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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,国际市场细分、目标市场选择与定位,1,“Segment, concentrate, dominate.”,Don Tyson,Senior Chairman, Tyson Foods,“我专为一、敌分为十,是以十攻其一,则我众而敌寡。”“故备前则后寡,备后则前寡,备左则右寡,备右则左寡,无所不备,则无所不寡。”,孙子兵法“虚实篇”,2,内容提要,市场与市场细分,消费者市场细分,商业市场细分,国际市场细分,市场细分的步骤,到达细分市场的策略,市场定位,3,Learning Objective,1,市场与市场细分,Describe the characteristics of,markets and market segments.,Explain the importance of market segmentation. Discuss criteria for successful market segmentation.,4,Market Segmentation,Market,Market,Segment,Market,Segmentation,People or organizations with needs or wants and the ability and authority to buy,A subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product needs.,The process of dividing a market into meaningful, relatively similar, identifiable segments or groups.,1,5,市场是,A Market is.,具如下特征的人或组织,people or organizations with,购买欲,needs or wants, willingness &,购买力,ability, purchasing power &,购买权,authority,to buy,上述因素缺少任何一个都不构成市场,1,consumer markets,business markets,6,消费者市场,Consumer markets,由最终消费者构成,购买商品和服务用于个人消费的个人与家庭,消费者购买行为千差万别,购买决策背后都有一系列决定因素,1,全球的消费者市场有60亿人口,7,商业市场,Business markets,由组织构成,购买商品和服务是用于生产向他人出售、租赁、供应产品和服务,既包括制造商,也包括批发和零售企业,涉及的价值与产品比消费者市场大的多,消费者,的一次购买需要涉及多次,商业,购买,1,为生产轮胎,固特异必须进行大量商业交易采购橡胶、钢铁、机器设备,8,商业市场区别于消费者市场的特征,市场结构和需求,采购者的性质,决策以及决策过程的类型,1,9,市场结构和需求,商业市场包括较少但规模较大的买主,商业客户在地理位置上趋于集中,商业需求是派生需求商业买主的需求来自最终消费者的需求,若最终消费需求(汽车、住房)下降,许多商业市场上需求缺乏弹性在短期内受价格变化的影响不大,1,皮革降价不会促使制鞋商购买更多皮革,除非鞋价也跟着下降并促使消费者增加对鞋的需求,为增加商业需求,商业营销者有时直接向最终消费者进行促销,10,采购者的性质,商业购买涉及,更多采购者,和,更专业化的购买活动,由训练有素的采购人员进行,并且若购买越复杂,就越可能由多人共同参与购买决策过程,商业市场的销售人员也应经过培训才能与采购者打交道,1,在购买大宗商品时,有技术专家和高层管理人员的参与是很常见的,11,决策及决策过程的类型,商业购买者面临更更复杂的购买决策,商业购买过程更正式化,商业购买中,买卖双方更相互依赖,与客户建立长期密切关系,1,交易常涉及大笔资金、复杂的技术、经济和人际因素,需更多的时间来制定购买决策数月甚至超过一年,大笔商业购买常需要详细的产品说明、书面订单、细致的供应调查以及正式的合同甚至会准备专门的采购指导手册,12,细分市场,Market segment,或称“子市场”具有一个或多个特征而导致有相同产品需求的人或组织的子群体,一个极端是将世上每个人/组织定义为一个细分市场,另一极端是将整个消费者市场(整个商业市场)作为一个大细分市场,1,所有人都具有某些相同特征和需求、所有商业组织亦然,13,市场细分,Market Segmentation,把市场分成几个有意义的、相对小的、可识别的子群体(子市场)的过程,细分的目的是营销人员能针对一个或多个特殊的细分市场的需求制定专门的营销组合 (to tailor marketing mixes to meet the needs of one or more specific segments),1,14,图4-1:市场细分,不做细分,按性别细分:M, F,完全细分,按年龄细分:老、中、青,按年龄性别细分:老M、中M、青M、青F,1,15,市场细分的重要性,市场上存在具有不同产品需求与偏好的个人或组织单一的市场营销组合无法满足所有顾客的需求,企业不可能获得整个市场,或至少不能以单一市场营销组合吸引所有消费者,牙膏人人都用、但目的各不相同:,Crest,强调防止蛀牙;,Close Up,暗示能增强异性吸引力;,Gleem,更白;,Topol,去烟斑;,Colgate