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望 诊,中医诊断,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,概念,全身望诊,又称整体望诊,是医生在诊察病人时首先对病人的精神、色泽、形体、姿态等整体表现进行扼要的观察,以期对病情的寒热虚实和轻重缓急等获得一个总体的印象。,要求,1、对病人的整体情况有第一直觉印象,达到,“,一会即觉,”,的目的。,2、在全身望诊的同时做到神形合参。,第一节 全身望诊,概念,神的含义有二:一是,“,神气,”,,是指脏腑功能活动的外在表现要求;二是,“,神志,”,,是指人的思维、意识和情志活动。望神是通过观察人体生命活动的整体表现来判断病情的方法。,(一)望神的原理,灵枢,本神指出:,“,生之来者谓之精,两精相搏谓之神。,”,灵枢,平人绝谷:,“,神者水谷之精气也。,”,神产生于先天之精,又必须依赖后天水谷精气的充养。可见神的产生与人体精气和脏腑功能的关系十分密切,所以观察神的旺衰可以了解精气的盛衰、推断病情的轻重、判断病变的预后。正如素问,移精变气论所说:,“,得神者昌,失神者亡。,”,(二)神的具体表现,神是人体生命活动的总的体现,具体表现在人体的目光、色泽、神情、体态,诸方面,,而诊察眼神的变化是望神的重点。,一 、望神,1、两目,含义:人两眼的神情。,原理:首先,眼神是心神的外在表现。灵枢,大惑论,“,目者,心使也,”,;其次,视觉可反映脏腑精气的盛衰。灵枢,大惑论,“,五脏六腑之精气皆上注于目而为之精,”,。,生理:,两目神光充沛,精彩内含,运动灵活,视物清晰者,有神,是脏腑精气充足的表现;,病理:,两目浮光外露,目无精彩,运动不灵,视物模糊者,无神,是脏腑精气虚衰现。,2、色泽,含义:,人的周身皮肤(以面部为主)的色泽。,原理:皮肤的色泽荣润或枯槁是脏腑精气盛衰的重要表现。医门法律说:,“,色者,神之旗也,神旺则色旺,神衰则色衰,神藏则色藏,神露则色露。,”,生理:,色泽荣润,有神;,病理:,色泽枯槁,无神;,3、神情,含义,:人的精神意识和面部表情。,原理:,心主神志,其华在面,心为五脏六腑之大主,故神情是心 神和脏腑精气盛衰的外现。,生理:,神志清晰,思维有序,表情自然,反应灵敏,心神正常。,病理:,神识昏蒙,思维混乱,表情淡漠,反应迟钝,心神已衰。,4、体态,含义:,人的形体动态。,原理,:人的形体动态使机体功能强弱的外征。素问,上古天真论说:,“,形神合一,”,,,生理,:形体丰满,动作自如,有神。,病理,:形体瘦削,动作艰难,无神。,望神除上述重点外,还要结合语言、呼吸、舌象、脉象等表现进行综合判断。,按神的盛衰和病情的轻重一般可分为得神、失神、少神、假神及神乱五种。,1、得神(又称有神),含义:得神是精充气足神旺的表现。,临床特征:两目灵活,明亮有神,面色荣润,含蓄不露,神志清晰,表情自然,肌肉不削,反应灵敏。,临床意义:提示精气充盛,体健神旺,为健康表现,或虽病精气未衰,病轻易治,良好。,形象:,面色浮红而清、明润而散;鼻旁有红色瘀点,目眥微黄,目光炯炯,主病,:新病;阳证;热证;轻病,病例,:风热皮疹。外感风热,客于肌肤。(过敏性皮炎),(三)神的分类及判断,含义,:少神是正气不足的表现。,临床特征,:两目晦暗,目光乏神,面色少华,暗淡不容,精神不振,思维迟钝,肌肉松弛,动作迟缓。,临床意义,:精气不足,机能减退,多见于虚证患者或疾病恢复期病人。,关键词,:虚证,少神,形象:目无神采,精神萎靡,面色苍白,下颏青黑,沉浊色微,主病,:久病气虚阳虚;气血双亏;思伤心脾,病例,:阳虚胃脘痛。脾阳不振,肝木乘脾(十二指肠溃疡),2、少神(又称神气不足),关键词:虚证少神,形象:,目光呆滞,眼睑下垂,面色淡黄,沉微而散,头发作穗,主病,:脾气虚弱;气血双亏,病例,:睑废。脾气虚弱(重症肌无力),关键词:少神,形象,:目精生光,稍有灵活,面有血色,主病,:,病例,:经治疗好转后的神色,含义,:失神是精亏神衰或邪盛神乱的重病表现。