美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题2（含答案）

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题2（含答案）SECTION ITime 35 minutes 27 QuestionsDirections: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact “right-to-work” legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong to the union. Since 1947, 20 states have adopted right-to-work laws. Much of the literature concerning right-to-work laws implies that such legislation has not actually had a significant impact. This point of view, however, has not gone uncriticized. Thomas V Carroll has proposed that the conclusions drawn by previous researchers are attributable to their myopic focus on the premise that, unless right-to-work laws significantly reduce union membership within a state, they have no effect. Carroll argues that the right-to-work laws “do matter” in that such laws generate differences in real wages across states. Specifically, Carroll indicates that while right-to-work laws may not “destroy” unions by reducing the absolute number of unionized workers, they do impede the spread of unions and thereby reduce wages within right-to-work states. Because the countervailing power of unions is weakened in right-to-work states, manufacturers and their suppliers can act cohesively in competitive labor markers, thus lowering wages in the affected industries.Such a finding has important implications regarding the demographics of employment and wages in right-to-work states. Specifically, if right-to-work laws lower wages by weakening union power, minority workers can be expected to suffer a relatively greater economic disadvantage in right-to-work states than in union shop states. This is so because, contrary to what was once thought, union tend to have a significant positive impact on the economic position of minority workers, especially Black workers, relative to White workers. Most studies concerned with the impact of unionism on the Black workers economic position relative to the White workers have concentrated on the changes in Black wages due to union membership. That is, they have concentrated on union versus nonunion groups. In a pioneering study, however, Ashenfelter finds that these studies overlook an important fact: although craft unionism increase the differential between the wages of White workers and Black workers due to the traditional exclusion of minority workers from unions in the craft sectors of the labor market, strong positive wage gains are made by Black workers within industrial unions. In fact, Ashenfelter estimates that industrial unionism decreases the differential between the wages of Black workers and White workers by about 3 percent. If state right-to-work laws weaken the economic power of unions to raise wages, Black workers will experience a disproportionate decline in their relative wage positions. Black workers in right-to-work states would therefore experience a decline in their relative economic positions unless there is strong economic growth in right-to-work states, creating labor shortages and thereby driving up wages.1. The reasoning behind the “literature” (line 9), as that reasoning is presented in the passage, is most analogous to the reasoning behind which one of the following situations?(A) A law is proposed that benefits many but disadvantages a few: those advocating passage of the law argue that the disadvantages to few are not so serious that the benefits should be denied to many.(B) A new tax on certain categories of consumer items is proposed: those in favor of the tax argue that those affected by the tax are well able to pay it, since the items taxed are luxury items.(C) A college sets strict course requirements that every student must complete before graduating; students already enrolled argue that it is unfair for the new requirements to apply to those enrolled before the change.(D) The personnel office of a company designs a promotions become effective on January 1: the managers protest that such a policy means that they cannot respond fast enough to changes in staffing needs.(E) A fare increase in a public transportation system does not significantly reduce the number of fares sold: the management of the public transportation system asserts, therefore, that the fare hike has had no negative effects.2. According to the passage, which one of the following is true of Carrolls study?(A) It implies that right-to-work laws have had a negligible effect on workers in right-to-work states.(B) It demonstrates that right-to-work laws have significantly decreased union membership from what it once was in right-to-work states.(C) It argues that right-to-work laws have affected wages in right-to-work states.(D) It supports the findings of most earlier researchers.(E) It explains the mechanisms by which collusion between manufacturers and suppliers is accomplished.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which one of following about craft unions?(A) Craft unions have been successful in ensuring that the wages of their members remain higher than the wages of nonunion workers in the same occupational groups.(B) The number of minority workers joining craft unions has increased sharply in states that have not adopted right-to-work legislation.(C) Wages for workers belonging to craft unions have generally risen faster and more steadily than wages for workers belonging to industrial unions.(D) The wages of workers belonging to craft unions have not been significantly affected by right-to-work legislation, although the wages of workers belonging to industrial unions have been negatively affected.(E) The wages of workers belonging to craft unions are more likely to be driven up in the event of labor shortages than are the wages of workers belonging to industrial unions.4. Which one of the following best describes the effect industrial unionism has had on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers, as that effect is presented in the passage?(A) Prior to 1947, industrial unionism had little effect on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers: since 1947, it has had a slight positive effect.