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2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillPart VThe Romantic Period(1820-1900)An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillTime-LineMonroe Doctrine1823Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame1831Dickens: Oliver Twist1837Dumas: The Three Musketeers1844Poe: The Raven1845Darwin: Origin of Species1859American Civil War1861-1865Twain: Huckleberry Finn1884Bell invents telephone1876An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillRomanticism (1820-1900)Stressed emotion, imagination, and individualismEmotional subjectivity basis of artsFavorite artistic topics: Fantasy and the supernaturalPeriod of the Industrial Revolution Resulted in social and economic changes Middle Ages/concept of chivalry & romance Nature: as mirror of the human heart- Architecture revived Gothic elementsAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 1: Romanticism in MusicMany important Romantic composers Franz Schubert Bedrich Smetana Antonin Dvorak Peter Tchaikovsky Johannes Brahms Giuseppe Verdi Giacomo Puccini Richard Wagner Robert Schumann Clara Schumann Frederic Chopin Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Hector BerliozAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Much individual alteration and adjustmentContinued use of Classical period formsGreater range of tone color, dynamics, and pitch than in Classical periodExpanded harmonycomplex chordsAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillCharacteristics of Romantic MusicIndividuality of StyleComposers wanted uniquely identifiable music Worked to find their own voiceIn Romantic music, it is far easier to identify individual composers through listeningAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillExpressive Aims and SubjectsDark topics draw composersAll approaches were explored:Flamboyance, intimacy, unpredictability, melancholy, rapture, longing, Romantic love still the focus of songs and operasLovers frequently depicted as unhappy and facing overwhelming obstaclesAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillNationalism and ExoticismNationalism: music with a national identityExoticism: intentionally implies a foreign cultureMakes use of melodies, rhythms, and instruments associated with distant landsUses folk songs, dances, legends, and history of a landFrequently employed in operas with foreign settingsAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillProgram MusicAssociation with a story, poem, idea, or sceneUnderstanding the music is enhanced through reading the program or viewing the associated workThough common in the Romantic, concept had been employed for centuries previously- E.g., La Primavera (from the Four Seasons) by VivaldiMany Romantic composers were also authorsMade possible a “union of the arts”- Poets wanted their poetry to be musical- Musicians wanted their music to be poeticAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillExpressive Tone ColorComposers tried to create unique soundsBlending of existing instrumentsAddition of new instrumentsNever before had timbre been so importantEnlarged orchestra allowed more instrument colorsClassical 20-60 members vs. Romantic 100Advances in instrument design allowed more color- Berlioz: Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration (1844)Valved brass instruments could now play melodiesPiano design improved and range was extendedOrchestration came to be regarded as an art formAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillColorful HarmonyChords built with notes not in traditional keysChromatic harmonyHarmonic instability a consciously used deviceWide use of keysFrequent and rapid modulationAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillExpanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch & TempoDynamics ff, pp expanded to ffff and ppppExtremely high and low pitches were addedChanges in mood frequently underlined by (sometimes subtle) shifts in tempo Rubato: slight holding back or pressing forward of tempoAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillForms: Miniature and MonumentalSome composers went on for hoursOthers music lasted only a few minutesWritten for a single instrumentRequired hundreds of performersComposers wrote symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, concertos, operas, and many other Classically traditional worksAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 2: Romantic Composers and Their PublicDemise of the patronage system Composers regarded themselves as “free spirits” Decline in aristocratic fortuneNapoleonic warsNew urban classes/new musical topicsPublic was entranced by virtuosityMusic conservatories founded in Europe and U.S.An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillPrivate music-making increasedComposers and audience cameFew composers were financially successful Piano became fixture in most homesfrom the same social class Most supported themselves through performing, teaching lessons, and/or authoring CorbisAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 3: The Art SongComposition for solo voice and piano Accompaniment integral part of the song Composers interpret poems, mood, atmosphere and imagery into music- Mood often set at beginning with piano introduction and summed up at end with piano postludeLinked to vast amount of poetry in this periodAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillStrophic and Through-Composed FormStrophic form repeats music for each verseThrough-composednew music for each verseSometimes modified strophic form usedThe Song CycleGroup of songs unified in some manner Storyline or musical idea may link the songsAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 4: Franz SchubertBorn in Vienna (1797-1828)Early Romantic composerProdigious output When 18 years old wrote 143 songs- Included 2 symphonies, an opera, and a massNot financially successful His symphonies were not performed until after his death At 19 years of age, wrote 179 worksAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillSchuberts