翻译技巧之转化法

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,无忧,PPT,整理发布,翻译技巧之转化法,八大方法,一、词类转换,二、句子成分转换,三、表达方式转换,四、语序转换,五、正面、反面表达转换,六、主、被动转换,七、分句转换,八、文化转换,词类转换,(conversion),请翻译,They can fish.,？,词性判断,如果,can,为助动词,而,fish,为动词,则翻译为,:,他们会捕鱼,如果,can,做动词,fish,做名词,则翻译为,:,他们把鱼制成罐头,Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrongdoings.,译文一：和儿子谈话时，老人是年轻人过去做错事的原谅者。,译文二：在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去做的错事。,一、 转译成动词,英语和汉语比起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中则可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。,He,admired,the Presidents,stated,decision,to fight,for,the job.,他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。,英语的谓语动词只有,admires,一词，其它用的是过去分词,stated,动词派生名词,decision,不定式,to fight,和介词,for,。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类，尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词，在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。,All peace-loving people demand unconditional,prohibition,of atomic weapons.,一切热爱和平的人民要求无条件地,禁止,原子武器。,Note,：,我们可以得出这样的结论，英语中“具备动态概念的名词,+of+,名词”这种结构在翻译成汉语时几乎斗殴可以将“具备动态概念的名词”翻译成动词，将“,of+,名词”的翻译成名词短语充当宾语。,1.,名词转动词,由动词派生的名词和具有动作含义的名词可以翻译成汉语动词。,I did not notice,the approach,of a policeman when talking with my old classmate in the street.,当我在街道上和一个老同学谈话时，没有注意到一名警察正在,走近,。,The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.,Accounting includes the,design,of accounting systems,preparation,of financial statements, audits, cost studies,development,of forecasts, income tax work, computer applications, and the,analysis and interpretation,of accounting information as an aid to making business decisions.,会计包括,设计,会计制度，,准备,财务报表、审计账目和对成本的研究报告，,展开,预测、收入所得税的工作和计算机的应用，以及,分析和解释,有助于制定商业决策的会计信息。,His father is a,non-smoker, but he is a,chain-smoker,.,他父亲,不抽烟,，他,抽起来却一根接一根,。,We are,exporters,of the above goods, having a background of over 30 years.,我们,出口,上述商品，已经经营了三十余年,The economic environment is characterized by,buyers, sellers and competitors,.,经济环境的特点就是,买、卖与竞争,加后缀,or,或,er,的名词变动词,某些名词翻译成动词,The lecturer gave an excellent,picture,of the living conditions in Africa.,讲演者生动地,描绘,了非洲的生活状况,We can make,use,of atomic energy in the production processes.,我们可以在这些生产过程中,应用,原子能,Ex:,Undoubtedly they dont have the,intention,of making an engineer of him, and I suspect they never will.,The,application,of electronic computers makes for a tremendous,rise,in labor productivity.,3. The engine has given a constantly good,performance.,4. Professor Wilson is said to be,a lady killer,.,5. The well known scientist was a great,lover,of literature when he was a child.,6.,Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an,obstacle,to their contact and cooperation.,2.,介词、副词变动词,介词与动词在语法特征上具有共性,两者都可以带宾语。实际上不少介词是从动词演变而来，仍然带有动词的意味。