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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Amebiasis,阿米巴病,概 述,在寄生虫病中,阿米巴病的医学意义仅次于疟疾和血吸虫病。全球年发病人数近,5,千万,每年死于该病人数在,4,万以上。,阿米巴病,溶组织内,阿米巴引起,某些自由生活阿米巴引起的:,原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎(罕见),肠阿米巴病,(阿米巴痢疾),肠外阿米巴病,(如阿米巴肝脓肿等),Amebic dysentery,Definition,Parasitic disease, Entamoeba histolytic, trophozoites induce submucosal ulcerations,abdominal pain, diarrhea, strawberry jam-like stool,Etiology,Five species of Entamoeba:,E. histolytica (Pathogenic), E. dispar,E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. gingivalis,Life cycle :,cyst,postcyst,precyst,large trophozoite,滋养体和包囊两个期,小滋养体,肠腔共栖型(过渡型),大滋养体,组织致病型,有致病力,包囊,感染型,有传染性,Trophozoites of,Entamoeba histolytica,Cysts of,Entamoeba histolytica,溶组织内阿米巴生活史,Epidemiology,Source of infection,Route of transmission,Susceptibility,Epidemiological characteristics,流行病学及预防,传染源,慢性病人、恢复期病人及无,治疗隔离患者及包囊携带者,传染途径,经口感染;苍蝇、蟑螂,“三管一灭”,人群易感性,普遍易感 可重复感染,流行特征,地区 卫生条件及生活习惯,Pathogenesis,E. histolytica trophozoites cytolytic enzymes and pseudopodia,(伪足),invade colonic tissue flask-shaped,(烧瓶状),submucosal ulcerations may cause amebic liver abscess, bleeding, perforation,(穿孔), peritonitis,(腹膜炎),病理解剖,病变部位 :结肠;其中以回盲部、升结肠最多见,脓肿,粘膜下层,较多孤立小脓肿,溃疡,口小底大的烧瓶样溃疡,脓液由细胞碎片、粘液、 滋养体组成,溃疡之间肠粘膜正常,溃疡侵及血管肠出血,深溃疡肠穿孔,慢性期,增生;息肉样改变,狭窄,肠阿米巴病肠组织病理改变,阿米巴痢疾肠壁溃疡病理切片(,HE,染色),Clinical Manifestations,Incubation period: 14 weeks,Clinical forms: acute typical form,mild form,fulminant form,asymptomatic form,chronic form,潜伏期:一般,3,周左右,短者数日,长者数年。,轻 型:,临床症状不明显,间歇出现腹痛、腹泻。肠道病变轻微,粪便中有包囊。,普通型 (急性),:,起病,-,缓起。,全身,-,可有低热,但中毒症状轻微,肠道,-,腹泻:,10,次,/,日左右,大便含较多粪质,呈暗红色,果酱样,腥臭;腹痛:阵发性,大便前加剧,以右下腹为主(为什么?)。,病程,-,数日数周,可自行缓解,不治或治疗不彻底易复发或转为慢,普通型 (慢性),:,症状交替持续数月或数年 可有乏力、,贫血,腹胀、肠道功能紊乱,体查可触及结肠增厚与压痛,大便镜检可见滋养体和,/,或包囊,重 型,起病,-,急起,全身,-,高热,中毒症状显著,极度衰竭,肠道,-,频繁腹泻,,10,次,/,日以上;大便粘液血性或血水样,大便量多;伴腹痛、呕吐、失水,可有里急后重,并发症,-,肠出血、肠穿孔、休克。如不及时抢救,,1,2,周内可死于毒血症或并发症。,Laboratory findings,normal leukocyte count,eosinophilia,fecal microscopy: RBC, WBC and mucus,erythrophagous mobile trophozoites,cysts with four nucleuses,Complications,amebic liver abscess,intestinal perforation, peritonitis,intestinal hemorrhage,intestinal ameboma,amebic appendicitis,perianal (肛门周围的 )rectal fistulas(瘘管 ),肠内并发症:肠穿孔、肠出血、阑尾炎、,结肠阿米巴瘤等,肠外并发症:阿米巴肝脓肿、阿米巴肺脓肿、,阿米巴脑脓肿等,Diagnosis,Epidemiological data,Clinical manifestations,Laboratory findings,Differential Diagnosis,Shigellosis,Schistosomiasis,Colonic carcinoma(结肠癌),Rectal cancer,Non-specific ulcerative colitis,急性菌痢与急性阿米巴痢疾的鉴别,鉴别要点 急性菌痢 急性阿米巴痢疾,病原体 