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精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上(内部资料)2018.1 目 录第一讲 名词第二讲 冠词第三讲 代词第四讲 数词第五讲 介词第六讲 形容词和副词第七讲 连词第八讲 情态动词 第九讲 非谓语动词第十讲 时态第十一讲 被动语态第十二讲 祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句第十三讲 宾语从句第十四讲 定语从句第十五讲 状语从句第十六讲 主谓一致第十七讲 情景交际第十八讲 词义辨析附录I 重点短语概 述 一、概述语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学,研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格,动词的时态、语态),研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序,句子种类)。二、英语词类词类英语作用在句中成分例词1名词n.表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、同位mother, son2形容词adj.表示人或物的特征定、表、补、状big, small3数词num.表示数目或顺序主、宾、nine, first4代词pron.代替名词,数词主语宾语定语he, him, his5动词v.表示动作或状态谓come, write6副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征状、表very, slowly7冠词art.用在名词前说明其意义不做成分a, an, the8介词prep.用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系不做成分for, from, to9连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句不做成分and, but, if10感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气不做成分oh, ow三、句子成分句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分,主语和谓语。除了主语和谓语,句子有时还有其他成分,宾语、定语、状语、表语等。主语:一般位于句首,说明所要讲述的对象或主体,表示要说的“谁”或“什么”,一般由名词、代词或名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。We often practise speaking English after class. Your fathers car is new.Watching English films is a good way to learn English. 谓语:位于主语之后,说明主语的情况(动作或状态)-“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。必须为动词或动词短语充当, 或由系动词加形容词、名词充当。谓语与主语要保持人称和数一致。I saw your brother yesterday. Tom will arrive in 10 minutes. She feels weak after a long illness. 表语:位于系动词后,说明主语“是什么”“怎么样”,一般由形容词、名词充当。构成主系表结构。She is a teacher. The girl looks healthy. The cake tastes good.宾语:位于及物动词之后,说明动作、行为的对象或结果。由名词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句充当。I play the violin. The students are listening to the radio.We should learn from her.宾语补足语:位于宾语后,用来补充说明宾语的意义。His words made her sad. Please call me Tom. I find it hard to speak French. 定语:位置灵活,有前置定语,后置定语。用来说明名词或代词性质、特点。一般由形容词、介词短语,动词不定式或定语从句来充当。China is a great country. The girl in red dress is my sister. The wild animals have no place to live. The man who smoked a lot died of lung cancer. 状语:位于句首,句末或句中,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。表示行为发生的时间、地点,目的、原因、方式、程度等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词作用的词来充当。I often get up at six.The children are playing football in the playground. In order to catch the early bus, I had to get up early. He was late for school because of heavy traffic. Tim always goes to school by bus. It is raining heavily. 第1讲 名词一、名词的类名词分类:根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词1)专有名词 表示具体的人、事物、地点和机构的专有名称。2)普通名词 表示某人或某类事物的名称。个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。 抽象名词:表示抽象概念(动作/状态/品质/感情)名词专有名词NBA Peter Coca Cola May Olympics Sunday普通名词可数名词个体名词desk book apple room 集体名词family group team class不可数名词物质名词water milk bread rice meat 抽象名词happiness friendship victory二、名词的数一、可数名词和不可数名词 1)不可数名词 (不可用数字来计数,没有复数形式)物质名词:无法分为个体, water, tea, bread, milk, rice, rain, snow,wind 注:有些物质名词可以具体化为可数名词 two teas 有些不可数名词前有形容词修饰时,必须和a/an连用 a heavy rain have a good time 抽象名词:表示抽象概念(动作、状态、品质、感情) love, beauty, happiness, friendship 2) 可数名词 (可以用数字来计数,有单复数形式)单数可数名词要用冠词数词或其他限定词修饰,复数可数名词要在名词后面加s注:常考不可数名词: advice information news knowledge furniture fun traffic progress 可数名词: suggestion message idea 3) 有些名词既可以可数,也可以不可数,但意义不同。 