这些介词包括：,across, around, by, for, in, into, past, through, toward, with,美国总统林肯在葛底斯堡的著名演说词结尾有句话：,and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.,这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永远不会从世界上消失。,A call,for,papers is being issued.,征集,论文的通知正在陆续发出,She has gained her masters degree and is finally,off,welfare.,她已经获得了硕士学位并终于,摆脱,了救济,When they see you,down,in the world, they think they can speak to you as they like.,他们一看见你,穷困潦倒,，就认为他们可以想怎么跟你说话就怎么跟你说话。,That dictionary will be,out,pretty soon.,那本辞典很快就要,出版,了。,英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成动词。如，,confident, certain, careful, cautions, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious,等。,3.,形容词变动词,A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel,sorry,for him.,一个流浪汉可能向你讨钱，但他绝不要你,同情,他,The researchers have been quite,aware,of the shortcomings of the newly developed device.,研究人员,深知,新研制的装置缺点在哪里,Ex,：,The students are,afraid,that this chemical reaction will take place with great violence,.,He is quite,familiar,with the performance of this machine.,He is utterly,ignorant,of the US. How can we expect him to enlarge the market for our products there?,动词转名词,英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转化的动词，在翻译成汉语的过程中往往很不容易找到对应动词，这时可以将其转译成名词。,二、 转译成名词,He had never seen Clem,act,like that before, and he did not know what to do.,她以前从没看见,Clem,有这样的举动,，所以不知所措,They are,shaped,like sharks.,他们的外形像鲨鱼,Our age is,witnessing,a profound political change.,我们的时代是深刻的政治变革的,见证,E,x,：,1,：,Formality,has always,characterized,their relationship.,2.,T,he design,aims,at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.,3.,E,ven today the American dollar is technically,“backed”,by the store of gold which the US government maintains.,2.,形容词变名词,You are,skillful,in all such matters.,你在这方面是,行家,The cattle feeding industry will need to be more,flexible,.,养牛需要较大的,灵活性,.,Stevenson was,eloquent and elegant -but soft.,史蒂文森有,口才,、有,风度,，但很,软弱,。,1.,名词变形容词,He found some,difficulties,to design a reactor without a computer.,她感到没有电脑要设计反应堆是,困难的。,They admitted the,feasibility,of our proposal.,他们承认我们的建议是,可行的。,三、 转译成形容词,When I first met my husband, I was still a,stranger,to China.,我第一次见到我的丈夫的时候，我对中国还是,陌生的,Peter doesnt consider it a,shame,to cheat in exams.,Peter,不认为考试作弊是,可耻的,2.,副词变形容词,Her lecture impressed us,deeply,.,它的讲演给我们以,很深的,印象,The computers are,widely,used and play an important part in industry.,电脑得到了,广泛的,应用并在工业上起到了重要作用,How can it be proved that gases are,perfectly,elastic?,如何证明气体具有,理想的,弹性呢？,The,above,suggestion seems to be sensible.,上述,建议似乎是合理的,Many plants,here,are of modern construction.,这里的,许多工厂是现代化建筑,四、形容词变副词,It is reported that there has been a,steady,increase in Chinas economy this year.,据报道今年中国经济,稳步,增长,Before he left, Jack had a,good,look at his room where he had been living for eight years.,在临走之前，,Jack,好好地,看了看他住了八年的房间,译文判断正误：,Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy.,译文一：林肯是一个杰出的演说家，又是一个政治哲学系的学生。