资源描述
,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,*,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,供應鏈管理現況趨勢與教育,林正章 教授,台灣成功大學交通管理科學系,2008.11,演講大綱,何謂供應鏈管理,供應鏈管理與消費者,汰舊換新、多樣化、客製化,便捷、新鮮、安全,供應鏈管理與企業,行銷,經濟效益、缺貨、長鞭效益,供應鏈管理與物流企業,整合服務,供應鏈管理安全與環境,供應鏈管理教育,教學目標與課程,傳統社會,國富論,(,The Wealth of Nations,),蘇格蘭經濟學家、亞當史密斯的一本經濟學專著,致力於滿足市場廣大的需要,提倡分工論,金字塔型的分工,連續性的大量生產，達到規模經濟,當今社會,消費者,企業,品質是產品條件,品質是競爭力,差異化,大量客製化,汰舊換新,不斷快速推出新產品,國際化產品,全球性的廣告與通路,最低價格,最有經濟效率,長期保固,零件長期快速供應,便捷性,實體廣大的佈點 或 資訊便捷性,新鮮產品,保持新鮮的產銷,安全,產品,安全監控,全球環境,已開發國家生產過剩,外銷給開發中或未開發國家。,供應鏈,核心產品與周邊活動委外之結合為獲利策略。,洲際內經貿增加,經貿協定以提昇與保護經貿活動。,資訊科技的進步,增進全球性相同的消費型態。,全球金融與運輸解除管制,簡易貨幣流通，提昇運輸效率降低運輸成本。,資料來源：,Bowersox and Closs (1996),物流管理,物流,(,logistics,),是透過資訊科技，對物料由最始原料一直到配送成品至最終消費者整體過程中所牽涉的,原料、半成品、成品的流通與儲存,，以最有效益的計畫、執行與控制，來滿足並符合消費者的需求。,Logistics Management is that part of the Supply Chain Management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements.,-US Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals,(US Council of Logistics Management,美國物流學會,),供應鏈管理,Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all Logistics Management activities. Importantly, it also includes,coordination,and,collaboration,with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management,within,and,across,companies.,-US Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals,供應鏈管理內涵,供應鏈與新產品快速推出,供應鏈與新產品快速推出,供應鏈與新,產,產品快速推,出,出,Traditional phase,price,Stress phase,Acceptanceof short-notice requirements,Resolved phase,JIT principles,Partnership phase,Long-termperspective, exchange operating andfinancialinformation, sharerisksandjointinvestment infacilities,-ScharyandSkjott-Larsen 1995,供應鏈與新,產,產品快速推,出,出,Cluster production,Set up production units closeto the customer,s assembly plant,A first-tier supplier toan assembler inonecountry must beableto supplytheassemblerin other partsof the world,Involved in development of newmodels intheearliest stage,Expected to bea technology leader,developing newtechnologies independently,-ScharyandSkjott-Larsen 1995,供應鏈與客,製,製化,FedExCaseStudy,Customer,Internet,FedExNet,OrderManagement,System,Call Center,Supplier,ComponentA,Supplier,ComponentB,ComponentC,FedExEDC/Alliance,Manufacturing,Facility,Buildor configure Orders,Express Delivery ofFinished Product,Web,Orders,Phone,Orders,Order,Confirmation,Advanced Shipping Notice,Build/Configure-to-Order,製程,延遲,策略,冒險策略,(Speculation, anticipatory-based),由預測來決,定,定生產種類,和,和數量，與,延,延滯策略相,反,反。由生產,的,的規模經濟,，,，減少行銷,、,存貨出清，,以,以及生產的,不,不確定性，,降,降低成本,。,延遲,策略,(Postponement,response-based),目的：,Masscustomization,deliver rapidlyandreduce cost,產品製程的,延,延遲,(manufacturing),不必要製程,成,成品，保持,原,原料型態，,維,維持改變彈,性,性與避免成,品,品過時。亦,稱,稱為拉式生,產,產。,產品物流的,延,延遲,(logistics),不必要在下,游,游，倉儲於,上,上游供應鍊,結,結構，避免,成,成品需求變,動,動再移轉成,本,本,。