冠词代词数词等

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Welcome toEnglish Grammar Class,The Article 冠词,重点掌握,：,冠词的种类及用法,e.g. We work eight hours,a,day. (,每天,),I will never forget,the,day,when we got married,.,The,tea,of Hangzhou,is very good.,The,students of SISU attended the meeting,不定冠词(a, an),用于不限定的单数名词之前,定冠词(the),用于特定的单数或复数名词之前,2. 何时使用“a” 或“an”,a,-用于辅音(发音)之前 (“phonetic” not “letter”),an,-用于元音(发音)之前 “(phonetic” not “letter”),e.g.,a,useful book,a,one-eyed man,a,university;,a,useful animal;,a,unit,a,ewe,an,MP;,an,X-ray;,an,800-meter race,一、不定冠词的用法 （6项）,二、定冠词的用法（10项）,三、专有名词与定冠词(3+8项),四、零冠词（12项）,五、冠词的位置,一、不定冠词(a, an)的用法,用 法,例 句,1,a = one,(表示一个),There is,a,book on the desk.,Rome was not built in,a,day.,2,a = any, every,(表示同类的全体),A,dog is a faithful animal.,=,The dog,is a faithful animal.,=,Dogs,are faithful animals.,3,a = the same（同样的）,Birds of,a,feather flock together. 物以类聚.,They are of,an,age. 他们同年.,4,a = per（每一）,He came home twice,a,month.,We work eight hours,a,day.,5,a = a certain,（某一个）,Do you know,a,Mr. Smith?,A,Mr. Brown called on you.,6,a = one like,（像的人）,He wishes to become,an,Edison.,他希望成为像爱迪生那样的发明家.,二、定冠词,1,the + 前面出现过的名词,They have,a son,and,a daughter,.,The,son is a doctor and,t,he,daughter is a teacher.,2,最高级,the + 序数词 +名词,only,same,This is,the most,interesting story I have ever heard.,He was,the first,man to come here.,Man is,the only,animal that can talk.,3,the + 比较级+ of the two,He is,the,taller of the two.,4,play the + 乐器,She plays,the,piano,(,guitar/ violin,） very well.,5,宇宙独一无二的东西,the,earth / moon / sea / sun/ world / sky,6,方向；方位,Turn to,the,right /,the,left /,the,north /,the,south,7,by the + 计量名词,（按；论；以计）,They are paid,by,the,month / hour/,by,the,dozen /,by,the,pound,8,the + 身体部位,He took,me,by,the,hand.,He hit,me,on,the,head,9,the+ 形容词,= ,复数普通名词,抽象名词,The rich,(= rich people) are not always happier than,the poor,(= poor people).,The beautiful,(=beauty) lives forever,10,短语,the +名词 + 从句,(,表示特定的人或事物),He is,the,student,who I taught.,The,lamps,on the wall,are very pretty.,三、专有名词与定冠词,1、专有名词前,不加,定冠词,用 法,例 句,1,人名、地名、国名,Mary,is the best student in the class.,Shanghai,is the largest city in,China.,China,is the largest country in,Asia.,2,周日名和月名,We have no class on,Saturday.,National Day comes on,October,1.,3,街（路）名、车站(前面有专有名词)、公园,Our college lies at 5,West Tongji Road,.,We met at,Guangzhou Station,.,Zhongshan Park,is a very beautiful place.,2、但在下列情形下,要加,定冠词,1,the + 姓氏复数（指全家人）,The Wangs,live nest door.,2,正式国名的“全称”或带有of的短语,the,United States,the,Peoples Republic of China,the,city,of,Foshan (= Foshan City),3,被限定的专有名词,Tom is the Newton of the age.,汤姆是当代的牛顿 (=科学家）,4,山脉；群岛 （孤岛、独山之前不加）,the,Alps 阿尔卑斯山脉,the,Philippines 菲律宾群岛,但Mt. Tai 泰山 Mt. Ali 阿里山,5,与“水”有关的名称，如海、洋、河、湖等,the,Pacific Ocean 太平洋,the,Yellow River 黄河,the,Suez Canal 苏伊士运河,the,Sun Moon Lake 日月潭,6,公共建筑物,the,Peoples Great Hall,the,White House,the,Military Museum,7,书报、杂志,the,Bible 圣经,the,Times 泰晤士报,the,Peoples Daily,8,全体国民,The,Chinese are a peace-loving people.,中国人是爱好和平的民族。