,临床特征,:(1)精亏神衰而失神者两目晦暗,目无光彩,面色无华,晦暗暴露,精神萎靡,意识模糊,反应迟钝,手撒尿遗,骨枯肉脱,形体羸瘦。(2)邪盛神乱而失神者神昏谵语,寻衣摸床,撮空理线,或卒倒神昏,两手固握,牙关紧闭。,临床意义,:,(1)精亏神衰而失神者的临床特征提示精气大伤,机能减退,多见于久病重病患者,预后不良。,(2)邪盛神乱而失神者的临床特征提示邪气亢盛,热陷心包,扰乱神明,或肝风夹痰蒙蔽清窍,阻闭经络,多见于急性危重病人。,3、失神(又称无神),关键词:无神(昏迷),形象:,目陷睛迷,双睑下垂露睛;面色黧黑,沉浊而甚;口开不闭,呼之不应;表情呆板,项强痉挛,主病:,精气衰竭;神志昏迷;预后不良,病例,:风痰发痉。精气衰竭,肝风挟痰,迷于心窍,关键词:无神(昏迷),形象:,两目呆滞,目陷睛迷,口开不闭,表情呆板,面容消瘦,色虽不华,尚较明润。,主病:,阴阳俱衰,病重失神。仍属善色,病例,:虚痨发痉。肝肾不足,阴阳俱衰。(高度营养不良原因待查;震颤麻痹;泌尿系感染;股骨颈骨折),关键词:无神(重病),形象,:肌肉萎缩,肋骨突出,呈舟状腹,乳房干瘪,皮肤枯萎,主病,:精气衰竭;津液耗伤,阴阳俱衰,病例,:,关键词:重病失神,形象,:两眼发直,目无神采;面容瘦削,萎黄晦暗,夭然不泽,口唇眼窝发黑。,主病,:脾肾俱衰;气血双亏;阴精耗伤;阳气不振,病例,:虚损。脾肾俱衰,气血耗竭。(风湿性心脏病,脑栓塞),关键词:目暗睛迷无神,形象:,目不欲睁,暗淡无光,神志不清,面色苍白,消瘦口开。,主病,:阴阳具衰,气血双亏,病例,:脑血栓形成,风中脏腑,含义:久病、重病之人本已极度衰竭,突然出现某些神气暂时,“,好转,”,的虚假表现。,临床特征:久病、重病之人原本目光晦暗,突然目似有光,但浮光外露;原本面色晦暗,突然面似有华,但泛红如妆;原本精神萎靡,突然神识似清,想见亲人,言语不休,但烦躁不安;原本毫无食欲,久不能食,突然欲进饮食,且食量大增等。,关键词:病危假神,形象,:面色苍白沉浊,忽然微有红润;周身大肉已脱,腹大青筋气喘,突然目光有神,言语响亮。鼻出血血迹未干,主病,:,“,回光返照,残灯复明,”,阴不敛阳,虚阳浮越;预后不良,病例,:臌胀。癥积日久,精气衰竭,虚阳浮越。(肝硬变并发肝癌),4、假神,临床意义:精气衰竭已极,阴不敛阳,虚阳外越,阴阳即将离绝所致,是临终的预兆。,含义,:神志错乱失常。,临床特征,: 焦虑恐惧,狂躁不安,淡漠痴呆,卒然昏倒。,临床意义,:神乱是指神志错乱,多反复发作,缓解时常无,“,神乱,”,表现,神乱表现可作为诊病的依据。,5、神乱,关键词:,脏躁,形象:,泪眼模糊,哭泣面容,面色苍白,微黄而沉,虽较明润,仪表不整,抬上病床,数问不答。,主病:,肝气郁结,肺气不足;心气虚,神不足。,病例:,脏躁。心肺气虚,金不制木(癔病),关键词:癫狂,形象,:自言自语,喜笑怒骂,有如讲演,比比划划,口若悬河,滔滔不绝。不分时间场合,完全丧失理智。,形象,:癫狂失神;痰火扰心,病例,:狂证。气郁化火,痰火扰心。(精神分裂证,狂躁型),关键词:癫狂,形象,:自言自语,喜笑怒骂,有如讲演,比比划划,口若悬河,滔滔不绝。不分时间场合,完全丧失理智。,主病,:癫狂失神;痰火扰心。,病例,:狂证。气郁化火,痰火扰心。(精神分裂证,狂躁型),关键词:神志异常,痴呆,形象,:两眼发直,内眥距宽,眼裂开大,呈倒八字型。面色粉白(因反射强光而有失真),头发作穗,主病,:神志痴呆,智能不全;气血不足,心神失养,病例,:痴呆。肾气不足,心血亏虚(先天智能发育不全,愚鲁型),得神 少神 失神 假神,目光 两目灵活 两目晦暗 两目晦暗 目似有光,明亮有神 目光乏神 目无光彩 但浮光外露,面色 面色荣润 面色少华 面色无华 面似有华,含蓄不露 暗淡不容 晦暗暴露 但泛红如妆,神情 神志清晰 精神不振 精神萎靡 神识似清,表情自然 思维迟钝 意识模糊 但烦躁不安,体态 肌肉不削 肌肉松弛 形体羸瘦 思欲活动,反应灵敏 动作迟缓 反应迟钝 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