,製程,延遲,策略,Includes product redesignandprocess redesign,Product redesign,Standardize across all markets,Process redesign,Includes re-sequencing the sub-processes,Dye,cut and sew, vscut,sewand dye,製程,延遲,策略,Threedesign principles,Design soit consists of,independent modules,thatcan be assembled into different forms oftheproduct easilyand inexpensively,Manufacturing processes consist ofcan be moved orrearranged easily for different distribution-network design,Supply networkshould,supply thebasic productto the facilities ina cost effective,be flexible andresponsive totakeand deliver customers orders,HP,個案,LaserJet printer,For EuropeandNorthAmerica markets,Differentiate product with built-indedicatedpower supply of 110and220 voltsas soon asproduction began inJapan,Standardize power supplyfor entireproduct family,Higher materialcost, butlower total costs of manufacturing, stockinganddelivery by 5%,HP,個案,DeskJet printer,Builtin Singapore and distributedin Stuttgart, Germany forEurope market,Country-specific externalpower supply that plugsin when settingup the printer,Differentiationwasperformedin Stuttgart,Higher manufacturingforfactoriesto customize the printers, butlower total costs of manufacturing, shippingandinventorydropped by5%,供應鏈與便,捷,捷性,電子商務與,宅,宅配,大榮個案,供應鏈與新,鮮,鮮,台灣地區冷,凍,凍冷藏產業,每年約有,300,億元的冷凍,冷,冷藏產業規,模,模,低溫物流,保持新鮮食,品,品及冷凍食,品,品品質,從生產到消,費,費過程均處,於,於低溫狀態,低溫控制,技,技術加工,製,製造，低溫,監,監控下儲存,，,，運輸配送,和,和銷售,仰賴合乎放,置,置低溫食品,低,低溫標準冷,凍,凍冷藏設備,運送過程保,持,持適當溫度,，,，確保食品,安,安全及品質,供應鏈與新,鮮,鮮,供應鏈與新,鮮,鮮,食品分類,保存溫度,相關產品,簡分,鮮食品,18,o,C,三明治、便當、飯糰、涼麵,鮮食,冷藏食品,0+7,o,C,生鮮蔬菜、果汁、乳飲料。日常食品,(,豆腐,),、加工肉品,(,香腸,),、鮮花等,冷藏,冰溫食品,-2+2,o,C,畜肉品,(,牛豬羊肉,),、禽肉品,(,雞鴨肉,),、水產品,(,魚貝,),、刨冰等,冷凍食品,冰品,-18,o,C,以下,冷凍疏果、冷凍肉類、冷凍調理食品,(,水餃、包子,),、冰淇淋等,冷凍,超低溫食品,-30,o,C,以下,生魚片,供應鏈與新,鮮,鮮,類型,商品類別,溫度,應用案例,儲存物品,冷藏型,物流中心,冷藏品,0+7,o,C,綜合食品業,低溫流通業,肉食品加工,牛乳、果汁、日常食品,(,豆腐、乳製品,),、加工肉品,(,香腸、火腿,),、保存生鮮蔬果、沙拉、甜點,等,冷凍型,物流中心,冷凍品及冰品,-18,o,C,以下,綜合食品業,低溫流通業,肉食品加工,冰品、冷凍調理食品,(,水餃、包子、比薩、調理飯,(,麵,),、熱狗、關東煮,等,鮮食型,物流中心,鮮食品,恆溫,18,o,C,綜合食品業,CVS,便利店,便當、涼麵、飯團,等,供應鏈與安,全,全,Pfizer Inc.,Makerof prescription drugs asLipitor and Zoloft,Strategies,It ships everypackage, case and palletof its,Viagra,withRFIDtagsto counterfeitits product Since Jan 2006.,Procurement purchases rawmaterials, drug substances, and the hiring of freighttransportation.,Distribution/logistics coordinatesthe movement ofproductsbetween globalsites,Supply chain planning works closelywiththesales/marketing,Long-rangeplanningusesmathematical optimizationtechnology tocreate thebestO-Droutes,Orderentrysystemsinterfacewithafulfillmentmanagementsystemtomonitorflowandinventorywith50globalmanufacturingsites/DCswithareplenishmentmodel,供,應,應,鏈,鏈,與,與,行,行,銷,銷,KoreanHyundai,Status,Hyundaistartedofferinga10-yearwarrantyonitscarsinUS,Goal,Distributionnetworksetuptogetthepartsdeliveredquicklytokeep,customers,andasefficientlytokeepthe,dealers,happy.,Strategies,Thededicatedcarrierarepricedona,per-shipment,deliveredcostand,overnightdeliveries,todealerships.,Informationvisibility,ImportsfromKoreausinga3PLtotrackallinboundshipments,Milestoneischeckedandupdated,shipmentstotheports,vesselsailandarrivaldates,intoandreleasebycustoms,originanddestinationrailhead,deliverytoDCandputaway.,Hyundaihasbeenabletoreduceinventorybytwoweeks,供,應,應,鏈,鏈,與,與,缺,缺,貨,貨,ProcterandGamble,Status,Out-of-stockratearound10%.,Goal,Addressingproductavailability,shelfquality,andon-timedelivery.,toreduceinventoryby50%,trimout-of-stocksby50%andachieve20%savingsinlogisticscosts.