrelationship)委托人:(principal)代理人:(agent)代理理论:(agencytheory)委托-代理冲突:(principal-agentconflicts)代理成本:(agencycosts)信息不对称:(informationasymmetries)委托-委托冲突:(principal-principalconflicts)录哨(expropriation)挖墙脚:(tunneling)关联交易:(relatedtransaction)内部董事：(insidedirector)外部董事：(outsidedirector)CEO任:(CEOduality)基于话语的机制:(voice-basedmechanisms)基于退出的机制:(exit-basedmechanisms)私募股权:(privateequity)杠杆收购:(leveragedbuyout)股东型资本主义:(shareholdercapitalism)管理人力资本:(managerialhumancapital)管家理论：(stewardshiptheory)15.公司社会责任公司社会责任:(corporatesocialresponsibility)利益相关者:(stakeholder)三重底线:(triplebottomline)反应性战略:(reactivestrategy)防御性战略：(defensivestrategy)适应性战略:(accommodativestrategy)行为准贝U:(codesofconduct)前瞻性战略：(proactivestrategy)全球可持续发展：(globalsustainability)首要禾益相关者群体:(primarystakeholdergroups)次要禾益相关者群体:(secondarystakeholdergroups)