职称英语综合类ABC级历年真题

2013年全国职称英语等级考试真题(注：B级和C级在下面)综合类（A级）试题第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1. Rumors began tocirculateabout his financial problems.A. send B. hear C. confirm D. spread2. Three world-class tennis players came tocontendfor this title.A. compete B. argue C. claim D. wish3. The drinking water has becomecontaminatedwith lead.A. treated B. polluted C. tested D. corrupted4. Many experts remainskepticalabout his claims.A. doubtful B. untouched C. certain D. silent5. Respect for life is acardinalprinciple of the law.A. fundamental B. moral C. regular D. hard6. They didnt seem to appreciate themagnitudeof the problem.A. existence B. importance C. cause D. situation7. Shesheda few tears at her daughters wedding.A. wiped B. produced C. injected D. removed8. The contract between the two companies willexpiresoon.A. shorten B. end C. start D. resume9. The rules are toorigidto allow for humane error.A. general B. complex C. inflexible D. direct10. The tower remainsintacteven after two hundred years.A. undamaged B. unknown C. unusual D. unstable11. The methods of communication used during the war wereprimitive.A. reliable B. effective C. alternative D. simple12. The police will need to keep awaryeye on this area of town.A. naked B. cautious C. blind D. private13. The proposal wasendorsedby the majority of members.A. rejected B. submitted C. approved D. considered14. Come out, or Illbustthe door down.A. shut B. break C. set D. beat15. This species has nearlydied outbecause its habitat is being destroyed.A. turned dead B. passed by C. carried away D. become extinct第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）Mau Piailug, Ocean NavigatorMau sailed from Hawaii to Tahiti using traditional methodsIn early 1976, a fisherman, led an expedition in which he sailed a traditional Polynesian boat across 2,500 miles of ocean from Hawaii to Tahiti. The Polynesian Voyaging Society had organized the expedition. Its purpose was to find out if seafarers (海员）in the distant past could have found their way from one island to the other without navigational instruments, or whether the islands had been populated by accident. At the time, Mau was the only man alive who knew how to navigate just by observing the stars, the wind and the sea.He had never before sailed to Tahiti, which was a long way to the south. However, he understood how the wind and the sea behave around islands, so he was confident he could find his way. The voyage took him and his crew a month to complete and he did itHis grandfather began the task of teaching him how to navigate when he was still a baby. He showed him pools of water on the beach to teach him how the behaviour of the waves and wind changed in different places. Later, Mau used a circle of stones to memorize the positions of the stars. Each stone was laid out in the sand to represent a star.The voyage proved that Hawaiis first inhabitants came in small boats and navigated by reading the sea and the stars. Mau himself became a keen teacher, passing on his traditional secrets to people of other cultures so that his knowledge would not be lost. He explained the position of the stars to his students, but he allowed them to write things down because he knew they would never be able to remember everything as he had done.16. At the time of his voyage, Mau had unique navigational skills.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. Mau was familiar with the sea around Tahiti.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. Mau could not afford a compass or charts.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. Mau learnt navigation skills from his grandfather.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. Mau used stones to memories where the stars were situated in the sky.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. The first inhabitants of Hawaii could read and write.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. Mau expected his students to remember the positions of the stars immediately.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。Traffic Jams No End in Sight1. Traffic congestion affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U.S., commuters to spend an average of a full work week each year sitting in traffic, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.2. The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centers thanks to congestion pricing.3. Another way to reduce rush hour traffic is for employers to implement flexitime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.4. Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do not really keep cars off the road; they only accommodate more of them.5. Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.A. A global problemB. Closing city centres to trafficC. Paying to get inD. Not doing enoughE. Changing work practiceF. A solution which is no solution23. Paragraph 1 24. Paragraph 2 25. Paragraph 3 26. Paragraph 4 27. Most American drivers think it convenient to_.28. If charged high enough, some drivers may_to enter certain parts of town.29. Building more roads is not an effective way to_.30. The U.S. government has planned to_updating public transport systems.A. encourage more private carsB. travel regularlyC. reduce traffic jamsD. go by busE. drive aroundF. spend more money第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇On the Trail of the Honey BadgersOn a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animals reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they wont be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. Theyre actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animals fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other.Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals curiosity or their sudden aggression. The badgers eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers relaxed attitude when near humans.31. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?A. To observe how honey badgers behave.B. To find where honey badgers live.C. To catch some honey badgers for food.D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.32. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?A. They are always looking for food.B. They do not enjoy human company.C. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.D. It is common for them to attack people.33. What did the team find out about honey badgers?A. There were some creatures they did not eat.B. