清华大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

清华大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Part Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section OneDirections: In this section you will hear a talk about dictionaries. The speaker will mainly talk about some uses of dictionaries. Listen to the recording and write down five uses that are given in the talk. Use only a phrase for each answer. You will hear the recording only once.Topic: Use of dictionaries1_2_3_4_5_Section TwoDirections: In this section you will hear an interview with a time management consultant. Listen to the recording and answer the questions with what you hear from the consultant. You will hear the recording twice.Interview Questionnaire: time management.6What exactly do time management consultants do?_7Who are their clients?_8What sort of things help people to organize their time?_9How can you control what other people do?_10What can people do with interruptions?_11Does everything depend on culture?_12What, for you, is a hard-working person?_Section ThreeDirections: In this section you will hear a lecture about food around the world. Listen to the lecture and complete the notes below about the lecture. Write no more than 5 words for each blank. You will hear the recording only once.Lecture Notes: Food around the worldDiet in Europe 500 years ago Meat: e.g. (13) _ Dairy: e.g. milk, cheese Grains: e.g. (14) _Diet in the America 500 years ago Vegetables: e.g. (15) _ Grains: e. g. corn Meat: e.g. turkey Spices: e.g. (16) _Diet in the America now Diet to day very different e.g. (17) _Diet in Europe/World now The food Europeans brought back from America:e.g. (18)_ (19) _ spread quickly. (20) _ spread slowly.Part Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and DChoose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21Right now there is a sale of 19th-century European Paintings and sculpture in the museum.Aphotographs Bimages Cstatues Dstone paintings22The more intrusive advertisements become, the more they irritate web users.Aannoy Bdismay Csurprise Dstartle23Both police officers and high officials here are susceptible to corruption.Asustainable Bsuspicious Cskeptical Dvulnerable24In the new shark repellent method, an insulated cable is buried on the bottom of the sea around a beach from which people swim.Afrightening Bresisting Cprotective Draising25His work shed provocative yet necessary light on an important way to slow the spread of this deadly virus.Aprovisional Bseductive Cinsulting Ddisturbing26Before the construction of the railroad, it was prohibitively expensive to transportany goods across the mountains.Adeterminedly Bincredibly Cforbiddingly Damazingly27Scarcely does anyone want to become janitors, but to be appointed as a sanitary engineer is quite something else.Asenior Bmilitary Cclean Dskilled28Nowadays, the prescribed roles of the man as “breadwinner” and the woman as housewife are changing.Aoriginal Bprevalent Cascribed Dsettled29The new chemical will exterminate this kind of insects in this area.Aeliminate Bprosecute Cquench Dquit30He stepped gingerly into the ramshackle old house.Aslowly Brecklessly Ccautiously Dalertly31This is only a _ agreement: nothing serious concluded yet by far.Atentative Blocal Cdecisive Dkidding32Some workers in the nuclear power station were exposed to high levels of _.Aradiation Bcancer Cmicrowaves Dhigh temperature33A _ refers to an animal that is born from its mothers body, not form an egg, and drinks its mothers milk as a baby.Amammoth Bpenguin Cmosquito Dmammal34I have to say this, but this coat youve just bought is made of _ fur; its not real mink.Acoarse Bgenuine Cslippery Dcounterfeit35Its amazing that two researchers working independently made the same discovery _.Aspontaneously Bsimultaneously Ccollaboratively Dconscientiously36The government cant expect the taxpayer to _ this company out indefinitely.Asupport Bbail Credeem Dremove37These melodious folk songs are generally _ to Smith, a very important musician of the century.Adevoted Bcontributed Ccomposed Dascribed38_ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.AIn order that BLest CIf DProviding39_ my wifes consistent encouragement, I wouldnt have accomplished my graduate study.ABut for BBut with CExcept for DExcept that40When cooperating with the American specialists in the States, I _ myself of the opportunity to improve my English.Aavailed Ballowed Cdeprived DindulgedPart Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C, and DYou should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the 17th and 18th century made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.41What idea did the author derive from the recent opinion polls?AAvailable employment should redistricted to a small percentage of the population.BNew jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures.CJobs available must be distributed among more people.DThe present high unemployment figures are a fact of life.42The passage suggests that we should now re-examine our thinking about work and _.Abe prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of workBcreate more factories in order to increase our productivityCset up smaller private enterprises so that we in turn can employ othersDbe prepared to fill in time by taking up housework43The passage tells us that the arrival of the industrial age meant that _.Auniversal employment guaranteed prosperityBeconomic freedom came within everyones reachCpatterns of work were fundamentally changesDto survive, everyone has to find a job44As a result of the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries _.Apeople were no longer legally entitled to own landBpeople were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselvesCpeople were not adequately compensated for the loss of their landDpeople were badly paid for the work they managed to find45It can be inferred from the passage that _.Athe