眼科学基础知识

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二层,第三层,第四层,第五层,*,*,*,第一章 眼科学基础,Chapter one,Basic ophthalmology,11/26/2024,1,第一节 眼的组织解剖,anatomy of eyeball,一眼球,The globe(eyeball),正常眼球的前后径出生时约16mm.,3岁时达23mm.,成年时24mm.,anterior and posterior distance of normal eyeball is 16mm in born.At age 3 23mm,at adult 24mm,11/26/2024,2,（一）,眼球壁,Eyecoat,1.外层,The outer coat,1/6 角膜,Cornea,5/6 巩膜,Sclera,11/26/2024,3,（1）角膜,Cornea,横径,The transverse diameter 11.5-12mm,垂直径,The vertical diameter 10.5-11mm,11/26/2024,4,前,表面曲率半径,The radius of convex curvature in front 7.8mm,后表面曲率半径,The radius of convex curvature in back 6.8mm,角膜厚度中央部,角膜厚度周边部,The periphery thickness1mm,11/26/2024,5,组织学分层,上皮细胞层,Epithelium,前弹力层,Bowmans membrane,基质层,Stroma,后弹力层,Descemets membrane,内皮细胞层,Endothelium,11/26/2024,6,11/26/2024,7,(2)巩膜,Sclera,组织学分层,表层巩膜,The episclera,巩膜实质层,The scleral stroma,棕黑板层,The lamina fascia,11/26/2024,8,角巩膜缘,Limbus,前房角,Anterior chamber angle,11/26/2024,9,2中层,The middle coat,葡萄膜,Uvea,色素膜,Tunica pigmentosa,11/26/2024,10,（1）,虹膜,Iris,分层：,基质层,Stroma,色素上皮层,Pigment epithelial layer,瞳孔,Pupil:,直径2.5-4mm,11/26/2024,11,(2)睫状体,Ciliary body,睫状冠,Pars plicata:,前1/3,睫状突,Cliary processes:,睫状体扁平部,Pars plana:,后2/3,锯齿缘,Ora serrata:,11/26/2024,12,(3)脉络膜,Choroid,组成,大血管层,Large vascular layer,中血管层,Middle vascular layer,毛细血管层,Capillary layer,11/26/2024,13,3内层,Inner layer,视网膜,Retina,中心凹,Fovea,黄斑,Macula lutea,中心小凹,Foveola,黄斑中心凹,Fovea centralis,视盘,Optic disc,视乳头,Optic papilla,视杯、杯凹,Optic cup,11/26/2024,14,视网膜分层,外层,视网膜色素上皮层,Retinal pigment epithelium,RPE,11/26/2024,15,内层 视网膜神经感觉层,视锥、视杆细胞层（光感受器细胞层）,Cone and rod layer,外界膜,External limiting membrane,外核层,Outer nuclear layer,外丛状层,Outer plaxiform,内核层,Inner nuclear layer,内丛状层,Inner plexiform layer,神经节细胞层,Ganglion cell layer,神经纤维层,Nerve fiber layer,内界膜,Limiting membrane,11/26/2024,16,11/26/2024,17,（二）眼球内容,Contents of the eye,1.房水,Aqueous humor,前房,Anterior chamber,后房,Posterior chamber,11/26/2024,18,2.晶状体,Lens,11/26/2024,19,3.玻璃体,Vitreous body,11/26/2024,20,11/26/2024,21,1.视路,Visual pathway,光感受器双级细胞神经节细胞视乳头视神经视交叉视束外侧膝状体视放射视皮质,retinal photoreceptorbipolar cellnervous ganglion cellsoptic diskoptic nerveoptic chasmoptic tractlateral geniculate bodyoptic radiationvisual cortex.,11/26/2024,22,二、眼眶及附属器,Orbit and accessory apparatus,(一)眼眶,Orbit,1.视神经孔和视神经管,Optic foramen and canal,2.眶上裂,Superior orbital fissure,3.眶下裂,Inferior orbital fissure,4.眶上切迹（或孔）,The supraorbital notch,11/26/2024,23,（二）眼睑,Eye lids,1 皮肤层,The skin,2 皮下组织层,Subcutaneous,3 肌层,Muscular layer,4 睑板层,Layer of the tarsal plate,5 结膜层,The conjunctival layer,11/26/2024,24,11/26/2024,25,(三)结膜,Conjunctiva,1 睑结膜,Palpebral conjunctiva,2 球结膜,Bulbar conjunctiva,3穹窿结膜,Fornical conjunctiva,11/26/2024,26,11/26/2024,27,(四)泪器,Lacrimal apparatus,1泪腺,Lacrimal gland,2泪道,Lacrimal passages,(1)泪小点,Lacrimal puncta,(2)泪小管,Lacrimal canaliculi,(3)泪囊,Lacrimal sac,(4)鼻泪管,Nasolacrimal duct,11/26/2024,28,11/26/2024,29,(五)眼外肌,Extraocular muscles,4条直肌,Rectus,上直肌,superior recti muscles,下直肌,inferior recti muscles,内直肌,medial recti muscles,外直肌,external recti muscles,2条斜肌,Oblique muscle,上斜肌,superior oblique muscles,下斜肌,Inferior oblique muscles,11/26/2024,30,11/26/2024,31,三、视路,Visual pathway,（一）视神经,Optic nerve,(1)眼内段,Intraocular,(2)眶内段,Intraorbital,(3)管内段,Intracanalicular,(4)颅内段,Intracranial,（二）视交叉,Optic chiasm,（三）视束,Optic tract,（四）外侧膝状体,Lateral geniculate body,（五）视放射,Optic radiation,（六）视皮质,Visual cortex,11/26/2024,32,2.瞳孔反射路,Pathway of papillary reflex,光反射,Light reflex,直接光反射,Direct reflex,间接光反射,Indirect reflex,近反射,Near reflex,11/26/2024,33,11/26/2024,34,四、眼球的血液循环和神经分布,Blood circulation and innervation of the globe,（一）血液循环,Blood circulation,动脉,Artery,视网膜中央血管系统,the central retinal vascular system,睫状血管系统,the ciliary vascular system,11/26/2024,35,1.视网膜中央血管系统,The central retinal vascular system,视网膜中央动脉,Central retinal artery,CRA,11/26/2024,36,2.睫状血管系统,the ciliary vascular system,(1)睫状后短动脉,Short posterior ciliary artery,(2)睫状后长动脉,Long posterior ciliary artery,(3)睫状前动脉,Anterior ciliary artery,11/26/2024,37,静脉,Vein,1.视网膜中央静脉,Central retinal vein CRV,2.涡静脉,Vortex vein,3.睫状前静脉,Anterior ciliar vein,11/26/2024,38,（二）神经,Nerve,1睫状神经节,Ciliary ganglion,2鼻睫状神经,Nasociliary nerve,11/26/2024,39,视路及瞳孔反射,Optic pathway and pupillary reflex,11/26/2024,40,1瞳孔反射路,Pathway of pupillary reflex,光反射,Light reflex,直接光反射,direct reflex,间接光反射,indirect reflex,近反射,Near reflex,11/26/2024,41,2.视路,Visual pathway,光感受器双级细胞神经节细胞视乳头视神经视交叉视束外侧膝状体视放射视皮质,retinal photoreceptorbipolar cellnervous ganglion cellsoptic diskoptic nerveoptic chasmoptic tractlateral geniculate bodyoptic radiationvisual cortex.,11/26/2024,42,11/26/2024,43,11/26/2024,44,