助动词与情态动词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture One,助动词与情态动词,Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs,动词的分类,根据在句中的功能，动词可以分为：,1.,实义动词,(Notional Verbs),2.,系动词,(Link Verbs),3.,助动词,(Auxiliary Verbs),4.,情态动词,(Modal Verbs),根据其后是否带宾语，实义动词又可分为：,1.,及物动词,(Transitive Verbs,Vt.),2.,不及物动词,(Intransitive Verbs,Vi.),助动词,（,Auxiliary Verbs),协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（,Auxiliary Verbs,）,被协助的动词称作主要动词,（,Main Verbs,）,。,I dont like coffee.,助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。,最基本的助动词有三个：,be,do,have.,be,am,is,are,was,were,been,being,have,has,had,having,do,does,did,助动词,be,have,do,的用法,助动词,be,主要用来构成各种进行时态和被动语态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。,What,were,you doing when I called?,Smoking,is,not allowed in this building.,助动词,have,主要用来构成各种完成时和完成进行时态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。,Have,you finished your homework?,助动词,do,主要用来构成疑问句和否定句，以及在动词之前表示强调。,He,doesnt,care what other people think.,He,did,know that.,注意：,be,动词除了用作助动词外，还可用作系动词，构成系表结构。,He,is,a dentist.,have,和,do,除用作助动词外，还可用作及物动词。,I,have,a brother.,What are you,doing,?,助动词,will,would,shall,should,除,be,have,do,外，英语中的助动词还有四个：,will,would,shall,should,与,be,have,do,不同的是，这四个词往往有情态动词的作用，可以说是介于助动词和情态动词之间的词，甚至更接近于情态动词。本讲中将其归入情态动词部分进行讲解。,情态动词,（,Modal Verbs,）,can,could,may,might,must,ought to,shall,should,will,would,半情态动词,need,dare,be able to,have to,had better,所有这些情态动词、半情态动词之后都接,不带to的不定式,，即,动词原形,。,除be able to和have to中的be和have有人称、数和时态的变化外，其它情态动词都适用于各种人称，并且没有时态变化。,can,could,be able to,can,可用于表能力，可能性及许可。,He is only four,but he can read.,Can this news be true?,Can I smoke here?,could,可以作为,can,的过去式，表过去的能力，或用在间接引语中表过去的可能或许可,;,还可表示委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。,I could swim when I was only six.,Father said I could swim in the river.,Could I use your bike?,can,表能力时,be able to,但,can,强调一贯的能力，,be able to,更强调通过努力可以达到的能力,相当于,manage to do sth.,或,succeed in doing sth.,I,cant,swim.But I am sure I,will be able to,swim through more practice.,The fire spread through the hotel,but everyone,was able to,get out.,When the boat sank,he,was able to,swim to the bank.,may,might,may,表请求、可以、允许。,You may drive the tractor.,May I come in?,Yes,please.,/Certainly.,No,you cant.,No,you mustnt.,No,youd better not.,may/might,表推测,可能,，,might,可能性更小.,may be,与,maybe,maybe,是副词，意为“也许，大概”。它通常放在句子的开头，在句子中作状语。,Maybe they wont come here tonight.,Maybe she is happy.,may be,是情态动词,may,加动词原形,be,构成的，在句中做谓语，意为“可能是、大概是”，后接形容词、介词短语或名词作表语。,She may be at home.,=Maybe she is at home.,You may be right.,=Maybe you are right.,副词,maybe,可单独用作答语，但,may be,不能这样用,。如：,A,：,Do you think hell come back?,B,：,Maybe.(Maybe not.),翻译：你的钢笔可能在你的口袋里。,他可能是个学生。,Your pen,may be,in your pocket.,Maybe,your pen is in your pocket.,He,may be,a student.,Maybe,he is a student.,must,have to,must,表必须，必要，强调说话人的主观意愿，而,have to,更强调客观需要，“不得不”。,I must clean the room.,（主观想法）,I have to clean the room.,（客观需要）,在回答,must,引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用,dont have to,或,neednt,(,不必,),，不用,mustnt,。,Must I go tomorrow?,Yes,please./Yes,you must.,No,you neednt.,No,you dont have to.,must be+表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）,He must be an honest boy.,This must be your room.,have to 有第三人称单数和时态的变化。,She/He/It has to.,They had to.,They will have to.,have to,的否定和疑问形式必须借助于助动词,do,来构成。,I have to get up early.,I dont have to get up so early.,Do I have to get up so ear,ly?,should,ought to,否定形式,should not/shouldnt,ought not to/oughtnt to,疑问形式直接用,should,ought,提问,。,你不应该抽这么多烟。,You oughtnt to/shouldnt smoke so much.,我应不应该给她写信？,Should I write to her?,Ought I to write to her?,should,的特殊用法,I find it quite astonishing that he should be so rude to you.,我很惊讶他,竟然,对你如此无礼。,I cant think why she should have done such a thing.,我不明白她为什么,竟然,做出这样的事。,should,常用在从句中表示一种感情色彩，可译为“竟然”。,will,和,would,will,would,作为助动词可以用来构成将来时态。,作为情态动词，,will/would,可以,：,1.表示意志，决心或愿望。,Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.,He wouldnt go to see the doctor.,2.表示经常性、习惯性的行为，常译为“总是”。,She will listen to music alone in her room for hours.,He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.,3.用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，,would,的语气比,will,委婉。,Would/will you please tell me the way to the station?,4.表猜测，“大概”，“可能”,This will be the book you are looking for.,She would be about 60 when she died.,1.John gets upset when he _ understand a problem.,2.My pen is out of ink._ you let me use yours?,3.Youd better take the umbrella with you;it _ rain.,4.I asked him for the keys,but he _ give them to me.,5.Her brother died suddenly.She _ be very sad.,cant,Will/Would,may/might,would not,must,Exercise:Fill in each blank with a modal verb.,6.Are you coming to Jeffs party?,Im not sure.I _ go to the concert instead.,7.Will you stay for lunch?,Sorry,I _.My brother is coming to see me.,may/might,cant,need,既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。,做实义动词,有人称和时态的变化：,I,need,some help.,(need sth.),He,needs,to get some sleep.,(need to do sth.),His hair,needed,cutting.,(need doing,主动表被动,),此时，否定和疑问都要用助动词,do,构成。,I dont need any help./Do you need any help?,He doesnt need to get any sleep./Does he need to.?,His hair didnt need cutting./Did his hair need cutting?,做情态动词,后接动词原形，没有人称和时态变化一般只用在否定句和疑问句中：,sb.neednt do sth.,指“不必,.”,You neednt wait for me.,She need