Junior,取悦儿童(加氟保护投父母所好),1,16,市场细分的重要性(续),市场细分让营销者能更好的界定消费者的需求,识别具有相同需求的顾客群体,分析其购买行为,设计专门营销组合,迎合一个或多个细分市场的顾客需求特点,1,“每个人都喜欢的产品没有市场,而只有一些人非常喜欢的产品才有市场”,某广告经理语,17,市场细分的重要性(续),让决策者能更加明确目标,并更有效分配资源,目标越明确,越有利于业绩评价,在满足顾客需求的同时实现组织的目标,1,“来福枪法”注意力集中在有较大购买兴趣的顾客身上,.OR.,“霰弹枪法” 对每位顾客都投入资源精力,18,市场细分的重要性(续),总之,市场需求多样而企业的资源有限,每个企业都必须找到它能最好满足的细分市场,最高效率使用有限的资源,以获得竞争优势,而不是试图在整个市场内竞争,有时甚至只和优越的对手竞争,(,例,4-1),Competitive,Advantage,1,19,例4-1:沃尔玛唯一害怕的公司,在零售业,沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)是势不可挡、贪得无厌的巨人,它携2,470亿美元营业额和每年15%的增长率之威,八城里的大小商店逼得没有活路,并将曾经不可一世的竞争对手凯马特(Kmart)打得破产,尽管如此,还有一块未被征服的地方,会员制仓储零售,令沃尔玛不安,这好比一只800磅重的超级大猩猩竟然被规模只有它的1/5的公司当猴耍!在这个细分市场里,沃尔玛显得老态龙钟、步履蹒跚。10年间,沃尔玛先后换了五任CEO,绞尽脑汁想让旗下的山姆会员店(Sams Club)占领这块市场,但好市多(Costoco Wholesale)总能立于不败之地,捍卫着自己的领地,1,20,例4-1:沃尔玛唯一害怕的公司(续),让我们来看看数字吧!山姆会员店在美国的门店比好市多多71%(532:312)。然而到今年8月31日止,好市多的销售额却比山母店高出5%每家好市多店的平均收入几乎是山姆店的两倍,好市多的使命就是形成一个,高端商品低价销售,的细分市场。会员制仓储零售在美国庞大的零售市场仅占很小的空间大约4%但它很重要。在疲弱无力的零售市场上,会员仓储销售是为数不多的增长市场,而且这种业务为打折这一概念注入全新的理解:只有社会低层才购买折扣商品的看法,会员仓储零售吸引了大批城市富裕者所谓的“白领垃圾”,1,21,例4-1:沃尔玛唯一害怕的公司(续),零售咨询专家卖克尔.希尔维斯坦在最近与人合著的一本名为只买贵的(Trading Up)的书里解释道,这些人愿意在令他们心动、但不必付全价的商品上花更多的钱。在过去20年里,这些人群数量日益庞大,服务于这群人的好市多也爆发性地成长起来“仓储会员零售意味着你既买了贵的,也捡了便宜”,既然如此,山姆会员店为何赶不上这个潮流呢?表面上,两家的经营模式非常类似:都直接出售从集装箱里取出的未经包装货物、都以小生意人为主要目标并收取一定数量的会员年费:好市多$45,而山姆$30,1,22,例4-1:沃尔玛唯一害怕的公司(续),但后来,沃尔玛培养出来的主管最终将公司的经营范围确定于一个比较安全的领域:面向广阔的中级市场,定位于人口在10万-20万的小城市。,经过20年不断的战略调整。山姆会员店也开始涉足一些高端商品,但它还无法确定自己的核心顾客是否对奢侈品感兴趣“山姆会员店是建立在这样的顾客(抱怨在百货店卖$59但在山姆店内标价$39的Polo牌T恤昂贵)基础之上的,他们很难改弦易辙”,Source: John Helyar,财富(中文版)2004年2月,1,23,表4-1:好市多与山姆的粗略对比,好市多,山姆会员店,创立时间,1983,1983,在美国的营业额,(截至2003.8.31),$344亿,$329亿,会员人数,4,200万,4,600万,会员平均薪水,$95,333,NA,会员年会费,$45,$30-35,美国仓储店,312家,532家,年均销售额,(每家美国店),$1.12亿,$0.63亿,平均每次交易额,$94,$78,每平方英尺均销售额,$797,$497,每年员工变更率,23%,45%,1,24,有效市场细分的标准,Criteria for Successful Segmentation,Criteria for Market Segments,Identifiability/,Measurability,Substantiality,Accessibility,Differential,Responsiveness,1,市场细分确有必要,但细分并不必然导致成功,25,特征可以被识别;规模(购买力)可以衡量,关于人口、地理的统计数据最容易获得,能提供相当具体的市场规模预测,如:美国人口普查数据显示,senior citizens为6300万,每年消费超过$9000亿,有效市场细分的标准(一),可识别/衡量,1,26,有效市场细分的标准(二),充实性/可获利性,足够大、足够有利可图,值得为其制定专门的营销组合,一定的顾客量以实现盈亏平衡:身高不足4英尺的侏儒专门设计汽车?小脚老太鞋店?,分得过细导致昂贵、复杂和低效的市场策略 : P&G就决定集中力量与比过去更少的特殊细分市场,以更好利用资源,但并不意味着要有许多潜在的顾客,有时即使仅有一个或几个顾客有时也值得专门定制:建筑装修、商务飞机、豪华车、大型计算机系统,有的市场看重现在的获利:African American-$2750亿购买力;有些市场瞄准将来:新兴国家(中国、印度、俄罗斯、巴西);麦当劳特别注意儿童,1,27,有效市场细分的标准(三),可到达性/可行动性,能有效地向该细分市场促销、分销,同时企业具有能占领该市场必须的技能和资源,Hispanic-American market,能通过国家电视台,375个广播电台,超过1000种印刷出版品到达,假定某香水公司发现本公司品牌的使用者是回家晚,社交活动多的单身女人和男人。