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,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Standards,March 31,2008 Lecture,1,StandardsMarch 31,2008 Lectur,Standards:As a part of Knowledgebase,A Product/Process engineer must knowledgeable about the product/process that he/she is responsible for designing/improving.(The manufacturer must be knowledgeable about his product as any expert in that field).,The engineer must know all existing standards(Government,Industry,Associations,company,etc.),innovations and competition related to the product/process.,2,Standards:As a part of Knowle,Definitions,Act -A formal decision or law,Code -A collection of laws,standards,Regulation -A set of orders issued to control the conduct of,personnel within the jurisdiction of the regulation,agency.,Standard -A rule or principle used as a requirement or as a,basis for judgment.,-a level of grade of excellence;something used,by general agreement to determine whether or,not a thing is as it should,Specification-A detailed description of requirements.,Practice-A series of recommended methods,rules and design.,Design Handbooks,Guides and Manuals-used in the field as reference,3,DefinitionsAct -A formal,Contents of an Engineering Standard,Purpose,Introduction/Background,Scope/Applicability,Definitions,Requirements,Test Procedures,Special considerations,e.g.warnings,installations,Rationale,4,Contents of an Engineering Sta,Example of a Standard,SAE J 585 Tail Lamp Standard,5,Example of a StandardSAE J 585,Types of Standards,Design(Specifications)vs.Performance Standards,-e.g.a reflector should be at least 4 sq.inch in area vs.the reflector should be visible at night from 400 feet under low beam headlamp illumination.,Mandatory(Federal,State,County,Municipal)vs.Voluntary(Company,Professional Society),Designed-to-Conform vs.Manufactured-to-Conform,Horizontal(apply to similar hazards in different industries)vs.Vertical(Specific for specific industry chimney,e.g.shipbuilding),6,Types of StandardsDesign(Spec,Types of Standards,Consensus Standard are those which have been adopted under procedures which have,given diverse views an opportunity to be considered,and which indicate that,interested and affected persons have reached substantial agreement,on its adoption(e.g.professional society standards,SAE,ASME,ASTM,ANSI,UL etc.),Federal Standards developed by a federal government agency created by a federal act(e.g.Motor Vehicle Safety Act);published in the Federal Register(called CFRCode of Federal Regulations),Other International and National Standards:ISO(International Standards Organization),ECE/EEC,7,Types of StandardsConsensus St,Advantages of Standards,Provide guides to designers,so they do not have to develop guides themselves;provides check/checklist during design,Provide uniformity,Influence other designers(e.g.unfamiliar),Avoid repeating errors previously made(improve quality),High safety standards will tend to produce safer products which might reduce number of recalls,accidents,injuries,claims,etc.,Alert designers of potential problems,Less chance of violation/trade-off of the consideration,8,Advantages of StandardsProvide,Disadvantages of Standards,Reduce design freedom/flexibility,Reduce novelty/innovation,Bar other“good”products if the standard is poor,Variations/versions in products make harder to apply,9,Disadvantages of StandardsRedu,Problems with Standards,Inadequate,Inconsistent(different standards);Incompatible;Contradictory(different standards have different criteria),Difficult to interpret/understand(procedures,test methods),Lacking specific details;incomplete(in a system context),Meeting the standard may not guarantee success;still need to do safety analyses(especially when performance standards and criteria are used),Useless(e.g.consensus standard usually are not very stringent),Expensive to develop,Need upgrading with advances in technologies,trends,etc.,10,Problems with Standards Inadeq,Standards Development Process,Need(increased accidents/injuries);proposal request,Literature review;understand issues,processes,considerations,cause-effect relationships,Gather data(on safety problems)to establish/support needs(e.g.relationship between product characteristics and accidents),Analyses(e.g.Hazard analysis);Tests(performance,durability,interchangeability,variations,cost-benefits),Draft standard,Review draft,Conduct tests to verify/modify proposed requirements,11,Standards Development Process,Standards Development Process(contd.),Ballot draft,Modify and acceptance,Federal agencies:Need,Petitions received(granted vs.denied),Request for Information,Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making(ANPRM),Notice of Proposed Rule Making(NPRM),Final Rule(FR),European standards:(e.g.Lighting Stds.Flow:GTB GRE WP29 Inland Transport ECE),12,Standards Development Process,Standards Setting Organizations,Federal agencies,e.g.NHTSA,OSHA,Functions of Regulatory Agencies,Reduce unreasonable risk to public,Identify hazards
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