汉语英语十大差异

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,英汉十大差异,Differences between Chinese and English,1,What are the differences between Chinese and English?,2,Etymology,English-Indo-European Family,Chinese-Sino-Tibetan Family,3,1.英语重形合,汉语重意合.,跑得了和尚,跑不了庙.,The monks may run away,but,the temple cannot run away with him.,一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行.,An Englishman,who,could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.,那太阳,整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了.,The sun,which,had hidden all day,now came out in full splendor.,4,英语重形合,汉语重意合.,他不去我去.,Id like to go,if,he wouldnt.,他不去我也去.,Id go there,even if,he wouldnt to with me.,他不去我才去.,Id go there,only if,he wont.,人穷志短,When,a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.(Poverty stifles ambition.),人穷志不短.,Though,one is poor,he has high apiration.,人有脸,树有皮.,The face is,as,important to a man,as,the bark to a tree.,5,2.英语:前重心;汉语:后重心,英汉句子的重心,就逻辑而言,一般均落在结论,断言,结果以及事实上,但细究之下,其”异在于重心的位置所在,即“英前汉后”.,生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧.,这是一个“因果”句,汉语一般是先因后果.如此排列可见“因”轻“果”重.相应的英语表达是:,Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.(先果后因),小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略.,本句所用句式为:条件-断言,即”如果怎样,结果就怎样”.前者”条件”为轻,后者”断言”为重.其相应英语表达为:,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.(先“断言”后“条件”),6,3.英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,英语有少用(谓语)动词,或使用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向;而汉语则有动辄使用动词的固有习惯.,英语静态特征的表现主要有句法方式或词汇方式两种.前者如使用非谓语或非限定动词,省略动词以及将动词名词化等;后者如使用动词的同源名词,同源形容词,介词及副词等.相对而言,汉语的动词由于无英语动词那样的形态变化,若要表达动作意义,往往别无他法,只能起用动词本身.,7,The,isolation,of the,rural world,because of,distance,and the,lack,of,transport,facilities,is compounded by the,paucity,of the,information,media,.,9 nouns,5 preps,1 verb,英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,8,因为距离,远,，交通工具,缺乏,，使农村社会与外界,隔绝,。这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具,不足,，而变得更加,严重,。,回译,Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the rural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,9,英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我.,I fell madly in love with her,and,she with me,.(英语可省略后半句的动词,汉语却不可.),他来回晃着脑袋,欲望在膨胀,意志在萎缩.,Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning,.(英语用独立结构,汉语则用动词.),我担心你误解了我.,I am afraid of,you misunderstanding,me.(英语用动名词复合结构),10,英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,That would be the,confirmation,that it was in general use.(confirm同根名词),除上述同源词外,还有众多的词可用来表示动作意义.如:glance,glimpse,look,mention,close等;形容词able,afraid,angry,anxious,aware,capable,good等.在特定的语言环境中,这些词都宜译作相应的动词.如:,一看见他,我就紧张.,The very,sight,of him makes me nervous.,对此我深信不疑.,Im,sure,of it.,11,4.英语重物称;汉语重人称.,英语的物称倾向十分明显,主要见于其对主语的择定.英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语作主语.相对而言,汉语一般则更习惯于人称化的表达,尤其是主语,能施行动作或有生命物体为主语首选.试比较:,他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾.,A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.,“嗨!嗨!”出租车司机嚷道,他一瞅见旅客就“砰”地打开车门.,“Hi!Hi!”said the cab driver,the door of whose cab popped open at the very sight of a traveler.,这位饱尝辛酸者,却让全世界的人发出笑声.,Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.,12,5.英语多被动;汉语多主动,Passive voice is often available in English because of inanimate words as subjects.,Correspondingly,active voice is often available in Chinese because of animate words as subjects.,13,5.英语多被动;汉语多主动,An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.,华盛顿邮报的一篇社论提供了一个例证。,It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.,心与肝的密切关系是早为人知的了。,14,5.英语多被动;汉语多主动,在什么情况下汉语的主动句转译成英语的被动句.,1)强调受事,突出被动状态.,地球上早期的火是大自然而不是人类引燃的.,Early fires on the earth were caused by nature,not by man.,2)因种种原因,不出现或无须说明施事者.,这种书是给儿童写的.,Such books are written for children.,15,5.英语多被动;汉语多主动,3)使句子结构匀称,文气连贯.,他出现在台上,群众报以热烈的掌声.,He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,4)汉语中的某些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语的主动句.,大家都认为这样做是不妥当的.,It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.,有人给你打电话.,You are wanted on the phone.,16,5.英语多被动;汉语多主动,5)使语气委婉,措辞礼貌.,今天晚上七点钟开教学会,全体教师务必参加.,There will be a Teaching Symposium at 7:00p.m.today.All the faculty is expected to attend.,请您不要在此抽烟.,You are not supposed to smoke in here.,17,5.英语多被动;汉语多主动,6)某些汉语句子可借助于英语的一些固定搭配或词组来表达.,他坚持不懈地从事着科研工作.,He was engaged in scientific researches perseveringly.,He persevered in scientific researches.,7)汉语中含有被动意义的主动句.,病人正在手术中.,The patient is being operated on.,这个问题必须马上解决.,This problem has to be solved immediately.,18,Grapes vs.Bamboo,19,6.英语多复合长句;汉语多简单句,英语重形合以及英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用,导致英语较多出现“多枝共干”式长句,复合句.而汉语正好相反,多用短句,简单句.试比较:,As we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which we had great reputation,and I confess,with the veracity of an historian,that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.,本句的主干为:we often had the traveler or stranger visit us;其余借助于as,to,for which,and,with,that等词与主干一起构成长句.其汉语意思为:,我们就住在路边.过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒.这种酒很有名气.我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过.我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住.,20,7.英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.,汉语句子的语序一般以思维程序展开,而中国人的思维方式多是先考虑事物的环境和外围因素,再考虑具体事物和中心事件.反映到句式上,就是状语总放在谓语或句子主体的前边,定语无论长短,都要置于中心词之前.这样就使得单句的状语部分长,主谓部分短;主语部分长,谓语部分短;修饰成分长,中心词短