,Strategies,Consumer-drivensupplynetwork,ofsuppliers,manufacturersandretailersthatfacilitatesreal-timeinformation.,Replenishingproductsassoonasthey,repurchasedreceivedbypoint-of-saledata,Collaboratescloselywithretailpartnersonin-storepromotionsandevents.,20%ofproductcategories(withmorethan10%out-of-stocks)weredroppedtobelow5%ofproducts.,Saves$25million/yearbyeliminatingunnecessarytranscriptionworkandout-of-stocks,供,應,應,鏈,鏈,與,與,長,長,鞭,鞭,效,效,應,應,長,鞭,鞭,效,效,應,應,(bullwhiporwhiplash),產,品,品,需,需,求,求,預,預,測,測,，,，,來,來,自,自,於,於,零,零,售,售,商,商,對,對,顧,顧,客,客,需,需,求,求,的,的,預,預,測,測,，,，,進,進,而,而,向,向,製,製,造,造,商,商,下,下,訂,訂,單,單,，,，,而,而,製,製,造,造,商,商,向,向,供,供,應,應,商,商,下,下,訂,訂,單,單,也,也,是,是,依,依,照,照,零,零,售,售,商,商,的,的,預,預,測,測,。,。,如,如,果,果,最,最,底,底,層,層,的,的,顧,顧,客,客,需,需,求,求,發,發,生,生,變,變,動,動,，,，,則,則,層,層,層,層,牽,牽,動,動,，,，,影,影,響,響,會,會,愈,愈,來,來,愈,愈,加,加,大,大,供,應,應,鏈,鏈,與,與,長,長,鞭,鞭,效,效,應,應,Causes,Remedial strategies,Forecast demand updating,依預測採購,1. Access to market demand information (use of point of sale (POS) data),2. Information sharing across supply chain links (use of EDI),3. Vendor managed inventory(VMI),4. Lead time reduction and JIT supply,Order batching,經濟規模訂貨與運輸,1. Reduction of processing costs (Computer Assisted Ordering(CAO),2. New ways of achieving economies of scale in transportation/distribution (3rd-party),供,應,應,鏈,鏈,與,與,長,長,鞭,鞭,效,效,應,應,Price fluctuation,促銷折扣,1. Reduce frequency and magnitude of special trade deals and consumer promotions (Everyday Low Price-EDLP),2. Continuous Replenishment Programs (CRP),Rationing and shortage gaming,訂貨按銷售比例分配,1. Better product allocation policies in short supply periods (allocation based on past sales),2. Penalties on order cancellations,VendorManagedInventory,VendorManagedInventory(VMI),Coordinatedmanagementoffinishedgoodsinventories,Goodsinventoriesoutboundfrommanufacturer,distributororresellertoaretailerorothermerchandiser,Replenishingfinishedgoodsonareorderpointbasis,Productsongrocerystoreshelves:Frito-Lay&othersnackfood,candyorbeveragevendors,VMIvendorsmission,Generatepurchaseordersonas-neededbasis,Replenishingsuppliesbasedonanestablishedinventoryplan,Ensuringhighin-stockperformancewithminimalinventory,VendorManagedInventory,VMI,-CaseStudy,Vendor,Importer&marketerofhygieneproducts,Customer,Capitan of theretailchains:Thewholesaler,Main operational problems in thechain,Vendor,Long leadtimeinsourcingfrom internationalproducers,High variability of order volume,Wholesaler,High stocks,Periodicallypoorservice forthevendorsproducts,VMI,- CaseStudy,Reasons andresults,Partlyresult fromdemand distortion,Supplychainisnot synchronizedtoconsumerdemand,Wholesaler feels bufferneedstokeep servicelevel,BenefitsofimplementingVMI,Closercooperation&increaseddeliveryfrequency,Reduced stock cover at thewholesaler,Totalstockcoverdown from10to6days,Service level remainstable,全球運,籌,籌,風險管,理,理,Source,Environment,、,Supply,、,Demand,、,Process,、,Control,經營策,略,略,Source: Juttner, Uta(2005), Supplychainriskmanagement,I.J.ofLogistics Management, 16(1):120-141.,全球運,籌,籌,風險管,理,理,實際運,作,作,Source: Juttner, Uta(2005), Supplychainriskmanagement,I.J.ofLogistics Management, 