奶牛营养与代谢病

書式設定,書式設定,第 2,第 3,第 4,第 5,*,NUTRITIONAL APPROACH FOR CATTLE FOOT CARE,通过营养的办法护理牛的体部,INFECTIOUS SKIN DISEASES,(MULTIFACTORIAL PROBLEM),Disease organism,Spirochaete,Deep Slurry,厚的泥浆泥浆浆浆,Wet Hooves,蹄部潮湿潮潮湿湿,Low Oxygen,氧,FOOT WARTS,Housing System,Nutrition(Protein),感染性皮肤病（多种因素引起的问题）,病原生物,螺旋体属,氧气含量低,蹄疣（蹄部肉赘）,圈舍条件,营养（蛋白质）,CLINICAL LESIONS IN HOOF,RESULT FROM:,POOR HORN QUALITY,DEPENDS ON,决,QUALITY EPIDERMAL TISSUES,Nutrition,Keratinization,Intercellular Substances,临床上蹄部损伤由以下因素造成：,角质质量差,决定于,表皮组织的质量,营养,角质化,细胞间的物质,HORN QUALITY,*,Keratin filaments and associated proteins,*Cross linkages by disulphide bonds to form keratin masses,*Intercellular cementing substances,REQUIRED NUTRIENTS,*,Sulphur containing amino acids,cystine,methionine and histidine,*Fatty Acids,*Calcium,Zinc,*Biotin,角质质量,角质蛋白丝和相关的蛋白,通过二硫键的交叉联接形成交织基质,细胞间的粘接基质,需要的营养物质,含硫氨基酸，胱氨酸，蛋氨酸和组氨酸,脂肪酸,钙，锌,生物素,CONCENTRATE FEEDING AND HOOF DISORDERS,Large amount of,No Effect,Starch or restricted fibre leads,Bergsten and Frank(1998),to hoof disorders,Olsson et al.(1998),Peterse et al.(1989),Liversay and Fleming(1980),Manson and Lever(1988),(Concrete cubicles)Rubber Mats,(Tie Stall),精料喂量与蹄病,大量的淀粉或纤维饲料供给有限导致蹄病,无效,（混凝土隔间）,橡胶垫,（拴系栏位）,RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERNS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ADAPTION DUE TO pH REGULATION,适应,PH,值变化规律的瘤胃发酵形式,瘤胃,PH,醋酸 丙酸 乳酸,克分子（%）,CHANGES OF RUMEN pH THROUGHOUT A 24 HOUR PERIOD IN DAIRY COWS,FED CLOVER PASTURE PLUS SMALL AMOUNTS OF MAIZE SILAGE,(Stockdale,1994),放牧饲喂苜蓿草加少量玉米青贮的奶牛的24间的瘤胃,PH,值变化情况,时间（小时）,苜蓿草,苜蓿草加青贮,SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LEADING TO LAMINITIS,导致板炎的原因（事件的结果导致板炎）,营养,环境,传染病,子宫炎,乳房炎,蹄腐烂,组胺,应激,震动,外伤（创伤）,板炎,蹄部变质,板层破坏,血管收缩/扩张,革兰氏阴性菌死亡和内毒素释放,PH,值下降,产生乳酸,谷物过多,粗料切割过细,谷物懒汉喂法（谷物饲喂次数过少）,PREDICTION OF MICROBIAL NITROGEN FLOWS TO THE DUODENUM IN DRY AND LACTATING COWS,(From Firkin et al.1998),Microbial Nitrogen flows(g/day),Net Energy(Lactation)Mcal/day,Dry,Cow,Lactating,Rations,N.R.C.Regression,Firkin et al.(1998),(From published data),微生物氮流入干奶牛和泌乳奶牛十二指肠的预测,干奶牛,泌如日粮,N.R.C.,回归直,(发表的数据),净能(产奶),Mcal/,日,微生物氮流量(克/日),Methionine g/d,REQUIREMENT FOR METHIONINE IN HIGH YIELDING DAIRY COWS PARED TO ESTIMATED SYNTHESIS OF MICROBIAL METHIONINE IN RUMEN,40 litres methionine requirement,30 litres methionine requirement,Milk Production L/day,高产奶牛的蛋氨酸需要量与估测的瘤胃微生物蛋氨酸合成的比 较,产40升奶蛋氨酸需要量,产30升奶蛋氨酸需要量,牛奶产量,40升,干奶牛,蛋氨酸 克/日,AMINO ACID POSITION OF PROTEIN MEALS AND RUMEN BACTERIAL PROTEIN(G/100G AMINO ACIDS),蛋白饲料的氨基酸组成和微生物蛋白的氨基酸组成,(克/100克氨基酸0,蛋氨酸 胱氨酸 赖氨酸,奶,肉粉,血粉,鱼粉,棉粕,葵花粕,菜粕,大豆,玉米,玉米蛋白饲料,高粱,细菌,最低-最高,PROBLEMS OCCUR