除非这些人在某些地方居住或者购买东西,并且接触某种新闻媒体,否则很难接触,能够设计出吸引和满足细分市场的有效方案:一家小型航空公司,发现了7大细分市场,但雇员太少而不能为每个细分市场单独制定营销组合,1,28,有效市场细分的标准(四),反应差异,除非细分市场能对某个营销组合产生不同的反应,否则没有区别对待的必要,食盐的购买者可分为长发和短发,但头发颜色与买盐毫不相关,关注价格的人会对降价反应;但看重质量、认为1分钱1分货的人则降价不会引发反应,人口中有近1/10为左撇子,却绝少有产品是针对该市场,主要是难以找到和接触该市场,同时也没有反应差异,1,29,Learning Objective,消费者市场细分,Describe the bases commonly,used to segment consumer markets.,2,30,细分基础,Segmentation Bases,也叫“细分变量”,指被用来将整个市场分成更小细分市场的个人、集体或组织的,特征,2,可以一个或几个变量来细分市场。虽然使用多个变量更为复杂、更难得到二手数据;但当前趋势是使用更多变量、精确定义市场,31,消费者市场的细分基础,Bases for Segmentation,Usage Rate,Benefits Sought,Psychographics,Demographics,Geography,Bases Used toSegmentConsumerMarkets,2,32,地理细分,Geographic Segmentation,根据国家、地区、市场规模、市场密度或气候细分市场,Segmenting markets by region of the country or world, market size, market density, or climate.,2,最古老的细分方法之一,原因是同一地区通常会存在“地区偏好”地区一般购买倾向:江西人不怕辣、湖南人辣不怕、四川人怕不辣、广东人爱喝汤、上海人爱、福建人爱,33,地理细分的基础,Bases for Geographic Segmentation,国家或地区 Region of the country or world,中、外;东、西、南、北;沿海、内陆;闽、粤、川、沪,市场规模 Market size,大城市、中等城市、小城市,市场密度 Market density,市区、郊区、城镇、乡村,气候 Climate,对居民的需求和购买行为影响巨大:服装、空调、滑雪、滑水,2,34,地理细分的优点,Benefits of Regional Segmentation,在增长缓慢和竞争剧烈情况下增加销售的出路,易于评估地区最畅销品牌,易于开发针对地区偏好的区域品牌,对竞争做出更快的反应,2,35,地理细分缺点,静态变量,人口迁移可能改变地区偏好或改变分销渠道(人口由市中心向市郊迁移使downtown shopping area瓦解),细分基础过于粗略,要考虑增加其它变量,2,36,人口细分,Demographic Segmentation,根据人口统计变量年龄、性别、收入、种族、家庭生命周期等细分市场,Segmenting markets,by age, gender, income, ethnic background,and family life cycle,2,37,人口细分的基础,Bases for Demographic Segmentation,2,年龄 Age,性别 Gender,收入 Income,种族 Ethnic background,家庭生命周期 Family Life Cycle,家庭规模 Family size,教育 Education,职业 Occupation,38,性别 Gender/Sex,某些产品“分性别”(gender-specific),服装、报刊、个人卫生用品,产品不分性别,但主要购买者“分性别”,化妆品、香水、日用品女性,家用电器男性,性别影响“购物行为”和对营销信息的接受,避免性别定势(gender stereotype)&防止性别歧视,2,39,例4-4:性别影响“购物行为”,新女性营销,触动她心灵的“button”,电视广告、购物心情左右女性shopping,中国经营报B4, 2004年3月8日,2,40,例4-5:打破性别定势,电脑动作游戏玩家通常为男性,但软件开发商正在减少其中暴力以吸引女性,“花样男人”许多化妆品也意识到男性越来越注重外表,专门开发男性护肤、染发用品(费翔、小贝、F4),职业女性位置越来越高年均收入/购买力正在提高汽车、金融、保险正在把目光直接瞄准妇女:Cadillac发现40%豪华车买主为女性,2,41,年龄 Age,Infant; under 6; 6-11; 12-17; 18-24;25-34; 35-49; 50-64; 65 or over,婴幼儿食品、夕阳红旅行团,年龄的分布,和,变化趋势,对营销人员极为重要,消费者的需求随年龄不同而有明显差异,同年龄层的人具有近似的核心价值观,最终将影响其购买行为和偏好由“代沟效应”所导致,2,42,代沟效应,The cohort effect,某代人受其性格形成的关键阶段(大约17-22岁)发生事件影响并抱团的一种趋势,The tendency of members of a generation to be influenced and bound together by events occurring during their keyformative years, roughly 17 to 22 years of age,2,43,例4-6:美国市场的年龄细分,Generation