英语语法助动词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,助动词,协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助 动词（,Auxiliary Verb,）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（,Main Verb,）。,助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。如：,He doesnt like English.,他不喜欢英语。,（,doesnt,是助动词，无词义；,like,是主要动词，有词义,),什么是助动词？,分类及简介,助动词分为：基本助动词，情态助动词，半助动词。,基本助动词：,be,，,do,，,have,情态助动词：,shall,will,should,would,，,could,半助动词：以,be,为中心成分，以,have,为中心成分，以,seem,为中心成分。,助动词,be,的用法：,1)be+,现在分词，构成进行时态。如：,They are having a meeting.,English is becoming more and more important.,2)be+,过去分词，构成被动语态。如：,The window was broken by Tom.,English is taught throughout the world.,3)be+,动词不定式，可表示最近、未来的计划或安排。如：,He is to go to New York next week.,We are to teach the fresh persons.,一、,基本助动词,助动词,have,的用法,:,1)have+,过去分词，构成完成时态。如：,He has left for London.,By the end of last month,they had,finished half of their work.,2,）,have+been+,现在分词，构成完成进行时。如：,I have been studying English for ten years.,3,）,have+been+,过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。如：,English has been taught in China for many years.,助动词,do,的用法,:,1,）构成一般疑问句。如：,Do you want to pass the CET?,2,）,do+not,构成否定句。如：,He doesnt like to study.,In the past,many students did not know the importance of English.,3),构成否定祈使句。如：,Dont be so absent-minded.,说明：构成否定祈使句只用,do,，不用,did,和,does,。,4),放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语,气。如：,Do come to my birthday party.,I did go there.,5),用于倒装句，例如：,Never did I hear of such a thing.,Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.,只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英,语的重要性。,说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有,never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well,等。,6),用作代动词，例如：,Do you like Beijing?,Yes,I do.,（,do,用作代动词，代替,like Beijing.,）,He knows how to drive a car,doesnt he?,他知道如何开车，对吧？,二、情态助动词,1 can/could,(1),指主观能力。,Can,指现在和将来。指过去的能力一般用,was/were able to,How long can you hold your breath under water,？,That is easy.I can do that tomorrow.,could have done,用于虚拟语气指“过去本来能够却没有”,she should have explained the mystery.,她本可以解释这个秘密的。,（,2,）表可能。,Can,表可能时常用于疑问句和否定句，指某事是否事实。,Can it be true?,We cant change a law.,He said he couldnt agree more.,(3),表允许用于非正式场合。,Can,在肯定疑问句中表要求在否定句中表禁止。,You can smoke in the entrance hall.,Can you lend me 2yuan?,Could,用于这个意义时只用于疑问句，语气更加委婉。,Could you please fetch us a few cups?,(4),表感情色彩。表某种情绪。,What can satisfied her?(,不满,),What else can you say?,（不耐烦）,How can I do such a thing?(,难办,),注意,Can,与,could,的区别与联系,（,1,）,Could,是,can,的过去式，除具,can,的各种功能外，还用来表示语气委婉。,（,2,）,Can,和,could,还可以表示某人或某物一时的特点指“有可能有时会”,It can be very misty in this area.,这里有时会大雾弥漫。,He could be very proud.,他有时会很骄傲,2,、,may,与,might,（,1,）表示可以做或可能发生的事,He may come soon.,You may order a taxi by telephone.,Might,用于间接引语；也表客观未实现的动作,He said he might order a taxi by telephone.,他说他可以用电话定出租车。,He might have fallen ill if he hadnt take the medicine.,他如果没服药可能就病倒了,（,2,）表允许,多用于肯定句和疑问句，正式场合,You may take the book home,。,.,你可以把这本书带回家。,May I borrow your bicycle?,我可以借你的自行车吗？,Might,表允许时比,may,更有礼貌。,Might I have a little brandy?,我可以喝一点白兰地吗？,（,3,）表祝愿通常用,may,此时句子用倒转语序。,May our friendship live long.,Happy may your birthday be.,May god bless you.,（,4,）,might,可用于虚拟语气,If you didnt mind,I might go there.,如果你不反对的话，我可能就去那里。,Why on earth didnt he send to say that he was ill?,We might have helped him.,究竟为什么他不捎信来说他生病了？我们帮助他的。,（,5,）,may might,用于某些从句。,However cold it may be,we will go skiing.,不管天多冷，我们都要去滑雪。,（,6,）固定词组,May well+do,意为“理应有足够的理由”,May/might as well+do,用来建议或劝说某人采取是某种行动。意为“还不如，不妨”,He may well be proud of his son.,他大可以以他的儿子为荣。,He might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.,借钱给他还不如把钱扔到海里。,注意,:,（,1,）,may/might,比较,表推测时，,might,比,may,更不确定。,表允许时，,might,比,may,更有礼貌。,（,2,）,might may can could,比较,may,和,can,表可观可能和允许时意义相同，但是也不能随意互换。表可观可能时，,may,仅用于肯定句而,can,可用于各种句式。,He may find the book at the library.,Can he find the book at the loibrary?,He cant find the book at the library.,might,和,could,后跟不定时完成时表示过去未实现的动作。,He might have found the book at the library.,他可以在图书馆找到这本书就好了（实际未找到）。,He could have found the book at the library.,他能够在图书馆找到这本书就好了（实际未找到）,may,较正式，而,can,口语化。,May(might)I speak to you for a moment,professor?,Can(could)I have a cup of tea,mom?,could,有时也可表示推测，因此三者可以互换。,He may/might/could br at the conference.,may not,表示不可能时，重音落在,may,上。,May not,表示不许可时，重音落在否定词上。,因此在书面语中，为防止歧义，表示不可能用,cant,3 will/would,will would,表请求，指将来，用于疑问句。此时,would,更委婉,would you mind closing he door?,Will you give her the letter?,Will would,表习惯反复动作，用于肯定句。,You will have your own way.,你总是想怎样就怎样。,Will would,表料想推测，指没现在或将来，用于二三人称。可用进行时指现在，完成式指过去。,Hurry up.They will be waiting.,快点，他们一定在等我们。,He will have got home by now.,他该到家了。,推测程度由高到低为,mustwillwouldought toshouldcancouldmay-might,Will would,表意愿，用于第一人称。,Will,指将来，,would,用于间接引语指过去的将来,I wont argue with you.,I said I would do anything for him.,Will would,用于非人称主语，表示固有的性质倾向，通常用于否定句。,The window wont open.,窗户打不开。,The door wont shut.,门关不上,Will would,表拒绝用于否定句即,wont,I wont marry a man I dont love.,I wont listen to your nonsenses.,Would,用于虚拟语气,I wish the rain would stop for a moment.,You would answer much better if you were more attentive.,注意：比较,would,与,used to,二者均可表示习惯,不同之