,the,Americans / the English,四、零冠词,（名词前不用冠词，我们称之为零冠词）,1,表示总称的复数名词,Children love,cartoons.,2,称呼用语,Sir, please give me a cup of tea.,3,家人称谓 (家人称谓在任何位置，第一个字母须大写),Father,wont be home for dinner.,I refused to answer,M,other,s question.,4,三餐名称,What do you often have for,breakfast / lunch / supper / dinner,5,学科名称,Mathematics / chemistry,is difficult to learn.,6,表示“职务、头衔”的名词作补语或同位语,We made him,chairman,of the Students Union.,Brown,leader,of the class, is an able man.,7,by + 运输方法,by ship / car / taxi / train / land / sea,8,运动、游戏的名称,They like to play,basketball / football / volleyball / chess,9,a kind of,a sort of +名词,a type of,What kind of,car,do you want to buy?,She is a different type of,woman.,10,church, school, prison hospital等名词，指这些建筑物存在的,用途,时为抽象名词，,不加,冠词。（但指,建筑物,本身或,场所,时为普通名词，要,加,冠词）,go to school / church / college,比较：,He is very ill, and has,to go to hospital,.,I an,going to,the,hospital,to visit a sick friend.,11,抽象名词与物质名词,Failure,is the mother of,success.,Gold,is more expensive than,silver,.,但We cant drink,the,water,which is not clean,.,部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来，名词前无冠词，则表示抽象意义；名词前有冠词，则表示具体意义。,out of problem,不成问题,take place,发生,out of the problem,不可能,take the place of,代替,in hospital， at table in front of,in the hospitalat the table in the front of，,on earth of age,成年,lose color脸色苍白,on the earth of an age,同岁,lose the color,褪色,五、冠词的位置,1、,what, such, many可用于a(n)之前，但不能用于the,this 或my等词之前,句型,what,such + a(n)（形容词）+ 名词,many,例句,What,a,big,nose,he has!,She is such,a,kind,lady,.,Many,a,student believe,s,the story.,2、too,how,so,as本身是副词，所以在a/an之前需要有形容词,句型,too,how +,形容词,+ a(n) + 名词,so,as,例句,It is,too,good,a,chance to be lost.,How,pretty,a,flower it is!,I have never seen,so,interesting,a,film.,He is,as,kind,a,man as you.,Some usages:惯用法,短语中带有,a,的惯用法,as a rule; as a whole; all of a sudden;,at a loss; in a hurry,2.,在名词成对出现的成语里，常省去不定冠词,a,arm in arm; day after day; face to face; young and old;,from beginning to end; from head to foot; from cover,to cover(,自始自终,),；,from morning till night,Chapter 5 Pronouns,1.代词的定义,说明,代替前面提过或暗示过的名词,同一名词连续使用会嫌累赘,而代词则可以连续使用,代词除通顺简洁外还有,承接,作用,使文字彼此呼应,例句,When,a boy,or,a girl,enters college,he,or,she,will find,it,different from high school.,2.代词的种类及用法,1,人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,I/me, you, he/him, she, we, they(主/宾格),my,your,his, her, our, their, its (所有格),mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs(主/宾格),myself, yourself, himself, ourselves,2,指示代词,This, that, these, those,3,不定代词,由body,one,thing,构成的合成代词,some, any, other, all, another, both,little,few, many,much,none, either,4,疑问代词,who, what, which, whom, whose,5,连接代词,who,what,which,whom,whose,引导名词性从句,(,who,what.which)+ever,引导状从或名词性从句,6,关系代词,who,whom,which,whose,that,as,引导定语从句,代词用法注意事项,、有关格,两个以上人称代词并用时，其顺序是：,单数,按,2-3-1,人称排序,复数,按,1-2-3,人称排序,2、在比较级从句中，人称代词随意义而决定主格或宾格,He likes you better than,me.,= He likes you better than,(he likes),me,.,He likes you better than,I.,=He likes you better than,I,(like you),二、,It,的用法,代替前面提过的名词,指时间、天气、距离,做形式主语或宾语,用于强调句型,It,可做形式上的主语，以代替后面的不定式、动名词或,名词从句。