不可数可数不可数可数fish鱼肉鱼 chicken鸡肉小鸡orange橙汁橙子room空间房间cloth布料抹布,桌布; clothes衣服work工作works著作;works工厂light光灯exercise锻炼练习,习题;体操,操练glass玻璃玻璃杯;眼镜(复)experience经验经历wood木头woods 树林success成功成功的人或事paper纸试卷;论文;报纸character性格主人公sand沙子sands 沙滩4) 数词 + 单位量词 + of + 不可数名词不可数名词的数量表达 a piece of news two bottles of juice 名词复数的变化规则(1) 规则变化情况构成方法例词规则1一般情况-smap car roof 规则2以s, x, ch, sh结尾-es bus box watch brush规则31)部分以o结尾-es hero negro tomato potato2)其余以o结尾-sphoto piano zoo bamboo radio规则4以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为veswife knife wolf thief shelf -self life half leaf规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i 加-esparty city baby country family 读音- “清清浊浊元后浊”1. 在清辅音后 s2. 在浊辅音和元音后 z3. 在s z t d 后z classes roses brushes watches oranges(2)不规则变化的名词复数形式 manmen womanwomen policemanpolicemen Englishman- Englishmen FrenchmanFrenchmen footfeet toothteeth goose-geese (鹅)childchildren ox-oxen (牛) mouse-mice 单复同形 Chinese Japanese deer sheep fish (表种类时fishes) 注: 国家人的复数变化:中日不变英法变,其余s加后边。 *German-Germans表示国籍时没有复数。 Im American, not English. 汉语音译词没有复数形式 100 yuan, 5 dollars (cents, pounds ) (3)合成名词一般将主体名词变复数。mothers-in-law passers-by lookers-on 无主体名词的在词尾变复数grown-ups成年人 go-betweens 中间人以man, woman 开头的合成名词,所含的成分全都要变为复数。man doctor-men doctors woman driver-women drivers(4) 单数形式的集体名词 具有复数意义,谓语动词用复数police, people(5) 集体名词 class, family, group, team 表示个体成员-复数;表示整体- 单数 My family (be) very poor when I was a child. My family (like) eating hot food. The class (be) reading when the teacher came in. My class (have) forty students. (6) 复数名词 由两个对称部分构成的物品的名词,常用复数形式,谓语动词用复数,表示数量时用“数词+pair (s) of”glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, pants, socks, shoes, 其他以复数形式出现的名词 goods, woods, clothes 三、名词所有格表示名词所有关系的形式叫名词所有格,译成“.的”,一般做定语。三种形式:1. s形式 2. of 短语形式 3. 双重所有格1. s 所有格(用于表示有生命的人或物)(1)变化方法: 一般情况在名词词尾 +s Johns brother Childrens Day mens clothes 以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾 + students books two hours walk 共同拥有共同加 Jane and Helens room (单数) 分别拥有分别加 Janes and Helens rooms (复数)(2)所有格s所修饰的名词可以省略表示店铺、家等名词,如shop, home, office等可以省略。the barbers (shop) at the Greens (home) the doctors (office)s 所修饰的名词若前面已提到,或后面要提起,则往往省略以避免重复。This isnt Johns bike, but Peters. His handwriting is much better than Lisas.2. of+名词 所有格用于表示无生命的 a map of China the door of the room修饰的名词的定语太长the name of his old black cat the name of the girl over there3. 双重所有格of短语+ 名词所有格/代词所有格,构成双重所有格,用来表示人的所有关系,而非物。双重所有格可用a, any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词,但不能用thea friend of my fathers=one of my fathers friends 我爸爸的一个朋友some books of mine = some of my books 我的几本书表示感情色彩:That dog of Roberts is really clever. 罗伯特的那只狗真聪明。注: a photo of Tom (Tom本人的照片) a photo of Toms (Tom拥有的一张照片)4、 名词作定语shoe factory apple tree coffee cup book case sports meeting clothes shop bath room第2讲 冠词一、冠词概述定义:冠词是置于名词之前,帮助说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。分类: 不定冠词:泛指 a/an a 用于辅音音素前, an用于元音音素前。 定冠词: 特指 the 零冠词: 无形冠词(不使用冠词) 用a/an 填空。 useful book umbrella university engineer honest man hour ugly duck uncle X-ray operation European country 8-foot-deep hole one-year-old baby 11-metre-long river 二、不定冠词1. 强调数量“一” (=one) I bought a book and two pens.我买了一本书和两支笔。2. 强调某一类别 He is a doctor. 他是位医生。3. 概括整体,泛指一个类别。 A bird has wings. 鸟有翅膀。4. 表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一” (=per =each)four times a day 每天四次 sixty miles an hour 每小时60英里5. 