Y,Born after 1977; 30 million, 1/10 of population,Spend $97.3 million annually 2/3 goes to clothing ($33m), entertainment ($21m), personal care ($8.3m),未来的希望,2,44,例4-6:美国市场的年龄细分,Generation X (X-ers),Born between 1966-76; 21% of population,First large group经历,day care和parental divorce;;又称“挂钥匙的孩子”,在经济衰退和公司裁员的环境中长大,更具性别平等观念,更易受同伴影响,在营销上,一些专家认为:X-ers know what they want &并且反感那些talk down to their age group的营销策略;喜欢实用和便宜的产品,喜欢诚实的广告,热衷“extreme sports”,Computer literate consumer Internet成为reaching Xers重要工具,2,45,例4-6 (续) :美国市场的年龄细分,生育高峰一代 (Baby boomers),1946-1965; nearly 42% of population, 因规模而受看重,战后出生,受70-80年代的counterculture movement of Woodstock era、 materialistic(唯物主义?)、career-oriented drive影响,比上一代收入更高、更注重物质拥有、更在意健康,营销人员原来预期他们会像其上一代,随年龄增长更少(小)买房,但事实却相反Boomers继续住大房子、甚至upgrade,随着这一代人变老,营销人员正在寻找新的市场机会,正在成为化妆品细分市场中增长最快的一块-要保持年轻外表,如Paul Mitchells Hair Salon Systems的洗发香波就是专为越来越稀疏的头发而专门设计的,2,46,例4-6 (续) :美国市场的年龄细分,老年人(Seniors),Graying of America 银发族,born before 1945,only 26% of population now (64 million) over age 50, but 33% by 2010,强大的经济力量,55岁以上的一家之主控制着全美国金融资产的3/4,50岁以上的人口购买力代表年$9000亿的市场,拥有自由支配收入及房子的比例高于其他年龄层WOOFS(well-off older folks)成为许多营销人员瞄准的目标市场,2,47,年龄细分注意事项,年龄分布随着时间变化,同样要避免年龄定势 (stereotype),同是40岁的夫妻,有些已经送孩子上大学,有些才刚组成家庭;同是70岁,有的不离轮椅,有的却活跃在网球场上,人老心不老拒绝senior citizens, golden years或retirees之类的广告语,玩具不是儿童的专利,2,48,收入和消费模式,Income & Expenditure Patterns,$5000; $10,000; $15,000; $20,000; $30,000; $40,000, $60,000,住房、汽车、食品、游艇、成衣、化妆品、金融和旅游业等通常以此来细分市场,收入水平影响消费者欲求,决定购买力恩格尔定律,大多数营销人员瞄准中等收入阶层,或,用奢侈品和周到便利的服务来吸引富裕消费者,低收入阶层同样有商机,2,49,恩格尔定律,Engles Law,消费模式与收入的关系19世纪德国统计学家Ernst Engle预言随着家庭收入的增加:,食比重下降(绝对数额增加),住、衣比重不变,娱、教育等比重增加,2,恩格尔定律至今仍基本正确,例外:衣比重上升;医药、个人护理下降,50,例4-7:只要有利可图,不论高收入还是中低收入,40% (4000万个)美国家庭收入在$25,000以下Family Dollar连锁店就把低收入者作为目标市场,并从中获得利润,搜索店址时,专找中低收入阶层的居民点(穿廉价鞋、开漏油车),典型顾客 $ 17,000/年,每次花费$6,沃尔玛却把店址从传统的市郊和中等收入市场迁往上层居住区、提升商品档次,2,51,家庭生命周期,Family Life Cycle, FLC,Age,MaritalStatus,Children,2,根据年龄、婚姻状况及有否小孩将人生分为一系列阶段 ,life stage,比,age, gender, income,更能解释消费者购买行为差异,52,家庭生命周期类型,Young, single,Young, married without children,Young, married with children,Middle-aged married with children,Middle-aged, married without dependent children,Older, married,Older, single,Other variations for single parents, divorced, etc.,2,53,例4-8:家庭生命周期对营销的影响,Young single,极少经济负担 Few financial burdens,领导时尚者Fashion opinion leaders,娱乐导向 Recreation-oriented,购买 buy:,小家具 Basic furniture,小用具 Basic kitchen equipment,娱乐消遣,服装,2,54,例4-8(续):家庭生命周期对营销的影响,Young married without/with children,年轻夫妇无小孩,经济状况较宽松,高耐用品购买率,购买:车、冰箱、炉灶、耐用家具、外出用餐、旅游,年轻夫妇有小孩,家庭采购高峰,对财务现状不满,购买:washers, dryers, TVs, baby food, dolls, cough medicine, vitamins, wagons, ,头一个孩子的出生大大改变生活。