句型如下：,to,+ V (,不定式,),It,+,动词,+ + V-,ing,(,动名词,),that,+ S + V (,名词从句,),(,形式主语,) (,真正主语,),It,is wrong,to tell a lie,It,is no use,crying over the spilt milk,. (,覆水难收,),It,is uncertain,who will come,.,It,可做形式上的宾语,以代替后面的真正宾语,句型如下:,take,find to+V,主语+,make,believe,+,it,+宾补 +,that+S+V,think,consider V-ing,I make,it,a rule,to get up early,.,I took,it,for granted,that he knew me.,He found,it,difficult,asking others help,.,It,用于强调句型,Pattern: It + be + 被强调部分 + that (who)引起的从句,It,was,the teacher,who,taught us seriously.,It,was,in this house,that,he lived ten years.,三、各类代词在句中的作用（the function of pronouns ）,人称代词,主语,We,are all Chinese.,主格 表语,Who is,it,? It is,I,(me).,动词宾语,We will help,them,.,宾格 介词宾语,The teacher will have a talk with,us,.,物主代词,（代词所有格）possessive pron.,形容词性的物主代词在句中都是做定语,We all love,our,motherland.,Show us,your,good handwriting.,名词性的物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语,Your radio is old, but,mine,is new.,Since you borrowed his watch, let me borrow,hers,.,They have their friends, we have friends of,ours, too.,Whose son is this child? Its,hers,.,反身代词,self pron.,动词宾语,Please help,yourself,to some fish.,介词宾语,A bike can work by,itself,.,同位语,We d better ask,the guest,himself,about it.,相互代词,reciprocal pron.,We often help,each other / one another.,We care for,each others / one anothers,study (所有格),2.,指示代词,demonstrative pron.,this, that, these, those,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和 状语,This,is mine and,that,is hers.,Try to keep all,these,in mind.,I like,this,boy, but he likes,that,one.,Can you promise,that,much?,你能答应那么多吗？,such,与,some,的用法,作定语,I have never seen,such a,man as him.,The same,thing happened again.,作主语,The same,can be done by you.,Such,is my father, simple and honest.,作表语 Our opinions are just,the same.,3.不定代词,Indefinite pron.,表数的不定代词,few, a few; many, a number of, a large number of; (,接复数可,数名词,),none of; no,（,接可数名词或代词宾格）,(,谓语单复数皆可,),all,（,接单、复数皆可）,some, any;,（,接可数或不可数名词）,both,（,接复数名词或复数代词宾格）,neither, either, one, other, another, each, every,（,表单数）,others,（,接复数谓语,）,somebody, something, nobody, nothing, everybody,everything,anybody, anything,都表单数概念,定语通常后置,表量的不定代词,little, a little, much, some, a great deal of,;,a lot of, lots of, a great lot, a good lot (等后接不可数名词，,作“大量”解，如果后接可数名词复数，则作“大批”解),关于限定代词与不可数名词以及与复数可数名词的,搭配关系列表如下：,1与不可数名词搭配,2与复数可数名词搭配,3与不可数名词及复数名词搭配,much, (a) little, less, the least, a great deal of, a great amount of,many, (a) few, fewer, (the) fewest, a great number of,more, (the) most, plenty of. a lot of, lots of, enough,4.,疑问代词,（用作特殊疑问句的疑问词）,疑问代词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语,Who,says such a thing?,Who is,who,? This cup is,whose,?,Who/Whom,are you speaking to?,Whose,letter is it?,5.连接代词 （,与疑问代词同形,）,引导名词性从句，疑问代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表,语、定语，还可引导不定式短语作宾语。由构成的疑问代,词引导状语从句。,(例句见教材P97-101),6.,关系代词,（引导定语从句）,关系代词前必有一先行的名词,否则,它就没有可代的关,系。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语。