资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,定语从句,定语从句的定义,首先我们先了解定语的概念,定语,是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。,如,定语从句,在整个句子当中充当定语的,小句子,定语从句的分类,一：限制性定语从句,先行词与关系代词之间无逗号分隔，相当于一个后置定语，如：,They are the boys,who you like to play with.,二：非限制性定语从句,定语从句前有逗号分隔，主要起补充说明作用，如：,Mr.Brown has a son,who joined the army 3 years ago.,需要了解的概念,先行词,：,定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词,通常是由名词或代词充当,They are,the boys,who you like to play with.,Friends are,those,who make you smile,always share your happiness and sorrows.,关系词：,用来引导定语从句，为避免先行词的重复出现用来代替先行词的词。分,关系代词,和,关系副词。,常见关系词：that,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why,as,先行词与关系词的联系,1）先行词与关系词的内在联系先行词与关系词之间实质上是互等、互换的关系。也就是说，关系词的作用就是将先行词所表达意义代到从句中来起作用。例如：,They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations（先行词）where(关系词)people normally would not be afraid.,他们常在人们一般不会感到害怕的情况下却很容易感到恐惧或是感到不自在。,（本句中的关系词where=先行词（in）situations。如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：,They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in,situations,.,people normally would not be afraid in,situations.,由此可以看出，先行词与关系词之间实质上是互等、互换的关系）。,2）“先行词”的意义决定“关系词”的选择“关系词”的选择往往是由“先行词”自身表达的意义，以及它在从句中的语法功能而决定的。例如：,Some,people,who,are successful language learners,often fail in other fields.,有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。,In our class,we have some,students,whose,families are not in Wuhan.,我们班上有些家不在武汉市的同学。,There are many,sounds,which,have a meaning and yet are not words,.,有许多声音有意义但不是词。,Tell him to go to,the classroom,where,we often have our English class.,如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：,tell him to go to the classroom.We often have our English class in the classroom.,告诉他去我们常上英语课的那间教室。,关系词,定语从句中的关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词；没有连词。也就是说，定语从句中的所有关系词不但,都有具体的意义,而且都在从句中,担任一定的成分,。,关系代词,常用关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,关系代词who：who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，在从句中作,主语,或,宾语。,如：,I have no idea about,the man,who,wrote the article.,我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。,Do you know,the man,who,you just spoke to,?,关系代词whom：只做宾语。,如：,Do you know,the man,whom,you just spoke to,?,错误：I have no idea about,the man,whom,wrote the article.,关系代词whose：用于代替表示人或物意义的先行词，,在从句中作定语,，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达某人的、某物的之意。例如：,Do you know the name of that,girl,whose,brother is your roommate,?,你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？,Water,whose,boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade,has no color,no flavor.,沸点在摄氏100度的水无色、无味。,关系代词which:用于代替表示事物意义的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。例如：,Views,which,are entirely new or foreign,may also be hard to accept.(做主语),那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。,Ive got a,novel,which,you may like to read,.,我有一本你或许想看的小说。(做动词read的宾语),关系代词that：既用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，也用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。,在一定范围内，that=who/whom/which。,例如：,Views,that(which),are entirely new or foreign,may also be hard to accept.,那些全新的或是来自国外的,观点或许也很难被接受。,Salaried,people,that(who),earn more than a few thousand dollars,must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.,工薪在几千美元以上的人必须将工资中的一定百分比交付给联邦政府。,Who is the girl,to that,you talked just now,?（错误）,关系代词的省略,定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。例如：,This is,the book,(which)you were looking for yesterday.,这就是,你昨天找的,那本书。,I dont like,the novel,(that)you are reading.,我不喜欢,你看的,这本小说。,Who is,the man,(whom)youre talking about,?,你们谈论的,那个人是谁？,关系代词的单复数问题,定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于,先行词的单复数,。例如：,Those,who,are in their forties,are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.,请那些,年龄在四十几岁的,人于今天下午去进行体检。,This is,the magazine,which,was sent to me by post.,这是,通过邮局寄给我的,杂志。,只用that的情况,一：先行词本身是all,everything,something,nothing,anything等不定代词时，例如：,Anything,that,can burn,is a source of heat energy.,任何,能够燃烧的,东西都是热能源。,There must be,something,that,happened to you,.,你一定出了,什么事。,They had,nothing,that,could cure of his disease,.他们没有一点,能治愈他疾病的,东西了。,二：先行词已有,序数词,或,形容词的最高级,或,the last,the only等作定语时,，例如：,This is,the most impressive,TV theater,that,has never been put on show before,.,这是,以前从未上演过的,最有感染力的电视剧。,That is,the only,way,that,leads to your success,.那是,通向你成功的,唯一之路。,We have to consider,the first,thing,that,starts our work,.,我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。,只能用which的情况,当先行词表示事物意义，在从句中作介词的宾语且,关系代词紧跟在介词之后,，那么就只能用which。如：,The world,in,which,we live,is made of matter.,我们生活于其中的,世界是由物质组成的。,Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands,near,which,they flow,.,洋流影响,其流经的附近,地区的气候。,The world,that,we live in,is made of matter.,我们生活于其中的,世界是由物质组成的。,The world,in,that,we live is made of matter.(错误),二：在,非限定性定语从句中,，当关系词表示事物意义时,只能用which。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。,The sun heats the earth,which,makes it possible for plants to grow.,太阳给予大地热，,这,就使植物的生长成为可能。,The most important form of energy is,electrical energy,which,is widely used in our daily life.,最重要的能源形式是电能，,它,广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。,关系代词as,as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。,在,限定性定语从句中,常见于：such as和the same as 等句式中,例如：Such,points,as,youve mentioned,are really important in solving the problem.,你提到的,这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。,People,such,as,you describe,are rarely seen nowadays.,你描述的,这种人现在很少见了。,This computer has the same,functions,as,that one has,.,这台计算机有着,和那台计算机一样的,功能。,在非限定性定语从句中：as可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时，,as是指全句,：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。,例如：,As的用法,as引导的定语从句修饰表,人,或,物,的先行词，即先行词可以是人也可以是物；在定语从句中可以做,主语、宾语或表语；,常用于the sameas/suchas/as(so)as句型，a
展开阅读全文