全美国平均每对夫妻$2,000购买婴儿用品,每年0-1岁婴儿用品花费开支$130亿,2,55,例4-8(续):家庭生命周期对营销的影响,Older married with/without dependent children,中年夫妇有小孩,经济状况改善,更多妻子外出工作,不易受广告影响,购买:new & more tasteful furniture, auto travel, unnecessary appliances, boats, dental services, magazines,中年夫妇小孩已独立,Empty nesters,家庭财富顶峰,对旅行、娱乐、自我教育感兴趣,对新产品不感兴趣,购买:vacations, luxuries, home improvements,2,56,心理细分,Psychographic Segmentation,2,依据个性、动机、生活方式、价值观和社会阶层等细分市场,Market segmentation on,the basis of personality, motives, lifestyles, values &Geodemographics,心理细分比地理、人口细分提供更有血有肉的目标消费者描述,为公司迎合特定消费者制定营销组合更有助益,57,心理细分的基础,Bases for Psychographic Segmentation,PsychographicSegmentation,Personality,Motives,Lifestyles,Geodemographics,2,58,图4-2:VALS,TM,心理细分系统,2,59,VALS,TM,心理细分系统说明,由SRI国际公司开发的针对美国消费者的心理分类系统,VALS代表“价值观和生活方式(Value and Life Style)”,最早于1978年开发,两个维度,八类人群,2,60,VALS,TM,的两个维度,资源 resources纵向维度,收入、教育、健康、自信、信息、购买欲望、和精力等,根本动机 Primary-Motivation横向维度,Ideals :,guided by knowledge and principles,Achievement:,look for products and services that demonstrate success to their peers,self-expression,:,desire social or physical activity, variety, and risk,2,61,VALS,TM,的八类人群,Innovators,successful, sophisticated, take-charge people with high self-esteem. Because they have such abundant resources, they exhibit all three primary motivations in varying degrees. They are change leaders and are the most receptive to new ideas and technologies. Innovators are very active consumers, and their purchases reflect cultivated tastes for upscale, niche products and services,自信,享受“精品,(finer-things),”,善于接受新产品和新技术,对广告抱有戒心,2,62,VALS,TM,的八类人群,Thinkers,motivated by ideals. mature, satisfied, comfortable , and reflective people who value order, knowledge, and responsibility. tend to be well educated. well-informed about world and national events. alert to opportunities to broaden their knowledge. open to consider new ideas. Although their incomes allow them many choices, Thinkers are conservative, practical consumers; they look for durability, functionality, and value in the products they buy.,推崇学识,淡泊名利,喜欢教育类和纪实类节目,广泛、经常阅读,保守、务实,关心价值、耐久,2,63,VALS,TM,的八类人群,Believers,are motivated by ideals. They are conservative, conventional people with concrete beliefs based on traditional, established codes: family, religion, community, and the nation. Many Believers express moral codes that are deeply rooted and literally interpreted. They follow established routines, organized in large part around home, family, community, and social or religious organizations to which they belong.As consumers, Believers are predictable; they choose familiar products and established brands. They favor American products and are generally loyal customers,传统,家庭导向,买美国货, 慢于改变习惯,寻求便宜货,看电视高于平均水平,2,64,VALS,TM,的八类人群,Achievers,Motivated by the desire for achievement, have goal-oriented lifestyles and a deep commitment to career and family. Their social lives reflect this focus and are structured around family, their place of worship, and work. live conventional lives, are politically conservative, and respect authority and the status quo. value consensus, predictability, and stability over risk, intimacy, and self-discovery. With many wants and needs, Achievers are active in the consumer marketplace. Image is important to Achievers; they favor established, prestige products and services that demonstrate success to their peers. Because of their busy lives, they are often interested in a variety of time-saving devices,注重形象,相对富裕,对高档货感兴趣,看平均水平电视,2,65,VALSTM2的八类人群(续),奋斗者 strivers,trendy and fun loving. motivated by achievement, concerned about the opinions and approval of others. Money defines success for Strivers, who dont have enough of it to meet their desires. favor stylish products that emulate the purchases of people with greater material wealth. Many see themselves as having a job rather than a career, and a lack of skills and focus often prevents them from moving ahead.active consumers because shopping is both a social activity and an opportunity to demonstrate to peers their ability to buy. As consumers, they are as impulsive as their financial circumstance will allow,注重形象,可支配收入有限,但尚能保持收支平衡,花费于衣服和个人护理, 喜欢看电视胜过阅读,2,66,VALSTM2的八类人群(续),Experiencers,motivated by self-expression. As young, enthusiastic, and impulsive consumers, quickly become enthusiastic about new possibilities but are equally quick to cool. seek variety and excitement, savoring the new, the offbeat, and the risky. Their energy finds an outlet in exercise, sports, outdoor recreation, and social activities.avid consumers and spend a comparatively high proportion of their income on fashion, entertainment, and socializing. Their purchases reflect the emphasis they place on