(B) Prior to 1947, industrial unionism had a strong positive effect on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers: since 1947, it has had little effect.(C) Prior to 1947, industrial unionism had a negative effect on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers: since 1947, it has had a significant positive effect.(D) Industrial unionism has contributed moderately to an increase in the wage differential between Black workers and White workers.(E) Industrial unionism has contributed strongly to a 3 percent decrease in the wage differential between Black workers and White workers.5. According to the passage, which one of the following could counteract the effects of a decrease in unions economic power to raise wages in right-to-work states?(A) a decease in the number of union shop agreements(B) strong economic growth that creates labor shortages(C) a decrease in membership in craft unions(D) the merging of large industrial unions(E) a decline in the craft sectors of the labor market6. Which one of the following best describes the passage as a whole?(A) an overview of a problem in research methodology and a recommended solution to that problem(B) a comparison of two competing theories and a suggestion for reconciling them(C) a critique of certain legislation and a proposal for modification of that legislation(D) a review of research that challenges the conclusions of earlier researchers(E) a presentation of a specific case that confirms the findings of an earlier study参考答案：1-6 ECAEBDIn the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western women and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning in the 1870s, increasingly large numbers of women were forming womens foreign mission societies dedicated to the support of womens foreign mission work. Beyond giving the women who organized the societies a formal activity outside their home circles, these organizations enabled an increasing number of single women missionaries (as opposed to women who were part of the more typical husband-wife missionary teams) to work abroad. Before the formation of these womens organizations, mission funds had been collected by ministers and other church leaders, most of whom emphasized local parish work. What money was spent on foreign missions was under the control of exclusively male foreign mission boards whose members were uniformly uneasy about the new idea of sending single women out into the mission field. But as womens groups began raising impressive amounts of money donated specifically in support of single women missionaries, the home churches bowed both to womens changing roles at home and to increasing numbers of single professional missionary women abroad.Although the idea of employing a woman physician was a daring one for most Western missionaries in China, the advantages of a well-trained Western woman physician could not be ignored by Canton mission hospital administrators. A woman physician could attend women patients without offending any of the accepted conventions of female modesty. Eventually, some of these women were able to found and head separate womens medical institutions, thereby gaining access to professional responsibilities far beyond those available to them at home.These developments also led to the attainment of valuable training and status by a significant number of Chinese women. The presence of women physicians in Canton mission hospitals led many Chinese women to avail themselves of Western medicine who might otherwise have failed to do so because of their cultures emphasis on physical modesty. In order to provide enough women physicians for these patients, growing numbers of young Chinese women were given instruction in medicine. This enabled them to earn an independent income, something that was then largely unavailable to women within traditional Chinese society. Many women graduates were eventually able to go out on their own into private practice, freeing themselves of dependence upon the mission community.The most important result of these opportunities was the establishment of clear evidence of womens abilities and strengths, clear reasons for affording women expanded opportunities, and clear role models for how these abilities and responsibilities might be exercised.7. Which one of the following statements about Western women missionaries working abroad can be inferred from the passage?(A) There were very few women involved in foreign missionary work before the 1870s.(B) Most women working abroad as missionaries before the 1870s were financed by womens foreign mission societies.(C) Most women employed in mission hospitals abroad before the 1870s were trained as nurses rather than as physicians.(D) The majority of professional women missionaries working abroad before the 1870s were located in Canton, China.(E) Most women missionaries working abroad before the 1870s were married to men who were also missionaries.8. The author mentions that most foreign mission boards were exclusively male most probably in order to(A) Contrast foreign mission boards with the boards of secular organizations sending aid to China.(B) Explain the policy of foreign mission boards toward training Chinese women in medicine.(C) Justify the preference of foreign mission boards for professionally qualified missionaries.(D) Help account for the attitude of foreign mission boards towards sending single women missionaries abroad.(E) Differentiate foreign mission boards from boards directing parish work at home.9. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?(A) A situation is described, conditions that brought about the situation are explained, and results of the situation are enumerated.(B) An assertion is made, statements supporting and refuting the assertion are examined, and a conclusion is drawn.(C) An obstacle is identified, a variety of possible ways to overcome the obstacle are presented, and an opinion is ventured.(D) A predicament is outlined, factors leading up to the predicament are scrutinized, and a tentative resolution of the predicament is recommended.