高考英语掌握命题要领提高教学效率

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,湘潭市教科院 陈红,2009,、,3,长沙,掌握命题要领，,提高教学效率,大家网收集,声明：本资料由 大家论坛高中英语专区收集整理，仅供学习交流使用,转载请注明出自,http:/,更多信息、考试真题,请访问,大家论坛，全免费公益性英语论坛，等待您的光临！,内 容,作答,时间,部分,节,能力,层次,难度,一,听力技能,一 听力理解,二 笔录要点,理解,综合,.85,.80,20,二 知识运用,一 单项填空,二 完形填空,简单,简单,.80,.80,30,三 阅读技能,一 阅读理解,二 回答问题,三 摘录信息,理解,综合,综合,.85,.75,.75,40,四 写作技能,一 完成译文,二 情景作文,简单,综合,.85,.75,30,合计,.81,120,美国心理学家布卢姆提出的理论,布卢姆将教育目标分为认知目标、情感目标和动作技能目标。其中认知目标是理论考试的主要考查领域，该领域的教育目标是由,识记、领会、应用、分析、综合、评价,六个层次构成的简单到复杂的完整体系，其中低一层次是高一层次的基础，高一层次是在低一层次要求上的提高和发展。,我国的教育测量专家和考试工作者参照布卢姆认知目标分类方法，结合我国实际和理论习惯，提出了一套四层次的分类法：,识记：,能正确认识和表述科学事实、原理、术语和规律，知道该课程的基础知识，并能进行正确的选择和判断。,理解：,能将所学的知识加以解释、归纳，能领悟某一概念或原理与其它概念或原理之间的联系，理解其引申意义，并能做出正确的表达和解释。,简单应用：,通常能用所学的概念、原理、方法正确分析和解决较简单的问题，具有分析和解决一般问题的能力。,综合应用：,能够灵活应用所学的知识、分析和解决比较复杂的问题，具有一定的解决实际问题的能力。,理解,能正确理解口头或书面材料，完成听力理解,和阅读理解试题。,简单应用,能应用语言知识或听、说、读、写某单,一语言技能，完成单项填空、完形填空、,完成译文等试题。,综合运用,能运用听、说、读、写中两种或两种,以上语言技能，完成笔录要点、回答问,题、摘录信息、情景作文等试题。,学业水平考试,全卷每种题型的功能及测试内容：,听力理解：,笔录要点：话题和功能；口头语,单项填空：,语法项目。词义的辨析最好不要混在一起,完形填空,：准确使用词的能力,阅读理解（回答问题、摘录信息）：,全方位考查各项阅读技能；,完成译文：,翻译能力及对词组、搭配、惯用法的运用,书面表达：,书面表达信息、情感、态度的能力,课标,：（,语音）、词汇、语法、功能、话题、,语言技能等都得以在试卷中体现。,命题原则,依据纲标，回归教材。,不加重学生负担，语法、词汇测试的内容主要在,1-5,模块，技能要求参照课程标准七级目标。,命题原则,准确性,公平性,适纲性,独立性,科学性,相关性,选择题命制的基本要求,被选项与题干编制的注意事项,1,）选项本身要是正确的。,The visitor could have fallen off the cliff but that the guide _ him by the sleeves.,A. seizedB. was seizing,C. had seized,D. would seized,（,2,）题干与备选项构成的句子应该在逻辑上成立，语法上无错误，语义上无分歧。,完形填空,A businessman who had been working too much found that he could not _ at night, but kept on falling asleep during the day. He became so worried that he went to see the doctor.,A. sleepB. asleep,C. sleeping D. goes to bed,A. sleep B. wake up,C. get up D. go to bed,（,3,）单项选择题要求有四个备选项，只有一个备选项是最符合题目要求的。,（,4,）备选项的代码用,A,、,B,、,C,、,D,等大写字母表示；正确选项的代码要随机排列，并且在每份试卷中每个代码作为正确选项的概率相近。,（,5,）尽可能避免使用否定式的题干，除非为了特定的目的必须以否定式的形式设计试题，如果出现否定词，要在否定词的下面加着重号。,Which of the following statements is,NOT,TRUE,?,A. Many researchers are not convinced of the healing,power of humor.,B. Patients in bad moods are known to have higher,immune cell counts.,C. Optimism in general does seem to be related to,better health.,D. People should try their best to cheer up for their,good health.,Families usually wouldnt like unmarried women to go out working.,B. People value individualism more than community.,C. People think little of the women who worked outside.,D. It is men who usually work