志贺菌 阿米巴原虫,流行病学 散发可流散发,全身症状较重,毒血症状明显 较轻,毒血症状少见,胃肠道症状 腹痛重,有里急后重 腹痛轻,无里急后重,腹部压痛部位 左下腹 右下腹,粪便检查 量少,粘液脓血,大量 量多,果酱样便,WBC,、少量,RBC,,培养有志贺菌 大量,RBC,,有,滋养体,纤维肠镜检查 肠粘膜弥漫性充血 肠粘膜大多正常,,水肿及浅表溃疡 有散在溃疡,Treatment,Supportive treatment,Symptomatic treatment,Etiological treatment,metronidazole,(灭滴灵 ),400mg tid for 10 days, for adults or,tinidazole,(磺甲硝咪唑 ),2.0 qd 5 days, for adults,furamide,(糠酰胺),500mg tid for 10 days,Emetine,(依米丁 )(氯奎),chiniofon,(喹碘方,药特灵 ),etc are out of day.,Prophylaxis,To control the sources of infection,To interrupt the routes of transmission,No vaccine is available,病原学治疗,针对滋养体的抗阿米巴药物,甲硝唑:适应于肠内外各型阿米巴病(首选),替硝唑 :同上,氯喹:对组织内阿米巴滋养体有效。口服后肝内浓度是血浆浓度的,100,倍以上,主要用于阿米巴肝脓肿的治疗,依米丁:毒性大,已被上述药物取代,针对包囊的抗阿米巴药物,二氯尼特,双碘喹啉,喹碘仿(药特灵),二氯散糠酸酯,控制症状:,甲硝唑,0.4 tid10d,防止复发:,二氯尼特,0.5 tid10d,双碘喹啉,0.6 tid15,20d,或:,二氯尼特,0.5 tid10d,控制症状:,甲硝唑,(,替硝唑,),或氯喹,防止复发:,二氯尼特或双碘喹啉,AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS,肝脓肿阿米巴,commonest complication of intestinal amebiasis,Pathogenesis and pathology,E. Histolytica,trophozoites,liver tissue,portal vein,Pseudopodia,cytolytic enzymes,amebic liver,abscess,rupture,peritonitis,大滋养体在血管中繁殖,栓塞,伪足、溶组织酶溶解组织,肝组织局部液化性坏死,微小脓肿,多见于肝右叶,占,80%,以上,尤以右叶顶部多见。,原因:肝右叶接纳来自肠阿米巴病主要病变的盲肠和升结肠的血液回流。,Clinical Manifestations,gradual onset,abdominal pain,fever,anemia,lose of appetite,lose of body weight,1,全身症状:,感染中毒症状:发热,-,长期不规则发热,间歇热或驰张热;食欲减退、恶心呕吐、腹胀腹泻等。,衰竭,-,消瘦、贫血、浮肿。病程长更显著。,肝区痛,-,呈持续性钝痛,深呼吸及体位变化时加重,放射痛,-,右肩疼痛,呼吸系统症状,-,咳嗽、胸痛、气急,肺底叩诊呈浊音, 右下肺可闻及摩擦音和啰音(因右侧反应性胸膜炎所致),右下胸及右上腹饱满,局部皮肤浮肿,按压可见凹陷,肝肿大,有压痛及叩击痛,Diagnosis,Epidemiological data,eating habit, history of diarrhea,Clinical manifestations,gradual onset, pain in liver region,fever, anemia, lose of body weight,tenderness of the enlarged liver,Laboratory findings,Liquefied,(液化,溶解 ),space-occupying lesion,specific antibodies, antigen,Differential diagnosis,bacterial liver abscess,congenital liver cyst,primary hepatocellular carcinoma,liver metastasis of carcinomas,liver hydatid disease,liver tuberculosis,细菌性肝脓肿与阿米巴肝脓肿的鉴别,鉴别要点 细菌性肝脓肿 阿米巴肝脓肿,既往史 败血症或腹腔感染史 慢性腹泻史,起病情况 急 相对较慢,全身症状较重,毒血症状明显 较轻,毒血症状少见,肝肿大 肿大不明显 表面光滑,压痛、质中,体重变化 不明显 下降较明显,超声检查 多个较小的液暗区 单个较大的液暗区,肝穿刺 脓液量少,黄白色,有 脓液量多,巧克力色,或抽脓 臭味,,WBC,多,无夏雷 无臭味,WBC,少,有,结晶,培养有菌生长 夏雷结晶及滋养体,Treatment,Supportive treatment,Symptomatic treatment,Etiological treatment,metronidazole 400mg tid for 10d or,tinidazole 2.0 qd for 5 days,antibiotics if necessary,(一) 抗阿米巴治疗:,控制症状:甲硝唑(替硝唑) 或氯喹,甲硝唑,0.4 tid x10d,防止复发:二氯尼,0.5 tid x10d,(二) 肝穿刺引流,脓肿直径,3cm,以上,靠近体表,尤其经抗阿米巴治疗无好转的。,
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