,The teacher is over 70. The teacher,who,is over 70,still,He still teaches at school. teaches at school.,（,关系代词指代teacher,，,在从句中,作主语）,The book was bought long ago. The book ,which,you,You mentioned the book last week. mentioned last week,was bought long ago.,The boy is our classmate. The boy,whose,leg was hurt just,His leg was hurt just now.,now,is our classmate,.,Chapter 6 Numerals 数词,Classifications of numerals:,Cardinal numerals,基数词,Ordinal numerals 序数词,Fractional numerals 分数词,一、Cardinal numerals基数词,1）基数词写法和读法：,345 (three hundred,and,forty- five),2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：,a. 在一些表示一排或一组的词组里；,如：They arrived,in two,s,and three,s,.,b. 表示二十多，三十多岁；in ones twent,ies,/thirt,ies,/fort,ies,.,c. 表示年代，用 in +the +数词复数；Eg. in the sixt,ies,d. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：,3,5 = 15 Three five,s,is (are) fifteen.,3) 编号的结构形式,名词+基数词= the +序数词+名词,Eg. Lesson 27 = the twenty-seventh lesson,注: 两位数以上的数词一般用”名词+基数词”的方法,如: 第163页 Page one hundred and sixty-three,第405号房 Room No. four O five,二、序数词,1、构成： 基数词+th fourth, sixth, twenty-seventh.,但one-first, two-second, three-third, five-fifth,eight-eighth, nine-ninth, twelvetwelfth例外,以ty结尾的基数词则要将”y”改为“i”再加eth,Eg. twenty-twentieth,2、序数词的缩写形式：,first-1st second-2nd thirty-first-31st eighth-8,th,三、 倍数和分数表示法,1）倍数表示法,a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as,I have three times as many / (much) (books) as you.,我(的书)是你的三倍那么多。,b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount, length) of,The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.,c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than,The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than,that of,last year. 今年粮食产量比去年增加8%。,d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍,The production of grain has increased (by),four times,（fourfold）this year. 今年粮食产量增加了?倍。,2）分数表示法,构成：分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子大,于1时，分母序数词用复数：,3,基数词,5 序数词,1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and thirty-seventh,s,.,1/2 one (a) half,5 1/2 five,and,a half (整数与分数之间用and连接),3) 小数和百分数读法,125 (one point two five)但“一块五毛八（1.58元）”读,作one yuan and eighty-five fen,0.6% (zero point six per cent),4) 数学运算式读法,3+4=7 Three plus four equals (is) seven.,10-6=4 Ten minus six is four.,8,5=40 Eight times five is forty.,20,4=5 Twenty divided by four is five.,1,、 Read out the following numerals in English,2,3,9 =14 78,36= 42 56+27=83 12=24=36,9,8=72 3,35=105 3,2,4=8 36,4=9,4 913, 20 500, 237 000, 9 600 000,3/7, 5/12, 3 1/4, 42.7, 21.96, 0.245,2、Read out the following formulae读出下列公式,root y (the cubic root of X),(the square root of y) (one over x),(the fourth root of x) a b a b,a b (,a,approximately equals,b,.),Homework,:,I.Put in appropriate pronouns,1. Her parents are,_,workers.,2.There are trees on,side of the street.,3. He lent me two books, but,of them is easy for me.,4.He will do,his wife tells him to do.,5. There is,water left. Lets fetch some.,II. Put into English,1、教师中有3/5是女教工。,2、今年我们庆祝中华人民共和国成立57周年。,3、如果你们有问题，请写在纸条上。,4、她作文里没犯什么错。,