creation of jobs for all is impossibleBwe must make every effort to solve the problem of unemploymentCpeople should start to support themselves by learning a practical skillDwe should help people to get full-time jobsPassage TwoQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Various innovations have been introduced as ways to break off our system which forces students through a series of identical classrooms in which teachers do most of the talking and students have little opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are team teaching and teacher aides, non-graded elementary and secondary schools, independent study, curricula focused on helping students discover things for themselves rather than on trying to tell them everything, and schools designed for maximum flexibility so that students can work alone, or in small groups, or take part in large-group instruction via diverse media. The aim of all these innovations is to adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to organizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new technology into the schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast differences in the ways students learn are disregarded when they are taught the same thing, in the same way, at the same time. There is no escaping the evidence that many students themselves feel little enthusiasm and even outright hostility for the present way schools and colleges are organized and instruction is handled. Many of them resent technology, but what they object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large number of students. Or it is programming which merely reproduces conventional classroom responds and learns, reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of understanding. Technological media can store information until it is needed or wanted. They can distribute it over distances to reach the student where he happens to be. They can present the information to the student through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in many ways. In short, the students opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teacher, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning.46The author is mainly concerned with _.Aproviding the possibility for students to take the courses they wantBmaking technology an active tool in the schoolCrelieving the teacher from routine dutiesDmeeting the needs of each student47It can be inferred from the article that a good educational system must _.Anot depend on teachersBmake use of varying methods of teachingCplace a renewed emphasis on scienceDnot organize their instruction48The author suggests that the basic role of the teacher in the educational system should be _.Aas a lecturer Bthat of a technologistCas the source of knowledge Dmuch more than that of classroom teaching49The negative reactions of students to technology are the result of _.Aunknown factors Ba general hostility toward educationCits misuse Dits newness in the schools50All of the following are mentioned as a capability of technological media EXCEPT their ability to _.Amake it easier for students to obtain needed informationBprovide many ways of teaching the same thingCmake learning easy and funDprovide students with enrollment examPassage ThreeQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Rubidium, potassium and carbon are three common elements used to date the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them. To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but decay slowly over millions of years to form recognizable “daughter” products which are preserved minerals.For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decayin this case strontium atomsdiffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical “blocking” temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic)rocks, not for sedimentsrubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-1451What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?AThey can be made into clocks.BThey are rich in content.CTheir decay is slow but regular.DThe products of their decay are the same.52What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating?AThe atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature.BThe atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a cool temperature.CThe decay produced a neutron and an electron.DThe decay is sensitive to the changes in temperature.53What is the limitation of the rubidium method?ARubidium is everywhere in the rock.BStrontium atoms are hard to detect at the normal temperature.CIt cannot date sediments.DIt is time-consuming.54Which of the following is the major factor that affects the accuracy of potassium dating?AThe number of the mineral pores. BThe number of missing argon atoms.CExternal temperature. DMineral temperature.55The underlined word “cosmic” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _.Aradioactive Borganic Cterrestrial DuniversalPassage FourQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:In Platos Utopia, there are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education.Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. Each has a wider meaning than at present: “music” means everything that is in the province of the muses, and “gymnastics” means everything concerned with physical training fitness. “Music” is almost as wide as what is now called “culture”, and “gymnastics” is somewhat wider than what “athletics” mean in the modern sense.Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Platos Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked.Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance)are to be allowed. Permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life.As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is allowed to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to “enchantments”, both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood the