资源描述
附 英语词汇学自学考试大里g英语词汇学组编/全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会主编/张升语赦学与研完出版.社全国高等教育自学考试指定教材英语专业（本科段）O茉甫与作O蕪美圭 O现代書咅学 O现代荚W语怯 善再畐I学O+语56丄広O英诰经贤橱识O*曾2电O”的经買迭谚 O英甫耳故文无 O旅满业寿违律 O甫言.又化1SBM 7-5600-1150-09 787560 011509 ISBN 7-5MW-II5O-O/G - 4MV 定价：12.90 兀全国高等教育自学考试指定教材英语专业（本科段）English Lexicology英语词汇学（附:英语词汇学自学考试大纲）全国鬲等教育自学考试指导委员会组编盛维友编著外语教学与研究出版社Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press(屈)新登字155号图书在版编目(CIP)故据英语词汇学.-北京:外语教学与研究岀版社，1997,8ISBN 7 - 5600 -1150 -0I.英 L张 虬英语-词汇学 N.H313中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(96)第24482号版权所有翻印必究英语词汇学(附：英语词汇学自学考试大纲)编著：张维友V 責任:徐建中出版曩行：外语敬学与研究岀飯社出版发行ti址：北京西三环北# 19# (100089)址：http: /www. fltrp com. mft壽州市星河印刷厂#. 880X I2JO 1/32强；9J25数，155干字次999年12月氟2版2000年】月第】次印聊； 70001-100100M号 ISBN 7 - 5600 - 1150 - 0/G-499价：12.90元如有印辱装订质景冋明者，请与当地囹料供夜部门联系调換,组编前言当您IT始阅渎本书时，人类已经迈人了 21世纪。这是一个变幻难測的世纪，这是一个催人奋进的时代，科学技 术飞速发展，知识更替日新月异。希望、困惑、机遇挑战，随时随 地都有可能出现在每一个社会成员的生活之中。抓住机.遇，寻求 发展.迎接挑战，适应变化的制胜法宝就是学习依靠自己学 习，終生学习。作为我国高等教育组成部分的自学考试，其职责就是在高等 教育这个水平上倡导自学、鼓励自学、帮助自学、推动自学，为每一 个自学者铺就成才之路，组织编写供读者学习的教材就是履行这 个职责的重要环节。毫无疑问，这种教材应当适合自学，应当有利 于学习者掌握、了解新知识、新信息，有利于学习者増强创新意识、 培养实践能力、形成自学能力，也有利于学习者学以致用、解决实 际工作中所遇到的问题c具有如此特点的苫，我们虽然沿用了“教 材,这个概念，但它与那神仅供教师讲、学生听，教师不讲、学生不 t，以“教为中心的教科书相比，已经在内容安排、形式体例，行文 风格等方面都大不相同了。希望读者对此有所了解，以便从一开 始就树立起依靠自己学习的堡定信念，不断探索适合自己的学习 方法，充分利用已有的知识基础和实际工作经验，最大限度弛发挥 白己的潜能达到学习的目标。欢迎读者提出意见和建议。祝每一位读者自学成功。全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会1999 年出版说明騙写高等教育自学考试教材是高等教育自学考试工作的一项 藻本建设。经国家教育委员会同意，我们拟有计划、有步衆地组 织编写一批高等教育自学考试教材，以満足社会自学和适应考试 的需要。英语词汇学是为高峰墩育自学考试英语专业地编的 -套教材中的一种。这本教材是根据专业考试计刼，从造就和选 拔人才的需要出发，按照全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会鏡布 的英语词汇学自学考试大纲的要求，堵合自学考试的特点， 组织毫等院校1些专家学者集体编写而成的。英语专业英语词汇学自学考试敎材，是供个人自学、社 会助学和国家考试使用的。现组织专家审定同意予以出版发行。 我们相信，H!着商教自学考试教材的陆埃出版，必将对我図高等 数育亨*的发展，保证自学考试的质量起到积极的促进作用。编写高等数育自学考试教材是一种新的尝试，希垫得到社会 各方面的关怀和支持，使它在使用中不断提高和日膝完看。全国高等赦育自学考试指导奏员会一元兀六年八月编者的话“英语词汇学”是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业 本科段课程，是为培养和检验自学应考者词汇学的基本理论知识 和实际语言能力而设置的一门专业课程。英语词汇学是专门 为本睬程编写的教材，主要内容包括：一、词汇的基本知识（第一章）；二、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展（第二章）；三、间的形态錯构和构成方式（第三、四章）；四、词的意义、语义关系和词义的演变（第五、六、七、八 章）；五、英语习语（第九章）；六、英语词典（第十章）。本敎材是根据髙等教育自学考试指导委员会1995年制订的 英语专业考试计划有关英语词汇学的规定和要求编写的。对象是 已获得大专学历进入本科段学习、具有较好的语言基础知识的自 学应考者行考虑到广大读者自学的特点，本教材注意理论剛述简 洁明了，语言通俗易WL本教材包括词汇学应有的基本内容，在全面介绍通汇学知识 的同时，力求突出实践性和实用性.因此抵弃理论性较强的个别 知识点，比如“语义成分分析二 对于重复或可有可无的内容， 如“美国英语”也不进行专题论述。因为美国英活是英语的一部 分，其内容已分散在其它各章节。修辞格在本教材中也未独立成 章，而与本课程有关章节有机地结合起来。*。far峯米寞财工.Y-W-也律*?-* *N?KSSS眼K拠卖Mst!tt%&!.申暇 Y 遊任出JJE毋史 。玉領*妄用-女E掉鞍检津帅牢旋 X風aM瑚小譜WW需郴“査毎wm*祁枳炉.成槌ifcMs 田娥*同一 EsuyH-H学,窶溶呂條室柘苔鮮飛XK私 尽格 郵 4f*4Mw 买 m 4*紫必*粉林史 卑卑怀単洲4法女女婚u-ffls芯“%留怅架迴W fiH牛愈驰H刽塁叫牢得云玄芯整宰玄健右加眠嘲加理無后 經姓tfHm 舉茶it袞姉24少専w 酔零M期孙Hta築咨曜05姻翅準tfta.卷壬町ws*添竹 叵由*饭叵冬氽袒/耕齢树魚teK卜工K-#曜单*昭报 夂睨酔一剛如是回族玲ifcesEK-裾3# 翁肥的S址叵女 案二函*:蜷剤fr祐焊丘據地我sss。妙皿需三。四寒炽厘3澈段输K 編teB*ahk 技建寂眼項左濤：t-aml馨渡，一些-烂茹 $!譽暇也趣 wftTel。長 wffte窺工害目.紫 XSE 左格加瑕同赚駆加刑域哦SS演融。愁度盟3X移 潔#鳏恕快韮些底金嫁，#四芯捻格.廿4探林。冢 寸爻后WIK-MTCS沌枠利树添，-P 旺径WEW 告却，曷金*缪史戀蜩比窟秘Jr企段雷期一殴孙y怎。粉tsfM IS妹羞MS.嶂截益其遂孑 25节蛙S受副聽联汨芸旧昏崖茄毯#四能 S黑壽fr嬢史咬戚跃. o 生牧圖而感気番矩M 如副苏也*!皿匡ss Wte舗云咨披表祉格辭汨E舌只破醐川 “K漫*圧咪?應ssft#Siioit Formsa(adj)AD. adv AmEadjectiveAnno Dotnini(a*r Christ) adverbAmerican Englishapprec Arab attr AusE B.C. BeackEBrE CCELD CEOappreciativeArabicattributiveAustralian EnglishBefore ChristBlack EnglishBritish EnglishColli ns Cobuild English Language Dictionary( 1987) A C/iinese-Eng/ish Dictionary, Revised Edition (1995)CHCH Di&lCOD colioq conj DAJ derog det EChineseChinese dialectTh Concise Oxford Dictionary 1982) colloquialconjunctionA Dictionary of American Woms( 1975) derogatorydeterminerEnglishe-B- esp, et a! etc.euph F figG Grexempli grati&(for example) especiallyet alii(and others)et cetera(and on) euphemismFrenchfigurativeGermanGreekHin ibid i. e. inf int IrE IT JapL L2 LDCHindiibidemt from the same source)id est(that is)infinitiveinterjectionJrist EnglishItalianJapaneseLatinsecond languageIqngman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1987)n(N) n-ednounnoun + ednumODCIEnumeralOxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English , Vol. 2,1983OEOFONPerOld English Old French Old Norse Persianposspossessiveprepprepositionpronpronounrev.revisedScotEScottish EnglishSbSomebodySpSpanishStandEStandard EnglishSthSomethingRussRussianTibTibetanVverbv-edpast participlev-erverb + erviintransitive verbv*ingverb 十 ingvolvolumevttransitive verbWBDThe World Book Dieticmary 1931)WNWDWebster $ New World Dictionary of the American Ianf(uafie 1980)WNDSWebster1 s New Diriionary of Sonymif 1978)WTNIDWebster9 s Third New Intemaiional Dictionary of the American Language (1961)CONTENTSIntroduction 1Chapter 1 Bask Concepts of Words and Vocabolary 61.1 What Is a Word 61.2 Sound and Meaning 71.3 Sound and Form 81.4 Vocabulary 101.5 Classification of Words 101.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbaaic Vocabulary 111.5.2 Contem Words and Functional Words 161.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words 17Questions and Tasks 20Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary 232.1 The Indo-European Language Family 232.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 252.21 Old English(450-1150) 252.2.2 Middle English( 11504500) 262.2.3 Modern English( 1500 up to now) 282.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 302.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 31Quesiions and Tasks 33Chapter 3 Word Formation I 373.1 Morphemes 373.2 Allomorphs 383.3 Typ of Morphemes 393.3.1 Frc of Meaning 855.3. 】Grammatical Meaning and Lexical Meaning 865.3 2 Conceptual Meaning and Associative Meaning - 87Questions and Tasks 92Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field 956 1 Polysemy 956.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 966.1.2 Two Processes of Development 986.2 Homonymy 1006.2.1 Types of Homonyms 1006.2.2 Origins of Homonyms 1016.2.3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemant 1026.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms 1026.3 Synonymy ， 1。36.3. I Definition of Synonyms 1046.3.2 Types of Synonyms 1046.3.3 Sources of Synonyms 1056.3.4 Discrimination of Synonyms 1076.4 Antonymy 1116.4.1 Type* of Antonyms 1116.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms 1146.4 3 The Use of Antonyms 1166.5 Hyponymy *1176-6 Semantic Field 119Questions and Tasks 123Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning 1347.1 Types of Changes 13527.1.1 Extension 1357.1.2 Narrowing 1377.1.3 Elevation 1387.1.4 Degradation 1397.2 Causes o( Changes 1417.2.1 Extra-linguisticFactors 1417.2.2 Linguistic Factors 144Questions and Tasks 145Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 1498. 1 Types of Context 1498.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context 15081.2 Linguistic Context 1528.2 The Role of Context 1548.2.1 Elimination of Ambiguity 1558.2.2 Indication of Referents 1568.2.3 Provision of Clues* for Inferring Word-meaning 157Questions and Tasks 159Chapter 9 English Idioms 1629.1 Characteristics of Idioms 1629.1.1 Semantic Unity 1629.1.2 Structural Stability 1639-2 Classification of Idioms 1659.2.1 Idioms Nominal in Nature 1659.2.2 Idioms Adjectival in Nature 1669.2.3 Idioms Verbal in Nature 1669.2.4 Idioms Adverbial in Nature * 1689.2.5 Sentence Idioms 1689.3 Use of Idioms 1699.3. Stylistic Features 1699.3.2 RhetoricaJ Features 1739.3.3 Variaiions of Idioms 176Questions and Tasks 179Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 8410. 1 Types of Dictionaries 13410.1.1 Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries 18410. 