MusicWrote over 600 songs Also symphonies, string quartets, other chamber music, sonatas, masses, operas, & piano works- The Unfinished Symphony: only 2 movements, not 4An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningErlkonig (The Erlking; 1815)Franz SchubertVocal Music Guide: p. 224Brief Set, CD 3:12Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by GoetheListen for:Through-composed formPiano portrays galloping horseDifferent characters have their notes pitched atdifferent levels to emphasize dialogDramatic endingAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 5: Robert SchumannGerman, early to mid-Romantic (1810-1856) Problem with hand ended his ambitionWanted to be piano virtuosoTemperamentally unsuited for some of the musical positions he attemptedMarried his piano teachers daughterCommitted to asylum where he died- Treatments and gadget made problem worseAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillRobert Schumanns MusicWrote piano pieces, art songs, and later symphonies Piano pieces and art songs frequently in cyclesKnown for his gift for melodyAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningFrom Carnaval (1834), a cycle of program music by Robert SchumannEstrella, for his first fianceTernary form, note syncopation in B sectionListening Guide p. 229 Brief Set, CD 3:18Reconnaissance (Reunion)Ternary form, note B section shift from homophonic to polyphonic textureListening Guide p. 229 Brief Set, CD 3:20An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 6: Clara Wieck SchumannGerman (1819-1896)A leading 19th Century pianistPair was friends with Johannes BrahmsMarried Robert Schumann One of first well-known women composers Stopped composing after his death Focused on performing his worksAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillClara Wieck Schumanns MusicStopped composing at age 36 Considered herself primarily a performer Wrote:- Perhaps related to negative attitude toward women composers- Possibly due to her close association with overwhelming geniuses like Brahms and her husband- Songs- Piano pieces- A piano concerto- A trio for piano, violin, and celloAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningLiebst du um Schonbeit(If you love for beauty; 1841)Clara Wieck SchumannVocal Music Guide: p. 232Brief Set, CD 3:22Based upon a poem by RuckertListen for:Varied strophic form ( A A A” )Folk-like quality of melodyPiano fills in spaces in vocal melody at times and at others responds to or continues vocal melodyAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 7: Frederic ChopinPolish born musician (1810-1849)Early to mid-Romantic composerWrote almost exclusively for pianoCame to Paris at age 21 Europes Romantic Period artistic capital Made extensive use of piano pedalsComposed mostly for chamber concert Avoided concert hallsAffair with Aurore Dudevant (a.k.a. George Sand)An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChopins MusicDeveloped personal style at early age Not program music, but evokes an image Unique harmonic style influenced othersMost of his pieces are elegant miniaturesAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningNocturne in E Flat Major, op. 9, no. 2Frederic Chopin (1830-31)Listening Outline: p. 234Brief Set, CD 3:26Nocturne (night piece)slow, lyrical, intimate piece for pianoListen for: Expressive, emotional presentation withsubtle shifts in tempo and dynamicsNote pedal notation on printed music (p. 235)An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningEtude in C Minor, Op. 10, no. 12(Revolutionary; 1831?)Frederic ChopinListening Outline: p. 236Brief Set, CD 3:29Etudestudy piece focusing upon a specific performance techniqueListen for: Speed & endurance required of left handNot just a study, but interesting musicAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningPolonaise in A Flat Major, Op. 10, no. 12 (1842)Frederic ChopinListening Guide: p. 237Basic Set, CD 5:13Polonaiseoriginated as stately processional dance for Polish nobilityListen for: Triple meterTernaryA B A with codaAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 8: Franz LisztHungarian born composer (1811-1886)Touring concert pianist until age 36 Virtuoso pianist Incredible performer and showman”pop star” Retired from touring & took court position- More time to compose Later wrote music foreshadowing 20th CenturyAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillLiszts MusicExtremely controversialCreated symphonic poem (tone poem)Broke away from strict Classical forms Some call it “Bombastic” and “vulgar” Others say that it is the ideal musicAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningTranscendental etude no. 10 in F Minor (1851)Franz LisztListening Guide: p. 240Basic set, CD 5:18Listen for: Shifting tempoExtreme emotionalismHigh degree of difficulty for performer(virtuoso piece)Ternary form with a codaAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 9: Felix MendelssohnGerman composer (1809-1847)Early to mid-Romantic period Wrote symphonies, concertos, sonatas, and other works before being teenagerDeveloped earlyResponsible for revival of Bachs musicDied of a stroke while touringAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillMendelssohns MusicSomewhat more conservative Avoids emotional extremes Projects both elegance and balanceWrote enormous amount in all forms of his day, except opera Only a few of his works are regularly performed todayAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningConcerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor, Op. 64 (1844)Felix MendelssohnFirst MovementListening Guide: p. 242Basic Set, CD 5:24Listen for: Controlled emotionalismSimple, singing melodiesCadenza near the end for soloistAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 10: Program MusicInstrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene Non-program music is called absolute musicUsually performed with written explanation of the piecea programAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillIn Romantic Period, program music usually for piano or orchestra Program