16(1):120-141.,全球運,籌,籌,風險管,理,理,規劃,Source: Juttner, Uta(2005), Supplychainriskmanagement,I.J.ofLogistics Management, 16(1):120-141.,GlobalLogistics Security,Each trade transaction caninvolve up to 25 differentparties.,A typicalcross-border transaction might involvefiling 35 documents, communicatingwith25parties andcomplyingwithmore than600 lawsand 500tradeagreements (Cassidy ,2003).,SecurityInitiatives,Source: Sheuand Lee(2006), A voluntarylogisticssecurityprogram, SupplyChainManagement,11(4):363-374.,Memorandum of Understanding,Customs,SecurityProfile,Within60days,Reviews&makescertificationdecisions,Within60days,Oncecertified,companybecomesaC-TPATParticipant.,ForC-TPATvalidation,30daynoticeisgiven,Necessarydocumentmustbesubmitted,Within30days,PartnershipValidationTeam,Customs,Customs,Customs,Certification,Validation,Within3yearsofcertification,10days,14,TheImpacts,TheC-TPATcertificationresemblestheISO9000certificationprogram.,Bothprogramsareagenericsecurityorqualityassurancesysteminsteadofasecurityorqualityperformancestandard.,C-TPATrequiresthattheUScompaniesdevelopamoredetailedunderstandingofforeignsupplierstomonitortheirshipments.,Thepracticeofsourcingfromforeignsuppliers,whileeconomicallysound,nowchallengescompaniestocollaboratewithsupplierstoimprovesecurity.,供應,鏈,鏈管,理,理與,環,環境,Sheu,J.B.,Chou,Y.H.andHu,C.C.(2005),台灣,筆,筆記,型,型電,腦,腦,供應,鏈,鏈管,理,理與,環,環境,汽車,產,產業,伍中,流,流，,民,民國,91,年,目前,處,處理,廠,廠家,數,數已,足,足夠,廢車,拆,拆解,後,後，,經,經由,破,破碎,廠,廠處,理,理再,進,進入,煉,煉鋼,廠,廠，,有,有助,於,於降,低,低整,體,體營,運,運成,本,本,供應,鏈,鏈與,環,環境,由消,費,費者,、,、產,業,業到,都,都市,、,、社,會,會,第三,方,方專,業,業物,流,流公,司,司,“Arelationshipbetweenashipperandthirdpartywhich,hasmore,customized,offerings,encompassesa,broader,numberofservicefunctionsandischaracterizedbya,longer-term,moremutuallybeneficialrelationship.,”,”,-AfrickandCalkins,1994,-P.MurphyandR.Point,2000,專業,物,物流,業,業服,務,務內,容,容,專業,物,物流,業,業發,展,展趨,勢,勢,standardization,homogenization,tailoring,adaptation,multi-domestic,G,lobalStrategy,Global/Glolocal,併購,或,或聯,盟,盟,投資,聯盟,、,、合,作,作、,建立,全,全球,網,網路,強調,規,規模,經,經濟,強調,產,產品,客,客製,化,化,LogisticsResponsibilities(2008),Activity,% of time,% managed globally,Forecasting,7.3,53.5,Procurement,10,61.4,Manufacturing logistics,7.8,41.9,Customer service,8.8,37.2,Transportation,20.1,54.7,Warehousing,13.7,32.6,Global,8.8,67.6,Inventory management,9.8,47.6,General management,13.7,49.4,LaLondeandGinter(2008),Careerpatternsinlogistics,FactorswillinfluenceSCdevelopment,Weighted1,st,2,nd,and3,rd,choiceswith3,2,and1points,LaLondeandGinter(2008),Careerpatternsinlogistics,Factors,Weighted average,Global supply chains,1.45,Energy availability and cost,1.29,Supply chain integration/information leverage,0.84,Role in firms financial performance,0.81,Information technology,0.73,Managing transportation costs,0.71,Curriculumfor90daycourse,Factors,Weighted average,Strategic management and planning/forecasting,1.15,Global logistics,1.07,Financial management/accounting,1.02,Lean logistics,0.95,Supply chain management,0.74,IT applications/integration,0.63,Weighted1,st,2,nd,and3,rd,choiceswith3,2,and1points,LaLondeandGinter(2008),Careerpatternsinlogistics,USLogisticsProgramRanking,1,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan) Cambridge, MA,2,Michigan