1.2 Linguistic and Encyclopedic Dictionaries 18510.1.3 Unabridged.Desk and Pocket Dictionaries 18610 1.4 Specialized Dictionaries 18810 2 Use of Dictionaries 18810.2.1 Choice of Dictionaries 18810.2.2 Content of the Dictionary 19110.2.3 Use o the Dictionary 19410 3 Three Good General Dictionaries 19510.3.1 Ixtngman Dictionary of ContemporaryEnglish(.LDCE) New Edition(1987) 19510.3.2 ColUna COBUILD English LanguageDictionary (CCELD) (1987) 19810.3.3 A Chinese-English Dictionary(Revised Edition) (CED) (1995) 200Questions and Tasks * 202Suested Answers 205Reference Books 222英语询汇学术语英汉对照裏227后记238英语词汇学自学考试大纲2395Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyLexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words ( WNWD). English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It 2 chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.0.2 Its Relation to Other DisciplinesEnglish lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. Eflch of them has been established &s a discipline in its own right.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of movpheme construct. This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the irifleclions of words and word-fonnation and exani- ine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences.Etym&ogy is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Modem English is deli ved from the lanRuage$ of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words.Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. But lexicology will focus on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations such as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and semantic field all belong to the scope of semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology.Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the users choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. Among the areas of study： lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology. we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. A lexicographer task is to record the lan giiagc as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles.0.3 Methods of StudyThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied nt a point in time, disregarding wliat- ever changes might be taking place. For example. the word wife now means a married woman, esp. in relation to her husb/ind*. This is the current meaning. It has an obsolete meaning 1 woman*. which is only preserved in midwife housriuift, etc. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. In this light, the word zvife evolved from the Old English form wif, meaning * woman, but later it became specialized in tbc course of development to the modern meaning *a married woman. In our linguistic inquiry into the English vocabulary, though our focus is on the synchronic description of words, we need the diachronic approach as a supplement, for a knowledge of historical develop， ment of (he vocabulary will definitely he of great help to us in our language study.0.4 Aims and Significance of the Courselanguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and vocebultiry. Vocabulary has proved particularly important and certainly the most difficult. In the discussion of the relationship be* tween words and structure, Wilkins1972) asserts, * Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. * The lexicologist McCarthy (1990) echoed the same message that no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how succe漆hilly he masters the sounds of a L2, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language cannot happen in any meaningful way. The role of vooibu- lary in communication calls for continuing vocabulary learning. Since English Lexicology deals with English vocabulary, this course will definitely be beneficial.A good knowledge of morphological structure of English words and ryle of word-form at ion will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding of the semantic strncnre; of words, the types of meaning and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usages, and enable them to use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve learners * skills o( using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. In a word, the study of lexicology will ultimately improve learners* receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.Language