outside.,（,6,）备选项的长度、结构、语言表达要尽量一致；,（,7,）备选项要求同质，干扰项要有较大的似真性，应与正确选项在逻辑上和语法上跟题干保持一致，不应拼凑明显不合理的选项，同时要避免备选项之间出现逻辑上的包含关系，确保干扰项在它的范围内不包含答案；,（,8,）涉及到数字的备选项，统一按照上升的顺序排列；,How much does the man pay?,A. 40 dollars.B. 44 dollars.,C. 36 dollars.,36 dollars.B. 40 dollars.,C. 44 dollars.,Where was the writer when the tragedy took place?,He was,in the classroom.,B.,He was,at home.,C.,He was,on the way to school.,D.,He was,on the playground.,（,9,）如果一些词语在所有的备选项中都有，最好将这些词语移到题干中去，以避免无效阅读。,In the class.,At home.,On the way to school.,On the playground.,以下是一个阅读理解的选项设置,:,When did the writer always see the Twin Towers?A. When he was having classes.,B. When he was watching TV.,C. When he was walking to school.,D. When he was dreaming.,为了减少无效的阅读，我们可以做如下修改：,The writer always saw the Twin Towers when he was _.,A. having classesB. watching TV,C. walking to schoolD. dreaming,测试内容与测试角度,总体原则： 依据课标、依据考纲,1,）理解主旨要义；,2,）获取与话题相关的具体事实信息；,3,）对于说话背景、说话者之间的关系能,够作出简单的推断；,4,）理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。,选择题的命制,听力技能测试,选材特点：,听力测试的语言材料口语化，听起来自然真,实，是实际生活中自然实用的口头英语。,对话通过其具体语言内容表明一个特定的语境。,理解语境是把握所听内容的关键，是理解材料,内容的前提。,听力测试材料中尽量不出现妨碍听力理解的生,词。即使有，也会在题目中加以注释。,听力材料主题突出，内容完整，有头有尾。,听力试题命制的技巧：,1,）要尽可能广的涉及课标中的功能和,话题。,2,）提问方式避免单一。,3,）选项要精炼，避免让学生做一些无,效的阅读。,像以下的听力命题方式，我们是应该避免的，原因是选项的阅读量太大。改进的方法有：调整测试点，简化选项内容。,12. What will the girl,s parents do if she sees her boyfriend again?,A. Make her stay in her room for a long time. B. Stop her pocket money.,C. Make her leave the house and not allow her to retum.,13. According to the girl, why don,t her parents think that she should see Charlie?,A. Because they think that he,s a bad boy.,B. Because they think that she,s too young to have a boyfriend.,C. Because he lives too far away from her.,14. Why does the girl think that she is ready to have a boyfriend?,A. Because she thinks that she is mentally mature.,B. Because she is legally an adult.,C. Because she has already known all about relationships.,15. Which of the following is true?,A. The girl won,t follow the man,s advice.,B. The man doesn,t give the girl any advice.,C. The girl will follow the man,s advice.,笔录要点,考纲：,意在要求学生在平时的学习中不仅要多听，还要有意识记录一些主要的信息，提高笔记能力。本题是控制性主观题，采用填空题型。解这类题的方法一般是听前快速阅读题干，了解答题要求，然后带着问题认真听录音，捕捉答题所需信息，然后将听到的信息加以处理、提炼，根据要求写出恰当的答案。,我的理解：,在生活中存在这种能力的使用场合，即：需要通过听来获取信息，同时，又有必要通过写的方式表达信息。因此，语言的这种使用方式，决定了命题选材的形式和命题的方式。所占分值也与生活中使用的频率相关。,选材：,需要通过听来获取信息，同时，又有必要通过写的方式将信息表达出来。,命题：,图表的设计最好能体现所听语篇的文体特征。,意图：,测试学生捕捉关键信息的能力。以测试引领教学。命题者通过对所听材料的加工，引导学生将所听内容条理化，培养学生清楚地、有条理地表达信息的能力。