State University (Broad) East Lansing, MI,3,Arizona State University (Carey) Tempe, AZ,4,Carnegie Mellon University (Tepper) Pittsburgh, PA,5,Pennsylvania State University-University Park (Smeal) University Park, PA,6,University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Philadelphia, PA,7,Ohio State University (Fisher) Columbus, OH,8,Purdue University-West Lafayette (Krannert) West Lafayette, IN,9,Stanford University Stanford, CA,10,University of Tennessee-Knoxville Knoxville, TN,LearningGoals,MichiganStateUniversity,Tobuildtheirfunctional,entrepreneurial,analytical,learning,andpersuasivecapabilitiestomaximizetheirflexibilityandimpactinadynamicallychangingglobalcompetitiveenvironment.,ArizonaStateUniversity,Theintegrationofchains,e-businessandglobalizationpermeateeachcourse.Thisprogramtrainsmanagerswhoarestrategicthinkers,excellentanalysts,effectivecommunicators/teamleaders,computercompetent,andwhoarefocusedoncostsavings,increasingrevenue,andincreasingshareholdervalue.,LearningGoals,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,Toaccommodateorganizationalandsupplychaingoalsforprofitability,assetutilization,customerservice,andsystemsflexibility.Focuson:,Evaluatingkeyenablersofsupplychainnetworkintegration,synchronization,andcollaborationtoachieveprocessinnovationandeffectiveness.,Leveraginge-basedprocessesandtechnologiesforimprovingsupplychainperformance.,Evaluatingglobalnetworkdesigns.,LearningGoals,OhioStateUniversity,Tolearnhowthetotalflowofgoods,servicesandinformationwithinandbetweenfirmscanbemanagedeffectivelyandefficiently.,Toteachstudentsgeneralmanagementandtechnicalskillsinareassuchasquality,operationsplanningandcontrolsystems,andoperationsstrategy.,Courses,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Michigan State University,Arizona State University,Carnegie Mellon University,Case Studies in Logistics and Supply Chain Management,International Supply Chain Management,Integrated Supply Chain Management,International Management in Transitional Economies,Logistics Systems,Competing Through Supply Chain Logistics,Logistics in the Supply Chain,Product Design and Development,Management of Supply Networks for Products and Services,Procurement and Sourcing Strategy,Supply Management & Negotiations,Manufacturing System and Supply Chain Design,JIT Manufacturing and SCM;,Manufacturing Strategy;,Sequencing and Scheduling,SCM Technology and Application,Introduction to Operations Management,Operations and Supply Chain Management,Risk Models for Production Management,Management of Services: Concepts, Design, and Delivery,Services Operations Management,Six Sigma Practices and Principles,Supply Chain Planning,Supply Chain Management Tools,Decision Models for SC ;,SC Cost & Design,Optimization Models for Logistics;,Simulation Modeling for Production Systems,Operations Management Theory and Strategy,Strategic Supply Chain;,Strategic Management of the Enterprise,謝謝,您,您的,聆,聆聽,演讲,完,完毕,，,，谢,谢,谢观,看,看！,
展开阅读全文