teachers will find lexicology even more helpful. With some knowledge of lexicology. they will be able to handle the teach- ing materials, particularly those concerning words more profession- stly. They will be able to select mid organize materials to teach in a rnore effective way. For example, they can teach the rules of wordformation bit by bit and raise the students awareness of structures of words jio as to help them learn new words more quickly and remember better. They will be able Io make use of the different sense relations to group vocabulary, interpret words and explain meanings to the students. Their knowledge of dictionaries will prove invalu- Hble in their study and teaching as well. One or two good dictionar- 4ics plus skills of use will give a teacher ease, confidence and efficiency-Questions and Tasks1. What is lexicology?2. What is the nature and scope of English Lexicology?3. What subjects is English Lexicology correlated with? And to what extent?4. Why should a student of English study English Lexicology?5ChapterBusic Concepts of Wordsand Vocabulax*yBefore we attempt any detailed discussion, it is necessary to clarify some basic concepts conceding words and vocabulary. The term ivord is an elusive notion, which detnands careful consideration at the outset. The relation between sound and meaning, between sound and form, and between words and vocabulary requires some discussion as well. In addition, we shall consider a few commonly recognised criteria for vocabulary classification and study each class of words to some extent in this chapter1.1 What Is a WordWhot is a word? This question has occupied the attention of lin- guiM5 for ages. Although numerous definitions have been suggested. none of them seem to be perfect. Scholars still do not agree on rhe definition of the word.When we talk about a word, we tend to think in visual terms. In this line u word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntanly with human vocal equipment. According to semamicists. a word is a unit of meaning. Grammarians, however, insist that a word be a free form that can function in a sentence, etc. To sum up, the definition of a word 6comprises the following points：(Da minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.Therefore ( we can say that * a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function*.Words can be simple and complex, yet all must comply with these criteria. Man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be used alone in a sentence. Naturally they are words. There are words which are complex such as mis- far tune and man age ment . Both are polysyllabic words and can function as * subject *, 1 object * and predictive, in a sentence. Though misfortune can be further divided as mis- and fortune , the former cannot stand alone as ft word. Similarly, manageninl sn be broken down as manage and ment , the latter cannot be used freely, either. Blackmail can be separated into black and mail , and both can work as independent units in a sentence ,the meaning of each, however, is by no means the combination of the two. Black is a colour, opposite to 4 white*, and mail denotes * something sent by post. yet when they are put together, the combined form means * compel, compulsion, to make payment or action in return for concealment of discreditable secrets etc. Hence Mackmail is 8 different word (COD).1.2 Souud and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. Each oi the worlds cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system This symbolic connection7 i almost always arbitrary, and there is * no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itadf9 (Lodwig and Barrett 1973). A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three kttcrs that make up the word just automatically suggest the nnimal in question. h is only symbolic. The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to
展开阅读全文