,WANTED,Voice,needs,18 .,Join us, please!,Experience not quite necessary.,19.,skills in great demand,Work not for money, but for 20_!,Contact Chris Green immediately!,Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning! My topic today is How to use brains.,Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much. It is not true. Through many studies, scientists show us that the more you use your brains, the better it will be, and the cleverer you will become.,Of course, if you want to keep your mind clear and active, you must take a proper rest and study properly. To the teenagers, using their brains in the morning is good for their health.,There are many ways to rest. One is a peaceful rest. Sleep is a peaceful rest. Another is active rest. For example, take a walk outdoors, do more exercises every day. To change the way of the brains activities is also a good way to rest.,In everyday life, to eat some eggs, meat fresh vegetables and fruit is also good for the brains.,Wish you a wise man and a happy life.,The more you use your brains,18,it will be, and the cleverer you will become,2. There are many ways to rest, One is,19 .,3. In,20,life, to eat some eggs, meat, fresh vegetables and fruit is also good for the brains.,参考答案,18. the better19. a peaceful rest,20. everyday,还没有把听力材料条理化，重点,没有把握住，断章取义。,没有必要画框、填表，这只是为,了形式相同。,与考纲形式一致，实质大相径庭。,Fact,The more you use your brains, the,better it will be, and,18,you will,become.,Ways of rest,A peaceful rest:,sleep,19,:,take a walk outdoors, do more exercises, change the way of the brains,activities,Suggestions,Take a proper rest and,20,.,Have a healthy diet: eat eggs, meat, fresh vegetables and fruit.,How to use brains,选择题的命制,完形填空,理论基础：,格式塔理论格式塔理论的研究认为，当信息由感觉器官送到大脑，脑部即展开种种分析和整理的工作，在这个过程中，完形心理便在脑海中产生，协助人类的感知思维。完形心理的理论认为信息在脑部要將信息整理及组织，才能形成知觉，而信息组织是知觉之本。,完形是格式塔美学的出发点。完形有三个特点：首先，完形必须是一个整体，各个部位之间有一种内在的联系，形成不可分割的有机整体。整体要由各种要素和成分构成，但不能把完形分解成各个成分，它的特征和性质是从原来的构成成分中找不出来的。没有多余的东西，没有令人不舒服的地方。“整体大于部分之和。”,完形填空测试的能力,根据考生所学的英语知识（基础语法、基本句型、固定搭配、词语辨析等）和已具备的综合语言能力（文章的篇章理解、对情节发展的逻辑推理结论、对上下文意的照应、具体语言情景的把握等），强调解题的思维过程，及分析、判断等各种能力在解题过程中的作用。,设题注意事项：,1,）不以语法立意挖空；,2,）首句不挖空；,3,）依据语境设空；,4,）选项本身正确并且具有同质性；,5,）备选答案以实词（动词、名词、形容词、副,词）为主，虚词（连词、介词）为辅。实词,中动词（含非谓语形式）、名词、形容词、,副词（含短语类）的设题比例占,80%,以上。,文章的话题。,一篇文章都有自己的话题，涉及文章的中心内容。话题往往可以用几个字加以概括，通常反映在该文章的标题上。试题有时会要求考生选择一个选项作为文章的标题。这类问题考查考生阅读文章、领悟文章大意的能力。,选择题的命制,阅读选择题,文章的中心思想,（又称主旨、主题、中心观点、基本观点等）。不少文章在全文或各段的开头便展示出文章的主题。尤其是新闻报道之类的文章，第一段往往是故事的梗概，第一句话往往是主题句，但在一些文章中，中心思想融会贯穿于全文。但在不少文章或段落中，中心思想贯穿于全文中。