用于序数词前表示“又一” “再一” Well have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。6. 在某些物质名词前表示“一杯/罐/瓶/份” A coffee / tea / cola, please. 请来杯咖啡/茶/可乐。7. 强调第一次或笼统指某一个 One day, an old woman went into a shop with a girl.8. 季节、月份、日期、三餐、雨雪风前有形容词修饰时,用不定冠词。9. 某些短语或习惯用法 a little a bit a lot of as a matter of fact in a word have a cold have a look 三、定冠词1. 表特指 凡是有限定语修饰的都是特指。 the girl in red the book on the desk2. 再次提到 I got a letter yesterday. The letter was sent by Tim from U.S.A. 3. 双方皆知 Pass me the magazine on the desk. 4. 用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物 The train goes faster than the bus. =Trains go faster than buses.5. 表示独一无二的事物 the earth the sun the moon the sky6. 表示方向方位 in the east on the left in the middle7. 和形容词连用,表示一类人或物 the rich the poor the blind the old the young 8. 用于西洋乐器前 play the piano 9. 用于复数姓氏前,表示一家人或夫妇The Greens have no children. Green夫妇没有孩子。 The Smiths live next to us. Smith一家住在我们隔壁。10. 用于地理名词前 The Yellow River黄河 the Pacific 太平洋11. 用于某些含有普通名词的专有名词前 the United Nations the USA the Great Wall 12. 用于序数词、最高级及only所修饰的名词前 13. 用于世纪或年代的词前 in the 20th century in the 1980s 14. 用在击打某人身体部位的结构中。 击打动词+sb. +介词+the+身体部位15. 语言的词前不用the, 但表示语言的词和language 连用时用the Mary began to learn the English language at the age of five. 16. 一身兼两职,只用一个the the teacher and writer17. same 要与the连用18. 习语中。 in the morning in the end at the age of in the day 四、零冠词(不使用冠词)1. 一般专有名词前不加冠词人名 地名 国家名 国籍 年份 月份 星期 日期 季节 语言 学科 但如后有定语修饰表特指,需加定冠词 He is not longer the Brown we knew ten years ago. 他不是我们十年前认识的那个布朗。 The Beijing of today is different from what it was. 今天的北京不同与从前的北京了。 2. 某些含有普通名词的专有名词街名 King Street 国王大街 Nanking Road 南京路公园 Beihai Park 北海公园 Hyde Park 海德公园车站 Shanghai Railway Station 上海火车站机场 Dalian Zhoushuizi Airport 大连周水子机场桥梁 Golden Gate Bridge 金门大桥大学 Beijing University 北京大学但含有of的大学要加the the University of Beijing; the University of Zhejiang 3. 含有day的节日名 Childrens Day National Day但我国传统的节日前用定冠词 the Spring Festival 春节; the Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节4. 官衔,职位,称号的专有名词用作表语、同位语或补足语时。Chairman Mao 毛主席 President Obama 奥巴马总统 Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王5.“抽象名词、物质名词”表示一般概念时 1). Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 2). Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。 3). He is fond of music. 他喜欢音乐。 6. 一日三餐 have breakfast / lunch / supper/ dinner (三餐前有限定语修饰时,用a)7. 球类运动和棋牌类活动 play football / play chess /play cards8. by + 交通工具9. turn后跟名词表示“成为” turn teacher ( become a teacher)10. 一些固定短语中: go to bed, go to school / work, at night / noon, after school / class in danger in trouble in fact, in public, 名词前有时用定冠词和不用定冠词意义完全不同表示抽象概念 表示具体概念go to sea go to the seago to church go to the churchat table at the tableby sea by the seain prison in the prisonin hospital in the hospitalat school at the schoolin class in the classout of question out of the questionin front of in the front of take place take the place of 第3讲 代词一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词人称代词、物主代词、反身代词一览表单数复数一二三一二三人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourtheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves语法讲解:1. 代词是用来代替名词,以避免重复。2. 人称代词在句中作主语时,用主格;作宾语(动宾/介宾)时用宾格。3. 人称代词的顺序:you, he /she and I we, you and they 4. 人称代词的宾格代替主格: Its me. Why me? Me too/ neither. 5. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,后跟名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词, 独立使用。形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词 4. 