英汉互译技巧-英汉语言差异及对翻译的影响

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英汉互译技巧,英汉语言差异及对翻译的影响,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,2.1.1,形态语与无形态语,2.1.2,形合与意合,2.1.3,形合法与意合法之转换,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,2.2.1,树型结构与线型结构,2.2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,2.3,英汉语序差异,英语的“顺线性扩展”和汉语的“逆线性扩展”,英汉语思维顺序差异,2.3.3,英汉语序调整,2.4,英汉句界差异,英汉句界差异,英汉句界调整,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,形态语,/,无形态语,英：形态语（,inflectional language,）,汉：无形态语,(noninflectional language),2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,英：形态语（,inflectional language,）,e.g.,student,s,He,did,his homework.,sugges,tion,harm,ful,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,Inflectional language,:a kind of language in which words display grammatical relationships,morphologically,Inflectional morphemes/affixes,:,“-,s,”:the plural marker,“-,s,”:the genitive case,the verbal endings,“-,s,”:the third person singular present tense,“-,ing,”:the present participle,“-(,e)d,”:the past tense and past participle;,“-,er,”:the comparative degree,“-,est,”:the superlative degree,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,英：形态语（,inflectional language,）,形态语,/,标记语,/,屈折语：,语法关系主要是通过此,本身的形态变化,以及一定的,虚词,（介词、连词等）来表达。,英语的词广泛带有形态功能标志和词性标志，（如用词根或词尾变化区别词类；名词的数、格、动词的时态等分辨语法意义。）从而使英语,语法,结构,显性化,。,英语词尾变化反映词性，体现意义。,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,e.g.,1)The talks had been _ but much remained to be done.,A.fruitful B.effective,C.advantageous D.valid,2)sensible/sensitive,a _increase in temperature,She has a _skin.,She is _ about her appearance.,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,汉：无形态语,(noninflectional language),一个个词语好像一个基本粒子，可以随意碰撞，只要凑在一起，就能意合。,在表示动作和事物关系上（词类、名词数、格、动词时态）几乎全依赖意合。,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,语序变化，意义完全改变,E.g.,纸花，,花纸,半斤，,斤半,后头的小孩，,小孩的后头,商量好，,好商量,汉语句法要为意义作出让步,E.g.,中国队大胜美国队。,中国队大败美国队。,吃小灶,打扫卫生,看医生,恢复疲劳,晒太阳,鸡毛蒜皮说了一大堆,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,seasons of a year,一年四季,stars,繁星,/,群星,He did his homework.,他做过家庭作业了。,He could have done it better.,他本来可以做得更好些。,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,形态语,/,无形态语,小结：,英：形态语（,inflectional language,）,汉：无形态语,(noninflectional language),英,汉,:,注意语法意义和词汇意义相互推移,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,2.1.2,形合,/,意合,英：形合,(hypotaxis),汉：意合,(parataxis),2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,英：形合,形态语,词本身的,形态,变化可体现语法和语义信息,句法,结构严格,以动词为中心，以主谓宾,(SVO),或主谓,(SV),顺序排列，句子必须完备，各种组成部分很少省略。,对,标点,符号要求严格,句际、句内之间要用,形式逻辑关系词,（,linking words,）连接，大量使用连接词。,英语高度形式化，逻辑化；,句法结构严谨完备，以动词为核心，重分析。,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,汉：意合,无形态语,词的内蕴体现语法和语义信息,句法结构不完备,汉语以名词为中心，只要表达语义，不管句子是否完备,汉语原本无标点，从英语引入,无须使用过多连接词等衔接手段，只要达意即可,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,汉：意合,清明（七绝）,清明时节雨纷纷，,路上行人欲断魂！,借问酒家何处有？,牧童遥指杏花村。,清明时节雨，纷纷路上行人，欲断魂！借问酒家何处，有牧童，遥指杏花村。