,译文二：林肯擅长演说，又刻苦学习政治哲学。,2. The merit of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.,译文一：通过考试来竞争，其好处有点让人怀疑。但竞争在失败方面的某些知识肯定是有害的。,译文二：通过考试来竞争，其好处有点让人怀疑。但是明明知道会失败还是去竞争，这肯定是有害的。,E,x,：,A clear sign of the new attitude is the Viking missions to Mars, which are to a significant extent dedicated to the search for life on another planet.,B,ut along with the burgeoning dedication to a serious, a slightly negative note has emerged which is nevertheless very interesting.,Ex:,The man who appears at a party or reception in a not-too-clean plaid shirt, without tie, or at a business meeting with a two-day growth of beard will never be mistaken of an absent-minded genius.,P,eople will assume that he is crude, or anxious to be “different” at all costs-or a desperate failure.,二、句子成分转换,（课本,51,页）,三、表达方式转换（课本,53,页）,1.,计量词,2.,年龄词,3.,表述角度不同的词,四、语序转换,1.,倒装变正常（课本,55,页）,2.,倒装不变（课本,55,页）,对同一内容各种语言的表达都各有特点。在英汉翻译中为解决语言表达法形式障碍，实现功能对等，是转化译法的基本作用原理。正反、反正表达法便是英汉翻译中常见的转化式翻译手法之一。,在英语中是用肯定式（,affirmative,）,表达的，汉译中可用否定式（,negative,）,表达，反之一样。比如英语,“,Wet Paint,”,，,译成汉语,为“,油漆未干,”,而不是,“,湿油漆,”,；“,No spitting,!,译成汉语为,“,严禁吐痰！,”而非,“,不吐痰,”,。 这证明了英汉表达方式上的明显差异。,五、,正、反表达,人们在叙述同一事物或表达同一思想时，可以正说，也可以反说。在英汉两种语言中，这一现象均存在。因此，在翻译的时候，正反相互转换的现象很常见，要根据目的语的习惯，选择更恰当的表达法。,正如前面所讲每一种语言都有自己独特的否定方式。由于英、汉语之间存在着很大差别， 在翻译时可以根据英、汉语各自的特点及其表达习惯等，进行正反互译， 既英语从正面表达， 汉语可以从反面翻译；英语从反面表达， 汉语可以从正面翻译， 从而使译文符合译语的表达习惯、达到强调或修辞的目的或准确地表达出原文的精神风貌。,这里所谓正面和反面表达主要是指,:,在英语里是否用,no-, not, never,或者带有否定意义的词缀,de-,dis,-,im,-, in-, un-, -less,等,;,在汉语里是否用,不、非、无、没有、未、否、休、莫等字,正说反译,fail,seize the opportune moment,Deceptive,complain,against,（,nature,）,as is expected,unprecedented,divert attention from,above price,within ten miles,（失败）没做成,（抓住机会）不失时机,（欺骗性的）靠不住的,（发牢骚）不满意,（反对，对着）不符合（自然规律）,（正如所期望的那样）不出所料,（空前的）史无前例的,（分散注意力）不考虑,（在价格之上）无价的,（在,10,英里之内）不到,10,英里,反说正译,insecure,dislike,leave no doubt,not lose time,illiterate,incomplete,nonreader,infrequent,dishonorable,unusual,indecisive,（不安全的）危险的,（不喜欢）厌恶情绪,（没有留下怀疑）清清楚楚地说明,（不失去时间）赶快,（不识字的人）文盲,（不完全的）残缺的,（不能阅读的人）睁眼瞎,（不经常的）偶尔的,（没面子的）丢面子,（不同寻常的）异乎寻常的,（不能决定的）优柔寡断的,转换的原因,表达习惯的需要,立场、语气的需要,一、表达习惯的需要,Admission by Invitation Only,。,非请勿入。（公示语）,Keep Upright!,切勿倒置！（货物装箱标志用语）,Agreeable Sweetness,甜而不腻。（广告用语）,But thats the beginning of the problem.,然而。问题还远不止这些。,Men only weep when deeply hurt.,男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处。,二、立场和语气的需要,Youre telling me,！,不用你说！,(,用你说！,),If I had not lost my watch!,我把表丢了真倒霉！,Through they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town,within six months,.,虽然他们对那宁静的生活赞不绝口，事实上，他们中仅有一人真正在农村生活过，然而此人不到半年就返回了城市。,and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were,the last man,in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. (Pride and Prejudice),认识你还没有一个月，我就觉得像你这样一个人，哪怕天下的男人都死光了，我也不愿嫁给你。