反身代词 1)反身代词在句中作宾语,译成“自己”。表示动作回到执行者本身。He can look after himself.2)反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,译成“本人”“亲自”。可置于名词代词后,也可置于句尾。I myself did the work. The exam itself isnt important. She can mend her car herself.3)固定搭配enjoy oneself (玩得开心) teach oneself (自学) lose oneself in (沉迷) dress oneself(给自己穿衣服)by oneself (亲自) help yourself to some (随便吃点) 2、 指示代词近指:this (这个) these (这些) 远指:that(那个) those (那些)3、 相互代词each other one another each others one anothers 四、不定代词 数量范围 (二/三问题) 谓语的数 of问题(1) 表示数量的不定代词只修饰可数名词只修饰不可数名词修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可many, many a a great / good manya number ofmucha great deal ofa large amount ofa lot of = lots ofplenty of a large quantity ofenough few, a fewlittle, a little, a bit ofsome, any1)many, much的区别many+复数名词 much+不可数名词2)a number of , the number of的区别a number of +名词复数做主语时,谓语动词用复数。the number of +名词复数做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 “的数量”_ workers in that factory are women workers._ the teachers in our school is very large.3)few, a few, little, a little的区别肯定意义否定意义修饰的名词a littlelittle 不可数名词a few few 复数名词There are minutes left. Hurry up.( few, a few)Dont worry. I have money here.( little, a little)The maths problem is so difficult that only students worked it out. (few, a few)注: a little +不可数名词=a bit of + 不可数名词 Theres a little/ a bit of water in the glass. a bit of + a/an + 名词单数 The room is a bit of a mess. a little=a bit 有点,修饰形容词、副词、动词的原级,比较级。 He is a little / a bit taller than me. not a little =quite=very 非常,相当 It is not a little cold. not a bit = not .at all 一点也不,根本不 It is not a bit cold. 4)some, any 的区别 some 和any 都表示“一些”,既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。可用句式特殊用法some肯定句或表建议、请求的问句后接单数名词表示“某一个”any 否定句或疑问句肯定句中的any表示“任何一个”I have books, but I dont have pens. There is not meat in my bowl. There is chicken in it.Would you like tea? May I ask you questions? You can read any book here. (二) both, all (谓语用复数)*both 表示两者都。both与否定词连用表示部分否定,全部否定用neither. Both of them didnt go there.(=Not both of them went there.) 他们两个并没有都去那儿。*all 表示整体概念, 用于三者(以上)。all与否定词连用表示部分否定,全部否定用none/no one.All dont agree with you. (=Not all agree with you.) 并非所有的人都赞同你。None of them agree with you. 一个人也不赞同你。(三) either, neither (谓语用单数)either表示“两个中的任何一个”,neither表示“两个中任何一个也不”(4) each, every each 表示各个,每个,强调个体情况,用于二者以上。可以与of连用。every表示每个都,人人都,强调整体情况,用于三者以上,含有all之意。只作定语,不与of连用。every还可以表示“每隔.” every five minutes every two days There are lots of shops on (every / each) side of the street. There are lots of shops on (both / each) sides of the street. (Every / Each) of the students has a smart phone in our class. (5) another, other, others, the other, the othersanother : 泛指另一个, 3 后接单数名词。 This skirt is small. Please show me another. another + num. + 复数名词,表示“又一” You need stay in bed for another 2 days.other: 泛指其他的,别的 后+复数名词/不可数名词 I have no other shoes. others: 泛指其他人或物 others=other + 复数名词 some others the other : (两者中) 的另一个 one., the other. 单独使用 后接复数名词或不可数名词,特指“其余的.” the others : (有范围的) 特指另外那些 = the other + 复数名词 范围内其余的全部=the rest / the left (6) none, no one指代意思与of连用回答的问题谓语动词的数none人/物一个都没有,一点都没有 可How many/much (数量)单数/复数no one人没人.不可Who (谁)单数(七)复合不定代词 (单数 后置)somebody 某人someone 某人something 某物anybody 任何人anyone 任何人anything 任何事物nobody 没人no one 没人nothing 没东西everybody 每人everyone 每人everything 一切复合不定代词作单数看待,谓语动词用单数。 