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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语语法基础,第五讲,非谓语动词,动名词,动名词即动词的名词形式。,虽然是动词,但它在句子中承担名词的功能,用作主语、表语、宾语、定语。,有些动名词甚至已转化为名词,因此可以有复数形式,前面可以有冠词,或是被定语修饰。同时,它仍具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。,一、动名词的形式,动名词由,动词原形加 - ing,构成,与现在分词同形。,动名词在句子中不能单独作谓语,没有人称、数和时态的变化。但是,动名词有一般式、完成式,同时还有主动式和被动式之分。,下面以动词,make,为例进行说明:,主动式,被动式,一般式,making,being made,完成式,having made,having been made,例:,She likes,playing tennis,.,That bird was so lucky that it was just missed,being caught,.,二、动名词的用法,动名词可以与它的宾语、状语共同构成动名词短语。动名词和动名词短语在句子中可以做主语、表语、宾语或定语。,动名词作主语,动名词作表语,动名词作宾语,动名词作定语,(1)动名词作主语,例:,Reading aloud,is necessary for you to improve your English.,动名词或动名词短语作主语时,有时用,it,作形式主语,而把真正的主语移至句尾。例:,Its no use,talking with him,. He is too stubborn.,常用于这种结构的词有:,a wonder,一个奇迹,dangerous,危险的,hopeless,无助的,nice,美好的,no good,不好的,no use,无用的,useless,无用的,waste,浪费,worthwhile,值得的,在,There is no,句型中,也可以用动名词做主语,表示“,不能”,。例:,There is no,denying,that he has made much progress .,(2)动名词作表语,例:,Her hobby is,collecting,stamps,.,注:动名词和不定式都可以作主语、表语或宾语,它们的区别是:,表示比较抽象的一般行为时,多用动名词。 例:,Smoking,is prohibited here.,表示较具体的某个动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。例:,If you want,to smoke, please go to the smoking carriage.,(3)动名词作宾语,有些动词后面只能跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式。这些动词必须逐一认真记忆。只能跟动名词作宾语的常用动词有:,admit,承认,advise,建议,avoid,避免,cant help,禁不住,consider,考虑,delay,推迟,deny,否认,endure,忍耐,enjoy,喜欢,escape,逃脱,excuse,原谅,fancy,想象,finish,完成,mind,介意,miss,错过,pardon,原谅,postpone,推迟,require,要求,suggest,建议,例:,She tried to avoid,meeting him again,.,(3)动名词作宾语,A.,动词跟在介词后面,作介词宾语时,必须用动名词的形式。因此,许多短语动词后,只能用动名词作宾语。如:,feel like,想要做,give up,放弃,go on,继续,insist on,坚持,keep on,继续,leave off,停止,put off,推迟,B.,有一些动词后面的宾语,只能是不定式,而决不能是动名词。只能跟不定式作宾语的常用动词有:,decide,决定,desire,要求,determine,决心,expect,期待,hope,希望,pretend,假装,promise,承诺,refuse,拒绝,(3)动名词作宾语,D.,有些动词后面,不定式和动名词都可以作它的宾语,但是,它们的意思完全不同,需要特别注意。下面以几个重要的词为例:,remember,(记着)和,forget,(忘记):remember和forget是一组反义词。两次用法一样:在表示记着或忘记去做一件事的时候(此事还没做),后接不定式;记着或忘记一件做过的事的时候(此事已经做过),后接动名词。,Remember (Dont forget),to bring that book for me tomorrow,.,I remember (dont forget),meeting him somewhere before,.,(3)动名词作宾语,regret,:,表示对已经做过或发生的事情的后悔时,用动名词;对要做的事情或将要出现的某些情况表示歉意、遗憾时,用不定式。,I regret,spending so much money on clothing,.,I regret,to say I can not go to your party,.,stop,:,表示停止正在做着的事情时,用动名词;表示停止(正在做着的事情)去做另一件事情时,用不定式。用A代表正在做着的事,B代表要去做的事,则:stop to do sth. 的意思就是stop doing A to do B。在这个句型中,to do B实际上是一个目的状语。,Stop,talking,please. The meeting will begin.,When he met an old friend of his in the street, he stopped,to talk with him,.,(3)动名词作宾语,mean,:后接动名词,表示“意味着”;后接不定式,表示“打算干”。,If you dont do it right now, itll mean,waiting for another year,.,He did not mean,to go to her party,.,try,:后接不定式,表示“设法、努力去做”;后接动名词,表示“尝试着做”。,Its dangerous to try,driving in the street before you get the driving license,.,They try,to finish this project before the arrival of the rainy season,.,(3)动名词作宾语,want,:后接不定式,表示“想要”;后接动名词,它的意思与need相同,表示“需要”。,I want,to buy a new bike,.,The classroom wants,repairing,.,help,:,cant help doing,是一个固定短语,表示“禁不住做某事”。只是在用这个结构时,help 后面才能接动名词。一般情况下,help 后接不定式,表示“帮助做某事”,这时带不带to 都可以。,She couldnt help,crying,when she heard that sad news.,I am sorry I cant help,(to) fix your TV set,.,(4)动名词作定语,动名词可以单独作定语修饰一个名词。此时,动名词位于它所修饰的名词之前。例:,There is a,swimming pool,in the high school.,动名词和它所修饰的名词一起构成合成名词。如:,checking account,活期账户,drinking water,饮用水,fishing,pole,钓鱼竿,hearing aid,助听器,living room,卧室,opening speech,开幕词,parking lot,停车场,reading room,阅览室,singing competition,唱歌比赛,sleeping car,卧铺车厢,sleeping pill,安眠药,writing desk,写字台,waiting room,候诊(车)室,washing powder,洗衣粉,介词和动名词可以构成介词短语作定语。例:,She is lucky to get an opportunity of,studying in Beijing,.,三、动名词的否定式,动名词的否定形式是直接在动名词前加not,即:,not doing sth.,。例,:,Would you mind,not using your cell phone here?,四、动名词的完成式和被动式的用法,A.,动名词的完成式,:当动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作或情况之前,要用动名词的完成式。动名词的完成式的结构是:,having done sth.,。,He regretted,having wasted so much,time when he was young.,四、动名词的完成式和被动式的用法,B.,动名词的被动式,:,动名词一般式的被动形式:,being done,He dislikes,being interrupted,when he is writing,.,动名词完成式的被动形式:,having been done,He complained about,having been kept waiting,for a long time.,五、动名词的逻辑主语,A.,一般动名词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,:,I remember,turning off the light,.,B.,句子中没有明确的逻辑主语时,该句通常表示的一种普遍现象:,Reading aloud,is important in,learning English,.,五、动名词的逻辑主语,C.,有时动名词所表示的动作不是句子主语发出的,而是另外的人或物。这时,就要在动名词前加上自己的逻辑主语,指明动名词所表示的动作是由谁做出的。通常用作动名词逻辑主语的词类是:,物主代词,、,名词所有格,,有时也可以用,名词的普通格,或,人称代词的宾格,。,Would you mind,my opening the widow,?,Would you mind,opening the widow,?,Mikes giving up his job,surprised us all.,I dont like,young ladies/them/their,smoking.,注:,当逻辑主语是无生命的东西或是较长的名词词组时,,只能用普通格,,不用所有格。,
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