,While trade is,good, money is very tight at present.,译文一：尽管生意很好，但目前资金仍十分短缺。,译文二：尽管生意不错，但目前资金仍十分短缺。,We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business.,译文一：我们不十分满意贵方做生意的态度,译文二：贵方做生意的态度有待改进。,The autumn report also touched upon the serious economic problems that would crop up.,译文一：秋季报告也顺便提到了可能出现的严重经济问题,译文二：秋季报告也没有回避可能出现的严重经济问题。,英语从正面表达，汉语从反面表达,I,fail to,understand your meaning.,我不明白你的意思。,She continued to look,absently,at the sea.,她仍心不在焉地望着大海。,Her husband hates to see her,stony,face.,她丈夫不愿意见到她那张面无表情的脸。,Appearances are,deceptive,.,外表是靠不住的,Keep,off,the grass.,不要践踏草坪。,As was expected, the enemy walked right into the trap.,不出所料，敌人正中圈套。,Herb may be dying somewhere calling out for his mom and dad with only strangers around.,赫伯也许在某个地方快死了，哭爹喊娘的，身边连一个亲人也没有。,She said simply, “They are all bad.”,她干脆地说道：“他们全不是好东西。”,Haste makes waste.,欲速则不达。,All the articles are,untouchable,in the museum.,博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。,The thought of returning to his native land,never,deserted him at the time.,当时归国的念头一直在他心中萦绕。,One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect,never,more than six.,人们一眼就能注意到蜘蛛与昆虫的区别，因为蜘蛛有八条腿，而昆虫向来只有六条腿。,英语从反面表达，汉语从正面表达,He is an,indecisive,sort of person and always,capriciou,s.,他这个人优柔寡断，总是反复无常。,The,illiteracy,rate declined from 30.4 percent in 1910 to 22.9 percent in 1920,文盲率从,1910,年的,30.4,降低到,1920,年的,22.9,。,Suchactionscouldntlong,escape,notice.,这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。,Notice,应当注意的是，原文中的某些词语在译文中既可正说，也可反说。,If you find our terms and conditions agreeable, please cable us your order for our confirmation.,译文一：若同意我方条款，请即来电订货，以便我方确认。,译文二：若对我方条款无异议，请即来电订货，以便我方确认,.,The highest discount we can allow on this article is 10%.,译文一：对这项商品，我们最多只能给,10%,的折扣。,译文二：对这项商品，我们最多只能打九折。,六、主动、被动转换,1.,主语不变。,With the outbreak of the war, flights were stepped up.,随着战争的爆发，飞行日益增加。,That door hasnt been used for 20 years.,那个门已经二十年没有用了。,A large sum of money had been put aside for them to spend in building dormitories some years ago.,多年以前，一笔巨款就已拨给他们盖宿舍了。,2.,主语译成宾语。,After a while an agreement was arrived at.,过了一会儿就达成了协议。,Rice is being grown in the mountain areas where water used to be scarce.,一向缺水的山区种上了水稻。,The difficulties must be overcome.,一定要克服那些困难。,I am afraid I shall be laughed at.,我恐怕人家会取笑我。,我恐怕会惹人笑的。（主语不变）,3.,译成带表语的主动句。,(,是,的）,First-class bicycles are made in Shanghai.,一流的自行车是上海产的。,The,Internationale,was written in 1871 by Eugene,Pottier, the French worker-poet.,国际歌是法国工人诗人,Eugene,Pottier,于1871年创作的。,I believe the house was deliberately set fire to.,我认为这栋房子是蓄意纵火烧的。,English is also spoken in America.,美国也是讲英语的。,4.,但有的英语被动句根据中国人的逻辑思维，是不能译成汉语被动句的。如：,In music, she will be found to have realized her friends fondest wishes.,在音乐方面，她会被发现已使朋友们的殷切期望实现。,在音乐方面，她的造诣是不会辜负朋友们的殷切期望的,Jane, you are wanted on the phone.,八,.,文化的转化,-,归化,V.S.,异化,由于文化上的差异，英译汉时有时直译就会使译入语读者感到费解甚至误解。