资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,What is communication?,Communication comes from a Latin word, which means “to make common.”,Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, or set of behaviors-not an unchanging, static product, in which we participate.,How many Chinese words you can think of that are used to express communication?,交际、交流、传播、沟通,说了话， 对方懂了，这是交际，也是沟通。说了话，对方莫名其妙，这不是沟通，只是交际,不产生效果或产生反效果的交际。（王宗炎）,definition of communication,up to now there are as many as over 100 definitions of,communication.,the process in which one party gives the message that is,received by the other party.,in a general sense, communication refers to the or,exchange of information, ideas, feelings and so on.,Simply put, it means getting across our ideas, views,feeling, emotions, etc.,What is culture?,Five Dimensions of Culture,Products,Perspectives,Practices,Communities,Persons,Products - tangible (tools, clothing, written documents) & intangible (education, economy, politics),Practices - actions and interactions, verbal and nonverbal,Perspectives - perceptions, beliefs, values and attitudes, both explicit and implicit,Communities - specific social contexts, circumstances and groups of people carrying out cultural practices.,Persons - individual and collective, psychological,What is Culture?,Culture involves tangible forms or structures (,products,) that individual members of the culture (,persons,) use in various interactions (,practices,) in specific social circumstances and groups (,communities,) in ways that reflect their values, attitudes and beliefs (,perspectives,).,The Characteristics of Culture,1) Culture is not innate; it is learned.,Loud thunder brings little rain. (Chinese),A real master does not show. (Chinese),Nothing done with intelligence is done without speech. (Greek),Women have but two residences - the house and the tomb. (Algerian),He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own. (Swedish),Order is half of life. (German),The Characteristics of Culture,2) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation,The Characteristics of Culture,3) Culture is ethnocentric,poem:,We and They,So What is Intercultural/Cross-cultural Communication?,a field of study that looks at how people from different,cultural,backgrounds endeavor to,communicate.,Objectives of This Course,Come to see how culture influences our interaction with people of different cultural groups,Learn to predict and solve possible problems in intercultural communication,Learn to appreciate cultures of others and better understand our own culture,Increase our cross-cultural awareness,Intercultural Communication,About final grade/score for this course,I.,final exam,(70%),II.,group activities and group presentations,(15%),III.,attendance,(15%),Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Warm-up activities,please analyze the following two cases, and try to point out what the problems are.,Case 1,One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American professor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “Its rather cold. Youd better put on more clothes.” But the professor didnt appear happy on hearing this.,Case 2,There has been a very famous brand of battery in China: White Elephant. Suppose this product is to be exported to the UK or the USA, its very likely to fail without changing its brand name. Why?,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Group Work (Page 11),order for reference: ,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Debate (Page 12),pro:,people are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other,con:,people are shaped by different environments they are in; therefore, the difference overrides.,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Identifying Difference:,How We Address Each Other,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,How many ways of addressing in Chinese that you know? (Take the family name “,李”,as an example),李小姐、李先生、李师傅,李局长、李厂长、李科长、,李秘书、李书记、李老师、李工程师,李医生、李博士,李爷爷、李叔叔、李妈妈、李阿姨,李老、老李,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Case Study,reference main points for case 1(Q 1):,in Egypt the human relationship is valued so highly that is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While American certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richards mistake is choosing to praise the food rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting.,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Case Study,reference main points for case 1(Q 2):,Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and that the organization itselfbe it a family or a corporationis valued more than any particular member. While Americans stress individuality and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably to be in conflict with the goals or values of the group. Richards mistake was making great efforts to defend himself.,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Case Study,reference main points for case 1(Q3):,in this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”, for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.” The ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,” even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Case Study,reference main points for case 2:,in American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and mean what they say. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations. Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and they tend not to say what is on their minds and rely more on implications. In this case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect the student has not studies hard enough.,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Case Study,reference main points for case 3:,The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs, in the beginning, Mary didnt realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience frustration when this happen again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem.,Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures,Case Study,reference main points for case 4:,it might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual and specialized. Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends readily, and they dont feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from other cultures would be hurt very deeply.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,the word culture is most commonly used in three basic senses:,excellence of taste in the,fine arts,and,humanities,an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning,the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Maslows hierarchy of needs,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Maslows Hierarchy of Needs VS. Chinese Cultural Points,自我实现,审美,认知,尊重,归属,安全,生理,留取丹心照汗青,心旷神怡,君子好学,德高望重,里仁为美,安居乐业,饮食男女,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Fill-in Task (page.44),reference:,those that are,above,the “water” are,what to eat and how to eat it;,how to keep healthy;,how to raise children;,how to participate in ceremonies;,how to introduce and greet people.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Fill-in Task (page.44),reference:,those that are,below,the “water” are,what is good or bad;,what is right or wrong;,what is beautiful or ugly;,what is clean or dirty;,how is an individual related to others.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Sharing Knowledge: More About Culture,(p.45),Reference:,Culture is what we share with some but not with all people; it is common to people belonging to a certain group or category, but different from people belonging to other groups or categories. In our life, culture is everywhere and determines how we usually behave. It includes the language in which we express ourselves, the way we raise our children, the difference we show to our elders, the physical distance from other people,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Sharing Knowledge: More About Culture,(p.45),Reference:,(continued) we maintain in order to feel comfortable, and the way we perceive general human activities such as eating, showing love, having a conversation, forming a friendship with someone, etc. and the ceremonials surrounding them.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Definition in Dictionary,Communication:,1.The act of communicating; transmission.,2. (a). The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.,(b). Interpersonal rapport.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Elements of Communication,Context,Participants,Messages,Channels,“Noise”,Feedback,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Discovering Problems:,Misleading Commercial Signs (p. 56),more cases of misuse of English in our life:,地面光滑，小心摔倒,The Ground is Smooth, Carefully Throws Down (in a hotel),售票房,Sells the Box Office (at a cinema),熟食计价处,The Familiar Food Makes Sure the Price (in a supermarket),话梅糖,Saying Plum Candies (on the package of the candies),Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Matching Task (p. 57),please match the left column with the right, and guess the implied meaning of the dialogue.,reference key:,1j 2f 3a 4g 5i,6h 7b 8c 9d 10e,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Matching Task (p. 57),More examples:,1. A: Can you tell me the time?,B: Well, the milkman has come.,implied meaning:,I dont know the exact time, but I can tell you that the milkman has come so that you may be able to tell what the approximate time it is now.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Matching Task (p. 57),More examples:,2. A: Do you like your new dress?,B: Its pink.,implied meaning:,No, I dont like it, for its not my favorite color./Yes, because I like all pink dresses.),Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Matching Task (p. 57),More examples:,3. A: Have you finished your homework?,B: I have started it.,implied meaning:,No, I havent finished my homework.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Matching Task (p. 57),More examples:,4. A: I really like the dinner.,B: Im a vegetarian.,implied meaning:,I dont like the dinner because meat has been the main course.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Matching Task (p. 57),More examples:,5. A: Has the machine been fixed?,B: Tom is away but he will be back soon.,implied meaning:,No, but it will be fixed soon.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Identifying Difference: Communicating or Communicating Effectively? (p.58),possible factors that will contribute to ineffective factors:,1. linguistically, ones familiarity with the language used in pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence patterns, etc.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Identifying Difference: Communicating or Communicating Effectively? (p.58),possible factors that will contribute to ineffective factors:,2. Culturally, ones knowledge of the people with whom one is communicating.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Identifying Difference: Communicating or Communicating Effectively? (p.58),possible factors that will contribute to ineffective factors:,3. sometimes, people are inclined to look at issues from their own point of view; therefore, they usually interpret differently messages that they transmit to others or receive from others.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 5:,In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and,Heping,was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he did not know the American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So the American didnt make a second offer of beer to,Heping, who probably thought Americans not hospitable.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 5 (continued):,However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably the young Chinese nurse had known something about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 6:,when a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, the speakers meaning and the hearers meaning. In the dialogue, when,Litz,asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 6 (continued):,However, her mother-in-law took,Litzs,quastion,to mean “,Litz,does not want me to stay for long.” From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for,Litz,to ask such question just two days after her mother-in-laws arrival. If she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 7:,Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and dont have one to offer in return , you will probably create a crisis, one who doesnt offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship .,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 7 (continued):,Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesnt know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in,returen,.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 8:,when the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as the other American girls. She didnt like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. Thats why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the ministers family over for the Christmas Even dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.,Unit,2,Communication and Culture,Case Study,reference main points for case 8 (continued):,from this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western culture in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because ones culture is different from others.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Reference key for warm up questions:,to many Chinese, Mr.,Qian,and Mr. Zhao are really good friends, for they helped each other from time to time. Since Mr. Zhao lent Mr.,Qian,a large sum of money to help his business get over the difficulty, Mr.,Qian,was greatly indebted to Mr. Zhao. In Chinese culture, friendship means a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Reference key for warm up questions (continued):,however, many Americans, like Jackson, would say that Mr. Zhao was asking too much, for what they value more are individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others debt, especially for those matters where Mr. Zhao asked Mr.,Qian,to help.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Reference key for warm up questions (continued):,Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends. But most of the time, things for which they will lend a helping hand to their friends are trivial, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangements for transportation fail.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Cultural Information: American Friendship,(p. 81),Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Tips for Americans to make friends with the Chinese:,1. be willing to spend time with those people whom you would like to make friends with.,2. try to know your friends as much as possible. Remember their names, their likes and dislikes, ask questions (though some may be rather personal) about them, and be interested in things that are typically Chinese.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Tips for Americans to make friends with the Chinese (continued):,3. try your best to start talking with people, even though they may appear unwilling to talk with strangers, and be a good listener as much as you can when they are talking with you.,4. be ready to lend a hand to others without being asked to, even in what seems to be very trivial matters.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Compare Chinese friendships and American friendships (please see the table),Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Identifying Difference: Family Structure (p.83),Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Cultural values in family structure,Traditional Chinese:,respect elders; a deep sense of duty,United States:,elders are not honored highly,Vietnamese:,family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn. Any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires.,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Cultural values in family structure,Japanese:,fathers are typically stern and aloof.,Traditional Latin American:,family-centeredthe family is the number one priority, the major frame and reference.,Orientation beliefs and behaviors ,Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck,model,Human nature,Basically evil,Mixture of good evil,Basically good,Relationship of man to nature,Man subjugated by nature,Man in harmony with nature,Man the master of nature,Sense of,time,Past-oriented,Present-oriented,Future-oriented,Activity,Being,(stress on who you are),Growing,(stress on self-development),Doing,(stress on action),Social relationships,Authoritarian,Group-oriented,Individualistic,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Intercultural Insight (p. 95),China:,siheyuan,（四合院）,Unit,3,Cultural Diversity,Case Study,ref
展开阅读全文