symphonymulti-movement/orchestralCommon types: Concert overturemodeled on opera overture Symphonic poem (or tone poem)1 movement, orchestral, flexible form Incidental musicfor use before or during a playAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 11: Hector BerliozFrench composer (1803-1869)Mid-Romantic Period Passionate & unpredictableMajor award for Fantastic SymphonyOne of the first of the great conductors Autobiographicalprogram note p. 247Wrote unconventional musicWorked as music critic for supportAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillBerliozs MusicImaginative, innovative orchestrationsPioneered concept of idee fixe Required huge resourcesAs a pioneer, his work was not always understood by his listening publicAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningSymphonie Fantastique (Fantastic Symphony)Hector Berlioz (1830)Fourth Movement: March to the ScaffoldProgram notes: p. 248Listening Outline: p. 248Brief Set, CD 3:30Listen for:Program material and how related to the musicReturning melody for idee fixeAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningSymphonie Fantastique (Fantastic Symphony)Hector Berlioz (1830)Fifth Movement: Dream of a Witches SabbathProgram notes: p. 250Listening Guide: p. 250Basic Set, CD 5:34Listen for:Program material and how related to the musicReturning melody for idee fixeAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 12: Nationalism in 19th Century MusicNational identity grew during the Romantic Citizens, not mercenaries now fought wars Bonds of language, history, and culture formed- Led to unifications creating Germany and ItalyAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillComposers deliberately gave their works distinctive national identity Use of folksongs and folkdances Created original melodies with folk flavor Wrote operas and program music inspired by native history, legends, and landscapesStrongest impact in countries dominated by music of Germany, Austria, Italy and FranceAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningThe Moldau (1874)Part of the cycle Ma Vlast (My Country)Bedrich SmetanaSymphonic poem depicting the main river that flows thorough the Bohemian (Czech) countrysideProgram notes: p. 253Listening Outline: p. 254Brief Set, CD 3:34Listen for: Program material and how composerrelated it to the musicAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 13: Antonin DvorakFollowed Smetana composing Czech national music (1841-1904) As teenager, played in orchestra under SmetanaBecame director of the National Conservatory of Music in New YorkLater returned to Prague Conservatory Urged Americans to write nationalist music Wrote From the New World during 1st year Got his break when Brahms heard himAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningSymphony No. 9 in E Minor(From the New World; 1893)Antonin DvorakFirst Movement: Adagio; Allegro moltoListening Guide: p. 257Brief Set, CD 3:41Listen for: Based upon American folk melodiesUse of non-major/minor scalesSonata form (but with 3 themes, not 2)An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 14: Peter Ilyich TchaikovskyRussian, Late Romantic (1840-1893)Married, divorced two weeks laterSupported by benefactress (patron) Did not start until age 21Studied music in Russia They corresponded but never metTraveled Europe and United States By age 30 had a symphony, opera, tone poem and his first great orchestra workAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillTchaikovskys MusicWrote symphonies, concerti, overtures, operas, and moreFused Russian folk music and European styleAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningRomeo and JulietOverture-FantasyPeter Ilyich TchaikovskyListening Guide: p. 260Basic Set, CD 5:44Listen for: Depicts events and characters, but is nota re-telling of the storyDifferent melodies for characters/groupsof characters and eventsLove theme has become very well knownAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 15: Johannes BrahmsGerman composer (1833-1897)Became close friends with the Schumanns Lived with Clara while Robert in asylum Lifelong friends with Clara, he never marriedSon of a musician (father played bass) At 13, studied music by day/played gigs by nightStudied earlier composers works in detail Especially Bach, Haydn, Mozart & Beethoven Bettmann/CorbisAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillBrahmss MusicConsidered somewhat conservative due to his use of classical formsWrote in all traditional forms except operaAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningSymphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90Johannes BrahmsThird Movement: Poco AllegrettoListening Outline: p. 264Brief Set, CD 3:48Listen for: Classical form with Romantic harmoniesScherzo form ( A B A )Triple meter, as in Classical 3rd movementReduced instrumentation for movementAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 16: Giuseppe VerdiItalian (1813-1901)Studied in Busseto & Milan Supported by patron Married patrons daughterMid- and late-Romantic composer Wrote operas with political overtones- Nationalist, supported unification of ItalyCritics blasted him scandalous subjects Seemed to condone rape, suicide, and “free love”Known for operaAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillVerdis MusicWrote for middle-class audienceFavorite topic: love story w/ unhappy ending Final opera ends with “All the worlds a joke!”An Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillListeningLa donna e mobile (Woman is fickle)Aria from Rigoletto (1851)Giuseppe VerdiListening Guide: p. 268Basic Set, CD 6:20Listen for: Middle class topic, as in Classical periodText Familiar melodyAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-HillChapter 17: Giacomo PucciniItalian (1858-1924) Known primarily for operasLate-Romantic composerBecame wealthy and world famous due to the popularity of his music Opera La Boheme his first major success Bettmann/CorbisAn Appreciation 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGra
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