(精品)03-行为的天性与教养

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Myers,PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 3,Nature,Nurture and,Human Diversity,Genes:Our Biological Blueprint,Chromosomes,threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes,DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid),complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes,has two strands-forming a“double helix”-held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides,Genes:Our Biological Blueprint,Genes,biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes,a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein,Genome,the complete instructions for making an organism,consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes,Genes:Their Location and Composition,Nucleus,Chromosome,Gene,Cell,DNA,Evolutionary Psychology,Natural Selection,the principle that,among the range of inherited trait variations,those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations,Mutations,random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides,the source of all genetic diversity,Evolutionary Psychology,Evolutionary Psychology,the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind,using the principles of natural selection,Gender,in psychology,the characteristics,whether biologically or socially influenced,by which people define male and female,Evolutionary Psychology,Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health,Women preferred resources and social status,Behavior Genetics,Behavior Genetics,study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior,Environment,every nongenetic influence,from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us,Behavior Genetics,Identical Twins,develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two,creating two genetically identical organisms,Fraternal Twins,develop from separate eggs,genetically no closer than brothers and sisters,but they share the fetal environment,Identical,twins,Fraternal,twins,Same,sex only,Same or,opposite sex,Behavior Genetics,Temperament,a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity,Heritability,the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes,may vary,depending on the range of populations and environments studied,Behavior Genetics,Interaction,the dependence of the effect of one factor(such as environment)on another factor(such as heredity),Molecular Genetics,the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes,Environmental Influence,Two placental arrangements in identical twins,Environmental Influence,Experience affects brain development,Impoverished,environment,Rat brain,cell,Rat brain,cell,Enriched,environment,Environmental Influence,A trained brain,Environmental Influence,Culture,the enduring behaviors,ideas,attitudes,and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next,Norm,an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior,Environmental Influence,Personal Space,the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies,Memes,self-replicating ideas,fashions,and innovations passed from person to person,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,X Chromosome,the sex chromosome found in both men and women,females have two;males have one,an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child,Y Chromosome,the sex chromosome found only in men,when paired with an X chromosome from the mother,it produces a male child,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,Testosterone,the most important of the male sex hormones,both males and females have it,additional testosterone in males stimulates,growth of male sex organs in the fetus,development of male sex characteristics during puberty,Role,a set of expectations(norms)about a social position,defining how those in the position ought to behave,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,Gender Role,a set of expected behaviors for males and females,Gender Identity,ones sense of being male or female,Gender-typing,the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,Gender and Culture,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,Social Learning Theory,theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished,Gender Schema Theory,theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly,The Nature and Nurture of Gender,Two theories of gender typing,