,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,Example:,枯藤，老树，昏鸦。,小桥，流水，人家。,古道，西风，瘦马。,夕阳西下。,断肠人在天涯。,Crow,s,hovering over rugged,old tree,s,wreathed,with,rotten vine,the day is about done.,Yonder is a,tiny bridge,over a,sparkling stream,And on the far bank,a pretty little,village,.,but the,traveler,has to go on down this,ancient road,the,west wind,moaning,his,bony horse,groaning,trudging towards the,sinking sun,farther and farther away from home.,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,2.1.3,形合法与意合法之转换,Example:,他不老实，不适合当出纳。,He is not honest,so,he is not suitable for being a clerk.,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,Example:,When Frau Wirth,had left,all beautifully,waved,and,pleased,with her looks in the mirror,Emils mother,went,into the bedroom.,（汉语表达一些复杂意思时,:,按时间顺序或事理逻辑顺序，逐步交待。）,沃斯太太的头发烫得漂漂亮亮，照了照镜子，满意地走了，艾米尔的妈妈才走进了卧室。,2.1,形合法与意合法之转换,小结：,汉,英：,意合,形合,分析句间隐含的逻辑关系，添加连接词,在译文中选用适当的英语语法形式，如连词、关系词、分词、动名词和不定式等。,英,汉：,形合,意合,去掉多余连接词，按时间顺序和逻辑顺序组织句子，先发生的事先说，先原因后结果。,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,树型结构与线型结构,c.f.,1)The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,2),小辣椒见是书记，一愣，松开手，跟着就瘫下来，滚地皮，大哭大叫。,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,英：树型结构,框架,主干,-,主谓结构,(SVO),枝干,-,修饰、限制、补充成分（从句、非谓语动词等）,连接词：作为“粘合剂”进行空间搭架，构成树型结构,表达复杂意思：增加结构层次，使空间构型复杂化。,长句多,“焦点视”,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,小辣椒见是书记，一愣，松开手，跟着就瘫下来，滚地皮，大哭大叫。,中：线型结构,没有主谓框架，几个动词，几个名词短语可连续铺排,表达复杂意思：按时间顺序或事理逻辑顺序，逐步交待。,短句多,“散点视”,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,2.2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,英,汉：,树型结构,线型结构,散焦,汉,英：,线型结构,树型结构,聚焦,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,Example:,The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,译文,1,：由于距离远和交通工具缺乏所造成的农村社会的隔绝，由于交通工具的不足而变得更加严重。,译文,2,：因为距离远，交通工具缺乏，使农村社会与外界隔绝，这种隔绝，由于通讯工具的不足，而变得更加严重。,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,Example:,小辣椒,见,是书记，一,愣,，,松,开手，跟着就,瘫,下来，,滚,地皮，大,哭,大,叫,。,see,be dumbfounded,relax ones hands,lay down,roll on the ground,cry,scream,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,Example:,小辣椒,见,是书记，一,愣,，,松,开手，跟着就,瘫,下来，,滚,地皮，大,哭,大,叫,。,The Little Pepper,saw,the Secretary,was dumbfounded,relaxed,her hands,and then,lay down,rolled,on the ground,cried,and,screamed,.,Dumbfounded,at,seeing,the Secretary,the Little Pepper,relaxed,her hands,and then,lay down,rolling,on the ground with,cry,and,scream,.,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,Dumbfounded,at,seeing,the Secretary,the Little Pepper,relaxed,her hands,and then,lay down,rolling,on the ground with,cry,and,scream,.,非谓语动词,:,过去分词,(dumbfounded),动名词,(seeing),现在分词,(rolling),名词化动词：,cry,scream,2.2,树型结构与线型结构之转换,小结：,汉,英：,聚焦,线型,树型,短句,长句,从句（主从、宾从、定从、状从、表从）,非谓语动词结构动词,名词化,英,汉：,散焦,树型,线型,/,长句,短句,To be continued,2.3,英汉语序差异,2.3.1,英：“顺线性扩展”,/,汉：“逆线性扩展”,句子的扩展有两种形式：一种是,顺线性,的，即从左到右（,LR,）的扩展，另一种是,逆线性,扩展，即从右到左（,RL,）的扩展。不同的扩