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理工B-2*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching AnxietyIn a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students（第1题答案出处） learn :If a female teacher is uncomfortable不安的 with her own math skills技能, then her female女性的 students学生 are more likely可能 to believe that boys are better than girls at math.If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word anxiety to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.(第2题答案出处)The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influencehow her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5.（第3题答案出处） A teacher who got nervous looking 看at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math.Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. On average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus, on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.(第4题答案出处)This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6,（第5题答案出处） said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.文章中心“如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。”本文就这一观点展开论述。练习：1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago, according to the first paragraph? -细节类A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills.D Female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills.选项中均出现了“math skills”，可做关键词。B选项中的主语是“girls”而原文为“female teacher”，排除。选项D中的“girl”与原文提到的“female students”指的是相同的意思。且与文章中心一致。2. What is implied in the third paragraph? -推断类A Math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.“implied暗示”-推断类题标志词.选项中有相对性词的优先考虑.因为推断的内容不会是绝对的概念.选项B符合答案特征3. According to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt-细节类A nervous memorizing 记忆the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.此题可选关键词很多,选项中重复出现的“numbers of a sales receipt”可做关键词反向定位答案出处。排除A，替换词意思不同。选择C4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings-主题类+细节类A prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students mathachievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than femalestudents.C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements.选项中的关键词同时也是文章中心词，以中心词的多寡可先排除C、D，发现A和段中心句及文章中心一致5. David Geary thinks thatA the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.大写的人名做关键词,答案在最后一段中找到.英汉对译*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety 教数学，教焦虑In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: 在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. 如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应，Levine说。 In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. 换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident. 该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word anxiety to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑：不自在或担心。The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. 此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. 研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. 然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math.如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. 平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。 On average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. 但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6, said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary说这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。特别说明：完形填空记忆难度大，且每年都会存在大量换空的情况，（我们会有应对策略，对于此题型文章不用太多关注，重点先放在阅读理解重点文章的内容熟悉，至少要知道每一段的中文意思是什么可参考翻译，问题都问了些什么。考A的同学顺带看下B、C的文章，考B的同学顺带看下C的文章）第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a newstudy Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy “LDL”cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins dont cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.”“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal词汇：statin/st tIn! n降胆固醇药物outlet/autlit/ n销售点cholesterol/ klestrl / n胆固醇offset /,fset/V. 抵消，补偿cheeseburger/ ti:z,b: / n芝士汉堡包milkshake! milkeik / n奶昔condiment /kndimnt! n 调味品sachet /stei / ii 小袋，小包rational / rnl / adj合理的注释：1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志6. French fries:炸薯条7.It makes sense.: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。练习：1A change B charge C chain D chance2A trust B decide Csuggest Dcalculate3Anumber Bamount Cvolume D product4Afrequency B treatment C diagnosis Drisk5A severe Benough C weak D active6A buying B preparing C eating D cooking7Aunhealthy Bstrong C different D doubtful8Aexamination Bsuffering C determination D possibility9A degree B dimension C angle D range10A use B hate C reject D like11A transported B provided C preserved Dconvened12Acook B patient Ccustomer Dvisitor1 3Ameasures Bcare Cadvantages D turns14A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing1 5A increasing Bfinding C lowering D taking答案与题解：1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择charge 是对的。2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。3.B 与降低unhealthy LDL cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lowertreatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buyingcheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。takemeasure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，takeadvantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”。14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。buying a seatbelt,cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险伦敦帝国理工学院的研究者们在一项新研究中建议，快餐店可以免费供应降胆固醇药物以此降低顾客食用油腻食品罹患心脏病的风险。降胆固醇药物能减少不健康的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在血液中的含量。大量的试验数据已经证明，降胆固醇药能有效降低罹患心脏病的风险。在美国心脏病学杂志发表的一篇论文里，Darrel Francis博士和他的同事们估订，一粒降胆固醇药降低的罹患心脏病的风险，足以抵消食用汉堡和饮用奶昔所提高的罹患心脏病的风险。Francis博士来自帝国理工学院的国家心肺学院，是本次研究的资深发起人。他认为：“降胆固醇药物不能消除所有汉堡和炸土豆条带来的不健康的影 响，最好远离所有油腻食物。但是，就罹患心脏病的几率而言，我们得出这样的结论：服用降胆固醇药物降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的患心脏病的风险在程度 上大致相当。”“具有讽刺意味的是，人们在快餐店里可以随意拿取对健康有害的调味包，但是对健康有利的降胆固醇药物却是处方药。既然对健康有害的调味包可以随意免费 拿取，那么降低心脏病发作的降胆固醇药物免费随意拿取也是合理的。在每个顾客身上都花不了5便士，也就是一小袋糖的价格”，Francis博士说道。当人们从事诸如驾驶和吸烟等危险行为时，别人会鼓励他们系安全带或选择有过滤嘴的香烟以降低风险。服用降胆固醇药物是降低油腻食物引发的心脏病发作风险的理性做法。
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