AT CALVING,*Dry matter intakes fall,(Van Saun 1993,Grummer 1995),*Protein accretion of uterus doubles in last 60 days(Bell et al.1998),*Uterine uptake of amino acids represents 70%of total material pool (Bell 1995),*Colostrum(rich in sulphur amino acids containing immunoglobulins)and the high milk,yield drains the animal of these essential amino acids,*Histidine and methionine first limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis,*Transient hypocalcaemia reduces calcium pool.(May last up to 6 weeks),*Increased rumen acidity,产犊时出现的问题,干物质进食量下降,子宫蛋白沉积在最后60天翻番,子宫的氨基酸的获取量占了总营养物质池的70%,初乳(含免疫球蛋白,含硫氨基酸丰富)和高的产奶量排除了动物体内的必需氨基酸,组氨酸和蛋氨酸是乳蛋白合成的第一限制性氨基酸,过度期低血钙降低了钙池中的钙(可能会持续6周),增加了瘤胃的酸度,FEED INTAKE CHANGES PRIOR TO CALVING,Van Saun et al.,(1993),Days Prior to Calving,DM Intake (Kg/d),产前的采食量变化,产犊前日龄,干物质进食量(公斤?日),ROLE OF CALCIUM IN BOVINE HOOF EPIDERMAL INTEGRITY,SYNTHESIS OF INCREASED SULPHUR AMINO ACID RICH PROTEINS,MANY SULPHYDRAL GROUPS,BORDER OF CORNIFICATION PROCESS,CHANGE FROM SULPHYDRAL GROUPS TO DISULPHIDE BONDS,CORNIFICATION,*Sulphur amino acids important for formation of cellular envelope(Marginal Bond),*Acts as protective sheath on inner side of cell membrane of keratinizing epidermal cells,CALCIUM IMPORTANT,*Activator of epidermal transglutaminase,(Cross Links),*Induction of terminal differentation of keratinocytes,钙在牛蹄部表皮完整性中的作用,含硫氨基酸丰富的蛋白质的合成,许多含硫基团,角质化过程的边界,由含硫基团转变为二硫键,角质化,含硫氨基酸对细胞的形成发展非常重要(边缘键),在角质化表皮细胞的细胞膜的内侧起到保护套的作用,钙的重要性,表皮谷氨酰胺转氨酶激活剂,(交联键),诱导角质化细胞的最终分化,Blood Calcium Concentration(mg/100ml),Lower Level of normal(Hove 1986),PERIPARTURIENT CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN PLASMA FROM COWS FED AN IONIC OR CATIONIC DIET PRIOR TO CALVING,Day 0 was day of calving(Goff et al.1991),奶牛产前饲喂阴离子或阳离子日粮在临产前后血浆钙的浓度,正常的低水平,血液钙的浓度(毫克/100毫升,0日为产犊日,阴离子,阳离子,EFFECT OF FORAGE:CONCENTRATE RATIO ON RUMEN BIOTIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO,(Da Costa Gomez,1998),精饲料和粗饲料比例体外试验对瘤胃生物素合成的影响,粗饲料:精饲料,生物素 微克/日,Steinberg et al.1994,mcg/d,Biotin Balance in lactating dairy cows,泌乳奶牛的生物素平衡,饲料 牛奶 尿 粪,微克/日,Incidence of Hoof Abnormalities:Control vs.Biotin after 12 months at Final Hoof Trimming,*p0.05,(Bergsten et al.,1999),蹄部奇型发病率:12个月后最后一次修时蹄对照比生物素,占发病奶牛(%),蹄底出血,双重蹄底 脊(棱线),蹄跟角质糜烂,对照 生物素20毫克,WASHINGTON STATE BIOTIN FIELD STUDY,150 cows,high producing herd,puter feeder system allowed control and treatment groups:0 or 20 mg/day biotin,1 year trial;clinical hoof evaluations 4x,hooftrimmed 3x,milk production from DHIA records,outstanding LOL nutritionist,(Bergsten et al.,1999),华盛顿洲进行的生物素领域研究,150头高产奶牛,电脑喂料系统保证了对照和处理组:0或20毫克生物素/日,