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*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,复杂性腹腔感染诊治进展,compilcated intra-abdominal infection,复旦大学附属,华东医院,SICU,宋晓华,Click to add title in here,复杂性腹腔感染(,cIAI,)是指源于空腔脏器穿孔破裂,感染扩散至腹膜腔内,伴有腹膜炎或脓肿形成的一种疾病。,cIAI,单靠手术不能治愈,必须辅以恰当的抗菌药物治疗。,Click to add title in here,1,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,复杂性腹腔感染,(cIAI),指需要手术治疗和发生在手术或创伤,(,包括各种介入性操作,),后的感染性并发症,cIAI,包括弥漫性或局限性化脓性腹膜炎,阑尾穿孔或阑尾周围脓肿,胃十二指肠穿孔,非外伤性小肠结肠穿孔,腹腔及腹膜后脓肿和腹部手术后腹腔内感染。,Click to add title in here,cIAI,诊断相对容易;,确定致病病原微生物困难;,治疗更加困难,常常需要综合手段。,相对于血流感染、下呼吸道感染,感染与否,致病,CRP,PCT,定植,污染,PCR,白细胞,体温,血小板,PCR,致病,污染,CPR,感染与否,PCT,定植,9,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,诊断,病史、体检、实验室检查可以确诊大部分腹腔感染的患者,诊断,无法进行体检的病人,应该根据病人表现出未定感染源的感染证据来诊断腹腔感染,诊断,弥漫性腹膜炎体征明确的可无需影像学检查而立即外科干预,诊断,未立即手术者,需,CT,确诊腹腔感染以及感染源,确定导致腹腔感染的病原微生物困难,腹腔内感染,(,腹膜炎、 腹腔脓肿,),cIAI*,特点,通常由多种致病菌构成,主要包括厌氧菌, G+/G-,也较为多见,为内源性感染,一般由来自粘膜表面的正常混合菌群直接侵袭所致,包括口咽部、肠道、阴道、皮肤,cIAI,的混合感染发病率,需氧菌和厌氧菌引起的混合感染,发生率高达,86%-94%,*,穿孔性阑尾炎混合性感染发生率,96%,腹腔脓肿混合性感染发生率,55%-91%,胆道感染混合性感染发生率,41%-45%,急性坏死性小肠炎混合性感染发生率达,100%,1.,吕新生。腹部外科;,2004;17,(,3,),:136-137,*根据,全国615例腹腔感染的病原菌分析结果显示,cIAI,死亡率较高,与感染部位密切相关,WEIGELT JA et al. Cleveland clinic journal of Medicine. 2007;74(4):S29-S37,胆道系统,(,50%,),胃,/,十二指肠,(,21%,),大肠,(,45%,),小肠,(,38%,),阑尾,(,0.25%,),胰腺,(,33%,),腹腔内各器官感染相关死亡率各不相同,(%),Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,de,Ruiter,J,Weel,J,Manusama,E,Kingma,WP, et al. The epidemiology of intra-abdominal flora in critically ill patients with secondary and tertiary abdominal sepsis. Infection. 2009 Dec;37(6):522-7.,Epub,.,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,杨启文,.,腹腔感染细菌流行病学调查,.,中华普通外科学文献(电子版),.,2009;3(5).,Click to add title in here,1,Solomkin,JS,Yellin,AE,Rotstein,OD, et al.,Ertapenem,versus,pipera-cillin/tazobactam,in the treatment of,complicated,intraabdominal,in-,fections,: results of a double-blind, randomized comparative phase III trial. Ann,Surg,2003; 237:23545.,Solomkin,JS, Reinhart HH, Dellinger EP, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing sequential intravenous/oral,treatmentwith,ciprooxacin,plus,metronidazole,to,imipenem/cilastatin,for intra-abdominal,infec-tions,. The Intra-Abdominal Infection Study Group. Ann,Surg,1996; 223:30315.,Solomkin,JS, Wilson SE,Christou,NV, et al. Results of a clinical trial of,clinaoxacin,versus,imipenem/cilastatin,for,intraabdominal,infec-tions,. Ann,Surg,2001; 233:7987.,Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Warren YA, et al. In vitro activity of,moxioxacin,against 923 anaerobes isolated,fromhuman,intra-abdominal infections.,AntimicrobAgentsChemother,2006; 50:14855.,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,(1),上消化道,:,以肠道杆菌科细菌为主,(,大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属,),医院获得性感染时可发生不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染,;,厌氧菌的参与并不突出。,(2),下消化道,:,除肠道杆菌科细菌外,厌氧菌感染明显增多,主要是拟杆菌,尤其是脆弱拟杆菌。,需氧菌主要引起急性炎症和全身脓毒症状,;,厌氧菌主要在疾病后期参与脓肿形成。,(3),腹腔感染大多是,CA-IAI,细菌谱简单,容易预测,细菌耐药性相对较低,;,主要病原菌为大肠杆菌和链球菌,;,腹部手术后腹腔感染属,HA-IAI,细菌谱复杂,不易预测,细菌耐药性较高。,HA-IAI,主要病原菌为肠菌属和金黄色葡萄球菌。,防治,怀疑腹腔感染,临床病史,症状,体征,新出现的器官功能不全,-,尤其是肝、胃肠道等,难以解释的酸中毒等,关闭腹腔,除非出现:异常增高的腹腔高压;腹壁缺损;难以控制的进行性的腹腔内污染,感染源显而易见,支持性治疗和临床评估,合理干预,(通常通过外科途径),CT,或其他影像学,继续密切观察,(除非强烈怀疑或肠缺血),其他治疗措施,阴性,阳性,经皮穿刺引流,(,CT,或,X,线窦道造影随访),弥漫性腹膜炎,(开腹手术或腹腔镜手术),缺血或梗死,(手术切除坏死肠段恢复灌注),腹腔感染治疗流程,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,成人轻中度社区获得性感染,可用替卡西林克拉维酸复合剂、头孢西丁、厄他培南、莫西沙星、或者替加环素单剂治疗。,灭滴灵联合头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松。左氧氟沙星或者环丙沙星可用于抗假单孢菌,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,Click to add title in here,1,新版指南与,2003,年,IDSA,指南比较,针对轻,-,中度,cIAI,,氨苄西林,/,舒巴坦新版指南不再推荐治疗;,增加了莫西沙星单药、替加环素及头孢西丁的治疗方案;,针对重度,cIAI,,,2003,年,IDSA,指南推荐头孢曲松等三代头孢治疗重度腹腔感染,但新版指南不再推荐其用于治疗重症感染,Thank You!,
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