因此，要弄清楚文章的中心思想，考生必须通读全文，具备归纳和概括能力。,文章的细节。,多数文章的中心思想是由细节来表达或解释的。因此，弄清楚细节有助于理解全文，作为归纳、概括中心思想的基础。考生可以根据不同要求，通过,Scanning,或,Skimming,等技能，获取某些特定的信息或准确地找到答题所需的细节。,文章的寓意（或称隐含意义）和结论。,有些文章作者不直接说出所要表达的某种意思，而是通常隐含在文章之中而没有明确表达出来。,词句的理解。,阅读离不开理解词句，但是仅仅知道每个词的一个相应的中文意思不等于完全理解词句，必须根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词句。一般情况，学生可以根据同义词、近义词、构词法或上下文去猜测，然后认真辨析各项含义以后可选出正确答案；但有些试题要求联系全文意义来判断有关词句的含义及寓意，做题时需反复推敲斟酌。,图示和计算。,有时可能根据文章内容提供一幅或几幅图（地图、示意图、或其他图形），让学生对某种图形进行选择或判断。要求学生注意图形的细微差别。,细节理解题 猜测词义题,推理判断题 归纳概括题,阅读理解试题类型,阅读回答问题,In the past, when people had problems, they went to their families or friends to get advice. Today it is possible to get advice from radio shows, TV programs and telephone hot lines, too. A hot line is a telephone line that offers a direct way of getting in touch with advisers. Most hot lines are completely,anonymous,callers do not have to say their names or telephone numbers. Most hot lines are usually free, too. Callers do not have to pay for the advice or the phone calls,even if the calls are long distance. At some hot lines, the advisers are volunteers. Other hot lines pay their advisers for their work. Usually the advisers are full-job people with years of education and experience, but sometimes, the advisers have only taken a short class before starting to work on the hot line. All the advisers listen to people and help them solve their problems.,第三节 摘录信息,主要信息 （,归纳、演绎、转换,）,文章结构、框架、脉络 （,选择题不,可替代,）,1,）旨在考查考生,快速获取信息,的能力，也,考查考生,组织加工信息,、,综合概括信息,的能力，从而将考查考生综合运用语言,知识与各种技能的能力有机地结合起来。,2,）要求学生具有,利用图表,对阅读中所,获取,信息,进行,归纳理顺并条理化,的能力。,05,年高考,Title: 76._,Number of citizens,65 or older,77. _,By 2020,By 2030,39 million,51 million,65 million,78. _,79._,Baby boomers old-growing,80. _,81._,83. _,multigenerational family,82._,84. _,to,citizens 65 and older,85. _,By 2030,3.5 : 1,2 : 1,Causes/ Reasons,Effects/ results,By 2010,Nuclear family,Workers,In 1989,Citizens longer living,Family unit change,Workforce proportion,change,Graying U.S.,翻译,A.,根据中文原文完成下列各英文译文，将答案填写到答题卡上。（每空限填一个词）,1,）然而，警方发现贾斯廷星期五晚上,11,点左右肯定回过家。,However, police found that Justin _,_,_ on Friday night at about 11 p.m.,参考答案,61. did return home,第一节 完成译文 （共,5,小题；每小题,2,分，满分,10,分）,下面是一则美国原版户外公益广告，呼吁停止虐待儿童，因久经日晒雨淋，部分内容已模糊不清。请根据我们猜想的大概中文意思把广告内容补全，试试看！将答案填写到答题卡上。,写作,考查学生初步的书面表达能力。意在要求平时指导学生写作时,写作题立意要尽量与语言实际使用情形一致，写作提示要尽可能具有开放性，体现“用英语做事”，引导学生表达真情实感，再现生活经历，描述周围的人和物，表达意见、陈述观点。,新课程改革的核心：知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度和价值观。,写作部分可以有所体现。,任重道远，携手并进！,欢迎批评指正,!,谢谢大家！,