(E) A development is analyzed, the drawbacks and advantages accompanying the development are contrasted, and an eventual outcome is predicted.10. Which one of the following, if true, would most undermine the authors analysis of the reason for the increasing number of single women missionaries sent abroad beginning in the 1870s?(A) The Western church boards that sent the greatest number of single women missionaries abroad had not received any financial support from womens auxiliary groups.(B) The women who were sent abroad as missionary physicians had been raised in families with a strong history of missionary commitment.(C) Most of the single missionary women sent abroad were trained as teachers and translators rather than as medical practitioners.(D) The western church boards tended to send abroad single missionary women who had previously been active in local parish work.(E) None of the single missionary women who were sent abroad were active members of foreign mission boards.11. According to the passage, which one of the following was a factor in the acceptance of Western women as physicians in mission hospitals in Canton, China?(A) The number of male physicians practicing in that region.(B) The specific womens foreign mission society that supplied the funding.(C) The specific home parishes from which the missionary women came.(D) The cultural conventions of the host society.(E) The relations between the foreign mission boards and the hospital administrators.12. The passage suggests which one of the following about medical practices in late-nineteenth-century Canton, China?(A) There was great suspicion of non-Chinese medical practices.(B) Medical care was more often administered in the home than in hospitals.(C) It was customary for women physicians to donate a portion of their income for the maintenance of their extended family.(D) It was not customary for female patients to be treated by male physicians.(E) Young women tended to be afforded as many educational opportunities in medicine as young men were.参考答案：7-12 EDAADDIn recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by composers such as Mozart and Beethoven. Granted, knowledge about the experience of playing old music on now-obsolete instruments has been of inestimable value to scholars. Nevertheless, the early music approach to performance raises profound and troubling questions.Early music advocates assume that composers write only for the instruments available to them, but evidence suggests that composers of Beethovens stature imagined extraordinarily high and low notes as part of their compositions, even when they recognized that such notes could not be played on instruments available at the time. In the score of Beethovens first piano concerto, there is a “wrong” note, a high F-natural where the melody obviously calls for a high F-sharp, but pianos did not have this high an F-sharp when Beethoven composed the concerto. Because Beethoven once expressed a desire to revise his early works to exploit the extended range of pianos that became available to him some years later, it seems likely that he would have played the F-sharp if given the opportunity. To use a piano exactly contemporary with the works composition would require playing a note that was probably frustrating for Beethoven himself to have had to play.In addition, early music advocates often inadvertently divorce music and its performance from the life of which they were, and are, a part. The discovery that Haydns and Mozarts symphonies were conducted during their lifetimes by a pianist who played the chords to keep the orchestra together has given rise to early music recordings in which a piano can be heard obtrusively in the foreground, despite evidence indicating that the orchestral piano was virtually inaudible to audiences at eighteenth-century concerts and was dropped as musically unnecessary when a better way to beat time was found. And although in the early nineteenth century the first three movements (sections) of Mozarts and Beethovens symphonies were often played faster, and the last movement slower than today, this difference can readily be explained by the fact that at that time audiences applauded at the end of each movement, rather than withholding applause until the end of the entire work. As a result, musicians were not forced into extra brilliance in the finale in order to generate applause, as they are now. To restore the original tempo of these symphonies represents an irrational denial of the fact that our concepts of musical intensity and excitement have quite simply, changed.13. It can be inferred from the passage that by “a piano exactly contemporary” (line 30) with the composition of Beethovens first piano concerto, the author means the kind of piano that was(A) Designed to be inaudible to the audience when used by conductors of orchestras.(B) Incapable of playing the high F-natural that is in the score of Beethovens original version of the concerto.(C) Unavailable to Mozart and Haydn.(D) Incapable of playing the high F-sharp that the melody of the concerto calls for.(E) Influential in Beethovens decision to revise his early compositions.14. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) The early music movement has yet to resolve a number of troubling questions regarding its approach to the performance of music.(B) The early music movement, while largely successful in its approach to the performance of medieval and baroque music, has yet to justify its use of obsolete instruments in the performance of music by Beethoven and Mozart.(C) The early music approach to performance often assumes that composers write music that is perfectly tailored to the limitations of the instruments on which it will be performed during their lifetimes.(D) Although advocates of early music know much about the instruments used to perform music at the time it was composed, they lack information regarding how the style of such performances has changed since such music was written.(E) The early music movement has not yet fully exploited the knowledge that it has gained from playing music on instruments available at the time such music was composed.15. In the second paragraph, the author discusses Beethovens first piano con