修饰复合不定代词的成分需后置 something wrong someone important nobody else everything (that)she saw someone (that) I knowsomeone还可指重要的人。 nobody指小人物,不重要的人 You think youre someone, but you are nobody. 所有格: someone elses (八)it, them one, ones, that, those 的几种特殊用法it / them 指代同名同物,不带任何修饰语,单数用it,复数用them。one / ones 指代前面提过的同名异物的可数名词, one指单数,ones指复数。that 指代同类不同体的不可数名词,只指物。those 指代同类不同体的复数名词,指人或指物,相当于the ones。1 My pen is lost. I cant find . 2 I havent a computer. I want to buy next year. 3 On Mars there is no environment like of the earth. 4 The weather in winter in Guangzhou is warmer than in Beijing. (九)it 的几种特殊用法1. 指无生命的物体They watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.2. 指动植物或未知性别的婴儿Is this your dog? No, it isnt.They got a baby and it was a ten-pounder3. 指身份不明的人Who is it at the door? Its Jim.4.作形式主语或形式宾语时 Its easy to climb the hill.I found it interesting to learn English.4. It用于强调句中 it +be+被强调的部分+that /who .5. it有时并不指具体的东西而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等: 四、疑问代词疑问代词是就句中某一部分提问的疑问词,一般放在句首。who 谁(主格) whom谁(宾格) whose 谁的(属格)what 什么(人、物) which哪一个,哪些(人、物)五、关系代词关系代词常用来引导定语从句。关系代词一方面在定语从句中担任一个成分,另一方面又指代定语从句所修饰的先行词。who 某人(主格) whom某人(宾格) whose 某人的(属格)that 指人或物 which指物 注: 含有否定含义的词, little, few, no, none, no one, nothing, neither 不可再用于否定句!第4讲 数词数词是表示数目或顺序的词。1. 基数词 (表示数目)1-12: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve13-19: 后加-teen thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen20-90: 后加-ty twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety21-99: 由整十加个位1-9构成,中间用连字符 “-”。 twenty-one thirty-two .ninety-nine百位数:百位数由1-9加hundred构成,百位和十位之间用and,再加几十几。千位数:千位数由1-9加thousands构成。百万: million十亿: billion 注:表示具体数目时,数词用单数。 two hundred hundred, thousand, million, billion等复数形式与of 连用,表示约数(不确定数目) 2. 序数词 (表示顺序) 序数词构成:基数词+th基变序口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾要加-th。 1、2、3单独记,词尾字母t,d,d; first second third8减t 9减e;f要把ve替; eighth ninth fifth twelfth整十变化要注意,去掉y变ie; twentieth 若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。 twenty-first ninety-ninth 序数词缩写,数字+最后2个字母 例如:1st , 2 nd, 3 rd, 20 th, 21st, 序数词通常与定冠词the连用,当有限定词修饰时不用the; 与a连用时表示“又一,再一”;3. 分数词:分子基数词,分母序数词。分子是1,分母单数;分子大于1,分母复数,即序数词加-s。1/2 a / one half (1/2通常不读作 one second)1/4 a / one quarter1/5 one fifth2/3 two thirds3/4 three quarters 分数词作主语是,谓语动词的数由of后的名词来决定。表示人口的几分之几谓语用复数。4. 小数 2.69 two point six nine5. 百分数 50% fifty percent 6. 编号表示法1 名词+基数词 强调“编号” Part One Lesson Ten Room 2012 序数词+名词 强调“顺序” the first lesson 7. 时刻表示法直接表示法 7:20 seven twenty间接表示法 整点 6:00 six (oclock)一刻钟 6:15 six fifteen = a quarter past six半点 6:30 six thirty = half past six几点过几分 6:10 six ten =ten past six差几分几点 5:50 five fifty =ten to six8. 日期表示法5月23日 May 23 (rd) 读作 May twenty third 或the twenty third of May1999年5月31日 May 31,1999 或 31 May, 19999. 年份表示法 (年份是四位数字时,各分成二位来读)1900 读作 nineteen hundred1949 读作 nineteen forty-nine2008 读作 two thousand and eight10. 年代世纪 in the 1980s =in the 1980s in the early eighties11. 年龄 在某人几十多岁时 in ones fifties at the age of 20 12. 复合形容词 只做定语不做表语 a two-month holiday an 8-year-old girl 13. 几个半 two and a half hours (=two hours and a half)14. 电话号码 多用基数词表达 第5讲 介词1、 介词的用法1. 时间介词 (today, tomorrow, yesterday, last, next, this, that, every前不用时间介词)at用于黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜用于时刻用于起止两端用于节日用于年龄at daybreak / dawn, at night / noonat 6:10; at lunch time at this time / moment at presentat first / at last at the beginning / end
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