looking good and having cool stuff,行动导向,追随时尚,可支配收入多用于社交,凭冲动购买,听摇滚乐,2,67,VALSTM2的八类人群(续),知足者 Makers,motivated by self-expression. express themselves and experience the world by working on it-building a house, raising children, fixing a car, or canning vegetables-and have enough skill and energy to carry out their projects successfully. practical people who have constructive skills and value self-sufficiency. live within a traditional context of family, practical work, and physical recreation and have little interest in what lies outside that context.suspicious of new ideas and large institutions such as big business. unimpressed by material possessions other than those with a practical or functional purpose. prefer value to luxury, buy basic products.,自足,为舒适、耐久、价值而采购,对奢侈品不感冒, 阅读汽车、居家(home mechanics) 、钓鱼杂志,2,68,VALSTM2的八类人群(续),Survivors,live narrowly focused lives. With few resources with which to cope, they often believe that the world is changing too quickly. They are comfortable with the familiar and are primarily concerned with safety and security. Because they must focus on meeting needs rather than fulfilling desires, Survivors do not show a strong primary motivation.Survivors are cautious consumers. They represent a very modest market for most products and services. They are loyal to favorite brands, especially if they can purchase them at a discount.,消费有限、关心安全、品牌忠诚、相信广告、常看电视,SRI网址:/,2,69,例4-9:铁城啤酒利用VASL,铁城啤酒是美国匹茨堡的一个著名品牌,面临销量下降核心顾客因年岁增长而减少消费、年轻顾客不认账,据VALS调查,饮用啤酒最多的是experiencers,其次是strivers。而“铁城”对这两类人的调查发现,他们认为“铁城”是属于老派蓝领工人,而与他们这些自认为新派、努力工作、追求乐趣的人形象不符,“铁城”于是重新制作广告,力图将其充满活力动感的新形象与目标顾客experiencers和strivers努力工作又尽情享乐的场景联系起来。 这个行动仅开展了一个月,“铁城”啤酒的销量迅速上升了26%,2,70,Japanese VALS,开放者 Integrators (占人口4%)活跃,引领潮流,见多识广,经常旅游,对革新最开放,自我革新者和自我适应者 Self-Innovators & Self-Adapters (7%, 11%) 追随时尚、社交、享乐,良识和良识 Ryoshiki & Ryoshiki (6%,10%)事业导向,个人奋斗, 但也关心家和社会地位,传统和传统 Traditional & Traditional (6%,10%)执着日本传统宗教习俗、社会观点保守、寻求长期-熟悉品牌,高/低实用主义者 High Pragmatics & Low Pragmatics (14%,17%)不受利诱、不活跃,卫道士 Sustainers(15%) 不喜欢革新、恋旧的老年消费者,有远见、见识与众不同,2,71,各国消费者的心理细分,英国,先锋派:喜欢变化,顽固派:传统主义者、非常英国化,变色龙:随大流,梦游者:知足的无所作为者,马来西亚,追求地位与卓越的上层,有野心不安分者,标新立异的叛逆者,只想混日子的梦游者,与大众一致的不显眼者,受城市影响的乡村潮流带动者,守旧的乡村传统者,2,72,俄罗斯消费者的心理细分,商人,哥萨克,学生,高级职员,俄罗斯灵魂,有野心、独立、追求地位;开宝马车、抽登喜路、喝人头马,被动、害怕选择,并充满希望;开拉达车、抽万宝路、喝斯米诺夫伏特加,2,73,行为细分,Behavioral Segmentation,根据购买者对产品的了解程度、态度、使用以及反应来划分消费者群体,2,74,行为细分的基础,Bases for Demographic Segmentation,2,利益寻求,使用频率,品牌忠诚,75,利益细分,Benefit