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.C. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.34. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?A. They hunt over a very large area.B. They dont run very quickly.C. They defend their territory from other badgers.D. They are more aggressive than females35. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?A. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.B. They started eating more.C. They lost interest in people.D. Other animals started working with them.第二篇Making a Loss is the Height of FashionGiven that a good year in the haute couture business is one where you lose even more money than usual, the prevailing mood in Paris last week was of recession-busting buoyancy. The big-name designers were falling over themselves to boast of how many outfits they had sold at below cost price, and how this proved that the fashion business was healthier than ever. Jean-Paul Gaultier reported record sales, but we dont make any money out of it, the designer assured journalists backstage. No matter how successful you are, you cant make a profit from couture, explained Jean-Jacques Picart, a veteran fashion PR man, and co-founder of the now-bankrupt Lacroix house.Almost 20 years have passed since the Alice in Wonderland economics of the couture business were first exposed. Outraged that he was losing money on evening dresses costing tens of thousands of pounds, the couturier Jean-Louis Scherrer to howls of trahison from his colleagues - published a detailed summary of his costs. One outfit he described contained over half a mile of gold thread, 18,000 sequins, and had required hundreds of hours of hand-stitching in an atelier. A fair price would have been 50,000, but the couturier could only get 35,000 for it. Rather than riding high on the follies of the super-rich, he and his team could barely feed their hungry families.The result was an outcry and the first of a series of government - and industry-sponsored inquiries into the surreal world of ultimate fashion. The trade continues to insist that - relatively speaking - couture offers you more than you pay for, but its not as simple as that. When such a temple of old wealth starts talking about value for money, it isnt to convince anyone that dresses costing as much as houses are a bargain. Rather, it is to preserve the peculiar mystique, lucrative associations and threatened interests that couture represents.Essentially, the arguments couldnt be simpler. On one side are those who say that the business will die if it doesnt change. On the other are those who say it will die if it does. Whats not in doubt is that haute couture - the term translates as high sewing - is a spectacular anachronism. Colossal in its costs, tiny in its clientele and questionable in its influence, it still remains one of the great themes of Parisian life. In his book, The Fashion Conspiracy, Nicholas Coleridge estimates that the entire couture industry rests on the whims of less than 30 immensely wealthy women, and although the number may have grown in recent years with the new prosperity of Asia, the number of couture customers worldwide is no more than 4,000.To qualify as couture, a garment must be entirely hand-made by one of the 11 Paris couture houses registered to the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture. Each house must employ at least 20 people, and show a minimum of 75 new designs a year. So far, so stirringly traditional, but the Big Four operators - Chanel, Dior, Givenchy and Gaultier increasingly use couture as a marketing device for their far more profitable ready-to-wear, fragrance and accessory lines.36. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A. The haute couture business is expanding quickly.B. The haute couture designers claim losses in their sales.C. The haute couture designers make much profit in their sales.D. The haute couture businessmen are happy with their profit.37. According to the second paragraph, Jean-Louis ScherrerA. was very angry as he was losing money.B. was in a worse financial position than other couturier.C. was one of the best known couturiers.D. stopped producing haute couture dresses.38. The writer says that the outfit Jean-Louis Scherrer describedA. was worth the price that was paid for it.B. cost more to make than it should have.C. was never sold to anyone.D. should have cost the customer more than it did.39. The writer says in paragraph 4 that there is disagreement overA. the history of haute couture.B. the real costs of haute couture.C. the future of haute couture.D. the changes that need to be made in haute couture.40. What is the writers tone towards haute couture business?A. Quite supportive.B. Fairly friendly.C. Rather indifferent.D. Somewhat ironical.第三篇Why So Many ChildrenIn many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia, the population is growing fast. The reason for this is simple: Women in these countries have a high birth rate from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman. The majority of these women are poor, without the food or resources to care for their families. Why do they have many so children? Why dont they limit the size of their families? The answer may be that they often have no choice. There are several reasons for this.One reason is economic. In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. In an industrial economy, the situation is different. Many children do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World War II, Italys economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1.3 children per woman, the worlds lowest.However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate (7.0). Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.Clearly, other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. It can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. Only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success. 41. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large familyA. may limit income.B. isnt necessary.C. can be an advantage.D. is expensive.42. When countries become industrialized,A. families often become larger.B. women usually decide not have a family.C. the birth rate generally goes down.D. the population generally grows rapidly.43. Italy today