这时，就有必要借用汉语中意义相同或相近、且具有自己鲜明文化色彩的表达法对原文加以归化。,归化翻译法,常用来处理某些英语成语、典故、形象词语等一类文化色彩较浓的表达方式。,恰到好处的归化可以使译文地道简洁、亲切活泼，便于译入语读者理解和接受。,H,ave a wolf by the ears,F,ind a quarrel in a straw,G,ive a dog an ill name and hang him,A,blessing in disguise,T,he longest day must have an end,世上无不散之筵席,骑虎难下,欲加之罪，何患无辞,鸡蛋里面挑骨头,福兮祸所依，祸兮福所倚,It is raining cats and dogs outside.,误译：外面猫和狗雨点一般落下来。,译文：外面倾盆大雨。,The skeleton at the feast was driven out of the hall.,误译：宴会上的骷髅被大家赶了出去。,译文：扫兴之人被大家赶出了大厅。,His birthday suit on the party astonished us.,误译：他在派对上穿的生日礼服让我们大吃一惊。,译文：他在派对上一丝不挂，让我们大吃一惊。,It was diamond cut diamond when the two men met because they were so sure their own ideas were right,误译：这两人凑在一块， 真是钻石切钻石， 因为他俩都确信自己的意见是正确的。,译文：这两人凑在一块， 真是硬碰硬（针尖对麦芒）， 因为他俩都确信自己的意见是正确的。,对于一些文化色彩较浓的表达方式的翻译大致经过了,3,个阶段：,纯意译,-,意直结合偏意译,-,直译为主，意译为辅。,这种越来越异化的翻译是有一定根据的。因为具有丰富文化色彩的表达方式反映了一个民族的风土人情，更是该语言修辞手段的集中体现，而,异化翻译法,则能加强各民族的文化交流，还能将原文中别具一格的词汇，新鲜生动的表现方式介绍到另一种语言中去，从而增强译文语言的表现力。,C,old war,crocodiles tear,armed to the teeth,Rome was not built in a day,The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperors new clothes.,冷战,鳄鱼的眼泪,武装到牙齿,罗马不是一日建成的,他吹嘘了多年的所谓财富实际上只是,皇帝的新装,。,My brother is a lawyer and my sister is a doctor. They say I am the black sheep of the family because I decided to be an actor.,我哥哥是律师，我姐姐是医生，而我却决定当演员，因此，他们说我是,家里的黑羊，没出息,。,Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard,。,译文一：据说家家户户至少有一桩家丑。,译文二：俗话说衣柜里藏骷髅的事儿家家有。,译文三：俗话说衣柜里藏骷髅，见不得人的事儿家家有。,归化、异化,-,孰优孰劣？,优选法,在英汉两种语言中有许多表达同一意义的表达方式，但在设喻上大为不同，在翻译时有人采取归化法，有人采取异化法，没有明确的标准。“优选法”可以提供这方面的帮助。,Group 1,：,十赊不如一现,A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.,2. spend money like water,挥金如土,3. Look for a needle in haystack.,大海捞针,Group 2,4. The crocodiles tears,猫哭耗子,5. To kill two birds with one stone,一箭双雕,6. There is no smoke without fire.,无风不起浪,Group 3,4. Be beaten black and blue,被打得青一块紫一块,N,otes,：,1.,当心似是而非的表达,。,以,中国日报,上的一段文章为例,:,Washington said it opposes Taiwan independence. But,it has eaten its words,while offering military support to the island. Washington also promises it adheres to the one-China policy position. But its promises appear faint, given its increasingly upgraded relations with Taiwan. (Wu Yixue,1994: 6),很明显,该作者把,eat ones words,误解为,go back on ones word; break ones word/promise“,自食其言,/,轻诺寡信”了。,eat ones words,的意思是,:,承认错误,admit what one said was wrong,Pull ones leg,拉后腿,真正含义为：开某人的玩笑，但不坏恶意,Dog eat dog,狗咬狗,残酷无情的竞争，你死我活的搏斗,Eat ones salt,吃某人的盐,到某人家做客，受到某人的款待,Move heaven and earth,翻天覆地,竭尽全力,2.,避免借用民族或地方色彩过浓的表达,。,Beauty lies in lovers eyes.,情人眼里出美人,.,(,此处就不宜归化为具有浓厚汉语文化色彩的,情人眼里出西施,.,译者怎能把中国古代美女西施搬到西方作品中去呢,?),Many heads are better than one.,一人不及众人计,.,(,此处就不宜归化为具有浓厚汉语文化色彩的,三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮,.,如把历史人物诸葛亮搬到西方作品中去,总让人感到不伦不类的,.),Everyones business is nobodys business.,众人负责等于没人负责,(,此处也不宜归化为具有浓厚汉语文化色彩的,“,三个和尚没水吃,”,）,