Segmentation,根据顾客希望从产品中寻求的利益来细分市场The process of grouping customers into market segments according to the benefits they seek from the product .,2,76,利益细分的特点,从顾客需求而不是以其它特征来细分,让企业清楚主要竞争品牌,寻找新的利益和创造提供这些利益的品牌,牙膏分经济型(低价)、药物型(防蛀)、化妆型(增白)、口感型(好口味,化妆品分美白、润肤、除螨、防晒、去皱、消斑,电脑分梦幻、高效、经济,2,77,表4-3:快餐消费者细分,寻求利益,消费水平,nutritional snackers,营养、天然,轻度,Weight watcher,低卡路里、快速能量,轻度,Guilty snackers,低卡路里、味美,重度,Party snackers,便于待客、饮料充足,平均,Indiscriminate snackers,味美、吃饱,重度,Economical snackers,低价、超值,平均,2,78,使用频率细分,Usage-Rate Segmentation,根据购买或消费数量划分市场,Dividing a market by the amount of product bought or consumed.,2,79,使用频率细分的特点,通常将顾客分为,Former users, potential users, first-time users, light/irregular users, moderate/average users, heavy users,使营销人员能专注于,heavy user,80/20规则,便于为不同的细分市场开发出多种营销组合,根据目标需要,营销人员可以对heavy, moderate, light users, 甚至nonusers进行针对性营销让heavy user“老鸟”消费更多(推出新品牌),把moderate变成heavy,培养light、nonusers“菜鸟”(因为其它公司不重视),2,80,The 80/20 Principle,A principle holding that 20 percent of all customers generate 80 percent of the demand.,2,80/20,比例数字不一定精确,但其思想大体正确:少量顾客为公司作出了大量贡献,81,例4-10:80/20原则,美国快餐业中,20%(1/5)最常光顾的顾客占了所有顾客光顾次数的60%应用80/20原则,定义这20%的顾客为heavy user (通常为单身男子)他们1999年在美国快餐店$1100亿营业额中占了约660亿(也是60%),一半的啤酒经常使用者消费了87%宁愿多1个经常使用者而不是几个偶尔使用者,啤酒商广告词:“在痛饮的时候再来一杯”、“好喝、不饱”就是瞄准这些经常饮用者,2,82,品牌忠诚度细分,Brand-Loyalty Segmentation,根据消费者对某种品牌、商店、产品的忠诚程度进行细分,2,83,品牌忠诚细分,绝对忠诚,只认唯一品牌,一定程度上忠诚,对一种产品的二、三种品牌忠诚,喜爱某一品牌,有时也会购买其它牌子,对任何牌子都不忠诚,2,84,品牌忠诚细分的优点,分析忠诚者可帮助企业获得很多信息,Colgate发现其忠诚顾客多是中产阶级、家庭成员多、更注重健康,这些将有助于Colgate划定其目标市场,研究偶尔不忠者可帮助企业查明主要竞争品牌,Colgate发现许多其品牌购买者还买Crest,就可以采用和Crest直接比较的广告来改善自己的定位,观察背弃者可以使企业了解自己营销的弱点,2,85,例4-11:提高忠诚度/使用率的方法,航空公司,frequent flyer programs,超市/宾馆/餐厅/商店,VIP卡等对heavy user的特殊优惠,2,86,Learning Objective,商业市场细分,Describe the bases for segmenting business markets.,3,87,商业市场细分基础,Business Marketing Segmentation,Geographic,Customer Type,Customer Size,Product Use,Business,Markets,Purchasing Criteria,Purchasing Strategy,Importance,Personal,Characteristics,Micro-,segmentation,Macro-,segmentation,3,88,宏观细分,Macrosegmentation,根据宏观特征如地理位置、顾客类型、顾客规模和产品用途等细分市场,The process of dividing business markets into segments based on general characteristics such as geographic location, customer type, customer size, and product use.,3,89,宏观细分基础,地理位置,某些工业品需求因地而异,市场通常有地区化倾向(硅谷、鞋城),此类产品的供应商采用地理细分,将产品销售给区域集中的产业,从就近经营中得利,顾客规模采购量、销售规模、员工数,银行业通常根据顾客规模提供不同的服务、信贷额度并给予不同程度的关注80/20原理,3,90,宏观细分基础(续),顾客类型/产品用途,影响采购量、采购标准、对供应商的选
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